Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Chemistry, and biochemical role, rda, vitamin dJasmineJuliet
Vitamin D - Chemistry,n Metabloism, Biosynthesis in our skin, Recommended dietary Allowance, Dietary sources of vitamin D, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin D.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Chemistry, and biochemical role, rda, vitamin dJasmineJuliet
Vitamin D - Chemistry,n Metabloism, Biosynthesis in our skin, Recommended dietary Allowance, Dietary sources of vitamin D, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin D.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Structures,Functions,Deficiency,Diseases,Toxicity and uses.
This presentation is ment to train Paramedicals & persons seeking health information. It is enjoyable to learn What & How about Vitamin A & its Role in Human Body. it educate general people in very palatable forms.
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- ravisankar - iIntroduct...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- By ravisankar - iIntroduction,classification, Differencebetween fat and water soluble vitamins,slurces of vitamin A, chemistry of Vitamin A, Physiological Role of Vitamin-A, uses, Tretinoin and Isotretinoin
INTRODUCTION
Vitamins may be regarded as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biologic functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organisms
Generally, vitamins are not synthesized by the body, and need to be supplied through the diet
History and Nomenclature
HOPKINS - Coined term ACCESSORY FACTORS to unknown and essential nutrients present in the natural foods
FUNK - 1) Isolated an active principle from rice polishing's and in yeast cured Beri - Beri in pigeons
2) Coined the term VITAMINE from the words vital + amines
3) Later it was called “ VITAMIN ”
Mc COLLUM and DAVIS - Introduced the usage of A, B, and C to vitamins
CLASSIFICATION
There are about 13 vitamins, essential for humans classified as follows
Vitamers:
Chemically similar substances that possess qualitatively similar vitamin activity
VITAMIN A
Fat soluble vitamin
Present only in foods of animal origin
Carotenes - Plants
Dietary Sources:
Animal sources
Liver
Kidney
Egg yolk
Milk
Cheese
Fish liver oils
Plant sources
Carrots
Papaya, Mangoes
Avocado, Melon
Pumpkins
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance):
Men - 1000 RE (3500 IU)
Women - 800 RE (2500 IU)
Children - below 6 years - 350 - 400 µg Retinol
- 6-17 years – 600 µg Retinol
Pregnancy – 800 µg Retinol
Lactation – 950 µg Retinol
1 RE – 1 µg of Retinol
1 IU – 0.3 mg of Retinol
Biochemical Functions:
Vision - the role of vit A in the process
of vision was first elucidated
by GEORGE WALD(1968)
The events occur in a cyclic process known as Rhodopsin Cycle (or) Wald’s Cycle
RODS and CONES:
Retina of eye possesses rods and cones
Human eye - 10 million rods
5 million cones
Rods –Periphery – Dim light vision
Cones – Centre – Bright light and color vision
Deficiency of Vitamin A:
1) Night Blindness
2) Conjuctival X
VITAMIN D
ANGUS – Isolated and named it as CALCIFEROL
Resembles sterols in structure
Functions like hormone
Dietary Sources:
Fatty acids
Fish liver oils
Egg yolk
Cheese
Butter
RDA:
400 IU or 10 mg of cholecalciferol
Countries with good sunlight – 200 IU or 5 mg
Deficiency:
1) RICKETS - In young children aged 6 months to 2 years
Due to reduced calcification of young bones
Characterized by Growth failure
Bone deformity
Muscular hypotonia
Tetany and convulsions
Elevated conc. Of alkaline phosphatase in serum
Bony deformities - Bow legs, Deformed pelvis, Pigeon chest, Harrison’s sulcus
walking and teething are delayed.
OSTEOMALACIA
In adults, women, during pregnancy and lactation
Prevention:
Educating parents to expose their children regularly to sunshine.
Role of vitamins in orthodontics final /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Role of vitamins in orthodontics final /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. Vitamins
-Essential organic compounds required in small
amounts for normal metabolism and good
health
- not a source of energy
Water soluble - C and Bs
-must be replenished everyday
-Difficult to overdose
Fat soluble - A, D, E, K
-does not need to be replenished everyday
-can cause toxicity
2. Names and Roles
Vitamins
A
B1
B2
B3
B5
B6
B7
B9
B12
C
D
E
K
retinol
thiamine
riboflavin
niacin
Pantothenic acid
pyridoxine
pyridoxamine
pyridoxal
Biotin
Folic acid
cobalamin
ascorbic acid
cholecalciferol
tocopherols
phytylmenaquinone
multiprenylmenaquinone
phototransduction
carbohydrate metabolism
redox, respiration
redox
tca, fa and cholesterol
aa metabolism
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis, tca, fa, aa
1C metabolism
1C&H metabolism
hydroxylation
bone remodeling
antioxidant
coagulation
bone remodeling
3.
4. Deficiencies and Sources
Vitamins
A - night blindness
B1 - beri-beri
B2 - pellagra
B3 - pellagra
B5 - none known
B6 - neurologic disease
preformed: liver, egg yolk, butter, milk
b-carotene: dark green and yellow veggies
seeds, nuts, wheatgerms, legumes, lean meat
B7 - widespread injury
B9 - anemia
B12 - pernicious anemia
C - scurvy
D - ricketts, osteomalacia
E - neurologic?, hemolytic anemia
K - bleeding disorders
meats, nuts, legumes
meats, nuts, legumes
yeast, grains, egg yolk, liver
yeast, liver, wheatgerm, nuts, beans, bananas
corn, soy, egg yolk, liver, kidney, tomatoes
yeast, liver, leafy veggies
liver, kidney, egg, cheese
citrus and soft fruits
milk, fortified food, fish oils, egg
yolks, liver
veggie oils, nuts
green leafy veggies, fruits, dairy products, veggie oils,
cereals, meats
6. Vitamin Absorption and Storage
• All absorption takes place in the small
intestine
• Fat-soluble vitamins
– Are absorbed in the duodenum
– Storage
•
•
•
•
Vitamin A is mainly stored in the liver
Vitamins K and E are partially stored in the liver
Vitamin D is mainly stored in the fat and muscle tissue
Can build up in body to point of toxicity
7. Vitamin Absorption and Storage
• Water-soluble vitamins
– Absorbed with water and enter directly into the
blood stream
– Most absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum
– Most are not stored in the body
– Excess intake excreted through the urine
– Important to consume adequate amounts daily
– Dietary excesses can be harmful
11. Bioavailability
• Varies based on
–
–
–
–
–
Amount in food
Preparation
Efficiency of digestion and absorption of food
Individual nutritional status
Natural or synthetic
• Fat-soluble vitamins are generally less
bioavailable than water-soluble vitamins
• Vitamins from animal foods are generally more
bioavailable than those in plant foods
12. Fat Soluble Vitamins
-
Many have precursors
Less vulnerable to cooking losses
Can cause toxicity
Transported like fat in chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL
13.
14.
15.
16. vitamin A
•
•
•
•
•
aka: retinol
Converted to active form
Regulates response of rod and cone cells in the retina to light
Regulates gene expression of development of epithelial tissue
Used to treat severe acne, wrinkled skin
16
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. vitamin D
• A prohormone synthesized
from cholesterol
• Vitamin D3 = cholecalciferol
• Found in animal products
• Vitamin D2 = egocalciferol
• Found in plants and fortified
foods
24
27. What affects your vitamin D level?
• Time spent outdoors
• Amount of skin exposed
• Skin color
• Clothing
• Body fat
• Latitude
• Season and time of day
29. Childhood rickets
• Epidemic with industrialization in 19-20th
centuries
• With discovery of vitamin D and fortification,
rickets was almost entirely eliminated
• Until now…
31. •
•
•
•
•
•
40-90% of US community dwelling elderly
50% of premenopausal women
50% of Hispanic and black adolescents
48% of French preteens
30-50 % of adults in Saudi Arabia and UAE
73 % of pregnant women taking prenatal
vitamins
…are DEFICIENT
32. How to get vitamin D...
• 100 IU/d raises level by about 1 ng/mL
• Sunlight
• Oily fish
3000 IU/10 minutes
300 IU/3 oz
– Salmon, sardines, mackerel, tuna
• Mushrooms 100 IU/3 oz
• Fortified drinks 100 IU/8 oz
– Milk, orange juice, yogurt, cereals
36. • Role in Cancer Prevention
– Low intake of vitamin D and calcium has been associated
with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, colon,
ovarian, breast, prostate, and other cancers.
– The anti-cancer activity of vitamin D is thought
to result from its role as a nuclear transcription
factor that regulates cell growth,
differentiation, apoptosis and a wide range of
cellular mechanisms central to the
development of cancer. These effects may be
mediated through vitamin D receptors
expressed in cancer cells.
– Vitamin D is not currently recommended for
reducing cancer risk
37. • Role in Cardiovascular Diseases
– Vitamin D deficiency activates the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system and can
predispose to hypertension and left ventricular
hypertrophy.
– Additionally, vitamin D deficiency causes an
increase in parathyroid hormone, which
increases insulin resistance secondary to down
regulation of insulin receptors and is associated
with diabetes, hypertension, inflammation, and
increased cardiovascular risk.
38. Updated Recommendations In Process
• Studies suggest that the daily vitamin D intakes
should be much higher than 400 IU/d.
• Daily intakes in the range of 800 to 1000 IU/d
should be strongly considered.
• Although there are concerns regarding vitamin D
toxicity, side effects at intakes exceeding the
current upper limit of 2000 IU/d have not been
reported to date.
• Assessment of vitamin D status with serum
measurements of 25(OH) vitamin D levels for a
broader range of patients should be encouraged.
39. Key clinical recommendation
• Daily vitamin D supplementation of 800 to 1,000 IU is
a reasonable dose for adults. Levels of 25-OH vitamin
D should be maintained > 32 ng per mL (80 nmol per
L) to maximize bone health.
• In patients with severe vitamin D deficiency, 50,000
IU of vitamin D should be given daily for one to three
weeks, followed by weekly doses of 50,000 IU.
40. Vitamin E
• There are four different tocopherol
compounds, but only the alpha-tocopherol
has vitamin E activity in human beings.
• Vitamin E as an Antioxidant
– Stops the chain reaction of free radicals
– Protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and
vitamin A
– Protects the oxidation of LDLs
41. Vitamin E
• Easily destroyed by heat and
oxygen
• Deficiency symptoms
– Red blood cell breakage
– Nerve damage
• Toxicity symptoms
– Augments the effects of
anticlotting medication
42. Vitamin E Deficiency
– Primary deficiency due to inadequate intake is
rare
– Erythrocyte hemolysis
• Occurs in premature infants
• Hemolytic anemia can be treated with vitamin E.
43. Vitamin E Toxicity
– Rare and the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins
– Upper level for adults: 1000 mg/day
– May augment the effects of anticlotting
medication
44. Vitamin E
• Other name: alpha-tocopherol
• 2000 RDA
– Adults: 15 mg/day
• Upper level for adults:
1000 mg/day
• Chief function in the body
– Antioxidant (stabilization of cell
membranes, regulation of oxidation
reactions, protection of
polyunsaturated fatty acids and
vitamin A)
48. Vitamin K
• Also known as phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, and
naphthoquinone
• Vitamin K is unique in that half of human needs are met
through the action of intestinal bacteria.
• Vitamin K is essential in blood clotting.
• deficiency can cause uncontrolled bleeding.
• Deficiencies can occur in newborn infants and people taking
antibiotics.
49. Vitamin K
• Vitamin K Deficiency
– Symptoms include hemorrhaging
– Secondary deficiencies may occur with use of
antibiotics.
– Newborn infants receive a single dose of
vitamin K at birth because of a sterile intestinal
tract.
50. Vitamin K
• Other names
– Phylloquinone
– Menaquinone
– Menadione
– Naphthoquinone
• 2001 AI
– Men: 120 g/day
– Women: 90 g/day
51. vitamin K
– Blood clotting cofactor
– Prothrombin formation is blocked by warfarin
– Deficiency is rare
51
52. Vitamin K
• Chief functions in the body
– Synthesis of blood-clotting
proteins and bone proteins that
regulate blood calcium
53. Vitamin K
• Significant
sources
– Bacterial
synthesis in the
digestive tract
– Liver
– Leafy green
vegetables,
cabbage-type
vegetables
– Milk
