Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential micronutrients required for normal cellular function and tissue integrity. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C). Vitamin D is produced in the body from sunlight exposure and is important for calcium absorption and bone health. A deficiency can cause rickets or osteomalacia due to impaired bone mineralization, while excess intake can result in hypercalcemia and soft tissue calcification. Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin to maintain appropriate serum calcium levels through effects on bone resorption and renal excretion.
Vitamins are chemical compounds that regulate human body functions and metabolism. They are necessary for converting food into energy and tissues. There are several types of vitamins including A, B1, B2, B12, C, D, E, and K. Each vitamin plays an important role and deficiency can cause specific health issues. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, while vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy. The document provides information on each vitamin's function, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Vitamins are essential organic substances needed by the body in small amounts to perform specific metabolic functions. There are 13 legitimate vitamins that exist as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B-complex). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and require consistent dietary intake. Deficiencies of vitamins can result in diseases like rickets, osteomalacia, beriberi, and pellagra depending on the specific vitamin lacking in the diet.
The document discusses various B vitamins, including their chemistry, food sources, roles in the body, and deficiency diseases. It provides information on vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), and B9 (folic acid). The key points made are that B vitamins serve as cofactors in many enzyme reactions involved in metabolism and must be obtained through the diet as humans cannot synthesize most of them. Deficiencies can result in diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and anemia.
This document discusses vitamin E, including its dietary sources, biochemical functions, absorption and transport, recommended daily allowance, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation and protects cell membranes. Key dietary sources include nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. The RDA for vitamin E is 15 mg/day for adults. Deficiency can cause neurological and muscle problems, while toxicity is rare and requires extremely high doses over 1000 mg/day.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Vitamins are chemical compounds that regulate human body functions and metabolism. They are necessary for converting food into energy and tissues. There are several types of vitamins including A, B1, B2, B12, C, D, E, and K. Each vitamin plays an important role and deficiency can cause specific health issues. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, while vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy. The document provides information on each vitamin's function, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Vitamins are essential organic substances needed by the body in small amounts to perform specific metabolic functions. There are 13 legitimate vitamins that exist as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B-complex). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and require consistent dietary intake. Deficiencies of vitamins can result in diseases like rickets, osteomalacia, beriberi, and pellagra depending on the specific vitamin lacking in the diet.
The document discusses various B vitamins, including their chemistry, food sources, roles in the body, and deficiency diseases. It provides information on vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), and B9 (folic acid). The key points made are that B vitamins serve as cofactors in many enzyme reactions involved in metabolism and must be obtained through the diet as humans cannot synthesize most of them. Deficiencies can result in diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and anemia.
This document discusses vitamin E, including its dietary sources, biochemical functions, absorption and transport, recommended daily allowance, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation and protects cell membranes. Key dietary sources include nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. The RDA for vitamin E is 15 mg/day for adults. Deficiency can cause neurological and muscle problems, while toxicity is rare and requires extremely high doses over 1000 mg/day.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
1) Vitamin D is produced in the skin from sunlight exposure and is also obtained in small amounts from dietary sources like fatty fish.
2) In the liver and kidneys, vitamin D is activated to its biological form which acts to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body by increasing their absorption in the intestines and mobilization from bones.
3) Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, weak bones due to poor mineralization.
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is required for metabolism and energy production. Good dietary sources include milk, cheese, eggs, leafy greens, almonds, and soybeans. The recommended daily amount is 1.5 mg. Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine and circulates in the active forms FMN and FAD, which act as coenzymes in over 150 oxidation-reduction reactions involved in metabolism. Deficiency can cause symptoms like cracked lips, inflammation of the tongue, mouth ulcers, dry and scaling skin, and eye irritation.
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It is an important antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the body during oxidation. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. A deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, and neurological problems due to increased lipid peroxidation in tissues.
This document discusses vitamin D, its natural sources, deficiency, and importance. It notes that vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for bone and calcium health. While sunshine is the main natural source, few foods contain significant amounts. Vitamin D deficiency is very common worldwide and increases risk of bone abnormalities and other diseases. Deficiency can result from inadequate sun exposure, skin pigmentation, obesity, lack of nutritional intake, and other factors. At-risk groups include breastfed infants, older adults, those with limited sun exposure or dark skin, and the obese. Blood tests can identify deficiency which is treated through dietary sources and supplements.
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the vitamin B complex: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin B6, biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), Vitamin B12. Vitamin A in its Beta-Carotene form is also water-soluble.
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that maintains the fluidity of cell membranes. It has eight naturally occurring forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form in humans. Vitamin E is absorbed along with dietary fats and transported to the liver and then throughout the body. It acts as a chain-breaking antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage. Good dietary sources include vegetable oils, broccoli, and fish. While deficiency is rare, it can cause hemolytic anemia and neurological issues. Vitamin E supplements are sometimes used to treat conditions like restless leg syndrome and stress.
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
This document defines vitamins, describes the different types including their sources and functions. It discusses vitamin toxicities and provides examples of common multivitamin tablets containing combinations of vitamins. The main types described are lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water soluble B complex and C vitamins. The document outlines several brand name multivitamin products and their ingredients.
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal physiological functions. They were originally thought to be amines because they are required for life. Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble depending on how they are absorbed and transported in the body. Many vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in critical metabolic processes like energy production and blood cell synthesis. Deficiencies can result in diseases that are prevented by obtaining adequate vitamins from dietary sources or supplements.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients, required in small amounts for normal cell function. There are 13 essential vitamins that are either water soluble or fat soluble. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions including acting as hormones, antioxidants, enzyme cofactors, and metabolic precursors. They are important for growth, tissue maintenance, and converting nutrients into energy. Vitamins help support key bodily functions like vision, skin health, bone growth, blood cell production, and metabolic processes. Deficiencies can lead to conditions like night blindness, anemia, rickets, and scurvy. Vitamins work as cofactors that allow enzymes to catalyze biochemical reactions in the body.
Definition
Classification
Introduction
Types of WATER SOLUBLE vitamin
Public health significance
Dietary goals
Dietary guidelines
Vitamin C
the B Vitamins
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Nutritional programmes in india
This document provides an overview of vitamins. It begins by defining vitamins as organic substances that are necessary in small quantities for normal health and growth, and cannot be synthesized by the body. The document then discusses the history of vitamin discovery and naming. It classifies vitamins as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C vitamins). Tables are provided listing sources, recommended daily amounts, and deficiency diseases for each vitamin type. The document concludes with an overview of vitamins and their importance as micronutrients for the body.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for various metabolic processes in the body. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, immunity, and skin health. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and bone growth. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and supports wound healing and collagen production. The B vitamins function as coenzymes in energy production from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Deficiencies of various vitamins can lead to conditions like scurvy, beriberi, rickets, and pellagra
The document discusses the four main fat soluble vitamins: vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their structures, functions, food sources, deficiency diseases, and dietary recommendations. The fat soluble vitamins are essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet as they are involved in many important processes in the body like vision, bone health, cell growth and blood clotting. Maintaining adequate levels of these vitamins is important for overall health.
This document summarizes information about various vitamins. It discusses fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and water soluble vitamins B1, B2, C, and P. For each vitamin, the document outlines sources, properties, functions, deficiency symptoms, and in some cases important related health conditions. The document provides a high-level overview of the key details about these essential micronutrients.
This document discusses the microbial production of vitamin B12 through fermentation. It notes that vitamin B12 is exclusively synthesized by microorganisms and outlines several microorganisms used in fermentation processes, including Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Pseudomonas denitrificans. The document describes the two-stage batch process using P. freudenreichii and the one-stage continuous process using P. denitrificans, which is most productive. It provides details on medium composition and recovery methods to produce vitamin B12 at commercial scales.
1) Vitamin D is produced in the skin from sunlight exposure and is also obtained in small amounts from dietary sources like fatty fish.
2) In the liver and kidneys, vitamin D is activated to its biological form which acts to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body by increasing their absorption in the intestines and mobilization from bones.
3) Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, weak bones due to poor mineralization.
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is required for metabolism and energy production. Good dietary sources include milk, cheese, eggs, leafy greens, almonds, and soybeans. The recommended daily amount is 1.5 mg. Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine and circulates in the active forms FMN and FAD, which act as coenzymes in over 150 oxidation-reduction reactions involved in metabolism. Deficiency can cause symptoms like cracked lips, inflammation of the tongue, mouth ulcers, dry and scaling skin, and eye irritation.
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It is an important antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the body during oxidation. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. A deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, and neurological problems due to increased lipid peroxidation in tissues.
This document discusses vitamin D, its natural sources, deficiency, and importance. It notes that vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for bone and calcium health. While sunshine is the main natural source, few foods contain significant amounts. Vitamin D deficiency is very common worldwide and increases risk of bone abnormalities and other diseases. Deficiency can result from inadequate sun exposure, skin pigmentation, obesity, lack of nutritional intake, and other factors. At-risk groups include breastfed infants, older adults, those with limited sun exposure or dark skin, and the obese. Blood tests can identify deficiency which is treated through dietary sources and supplements.
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the vitamin B complex: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin B6, biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), Vitamin B12. Vitamin A in its Beta-Carotene form is also water-soluble.
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that maintains the fluidity of cell membranes. It has eight naturally occurring forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form in humans. Vitamin E is absorbed along with dietary fats and transported to the liver and then throughout the body. It acts as a chain-breaking antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage. Good dietary sources include vegetable oils, broccoli, and fish. While deficiency is rare, it can cause hemolytic anemia and neurological issues. Vitamin E supplements are sometimes used to treat conditions like restless leg syndrome and stress.
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
This document defines vitamins, describes the different types including their sources and functions. It discusses vitamin toxicities and provides examples of common multivitamin tablets containing combinations of vitamins. The main types described are lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water soluble B complex and C vitamins. The document outlines several brand name multivitamin products and their ingredients.
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal physiological functions. They were originally thought to be amines because they are required for life. Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble depending on how they are absorbed and transported in the body. Many vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in critical metabolic processes like energy production and blood cell synthesis. Deficiencies can result in diseases that are prevented by obtaining adequate vitamins from dietary sources or supplements.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients, required in small amounts for normal cell function. There are 13 essential vitamins that are either water soluble or fat soluble. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions including acting as hormones, antioxidants, enzyme cofactors, and metabolic precursors. They are important for growth, tissue maintenance, and converting nutrients into energy. Vitamins help support key bodily functions like vision, skin health, bone growth, blood cell production, and metabolic processes. Deficiencies can lead to conditions like night blindness, anemia, rickets, and scurvy. Vitamins work as cofactors that allow enzymes to catalyze biochemical reactions in the body.
Definition
Classification
Introduction
Types of WATER SOLUBLE vitamin
Public health significance
Dietary goals
Dietary guidelines
Vitamin C
the B Vitamins
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Nutritional programmes in india
This document provides an overview of vitamins. It begins by defining vitamins as organic substances that are necessary in small quantities for normal health and growth, and cannot be synthesized by the body. The document then discusses the history of vitamin discovery and naming. It classifies vitamins as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C vitamins). Tables are provided listing sources, recommended daily amounts, and deficiency diseases for each vitamin type. The document concludes with an overview of vitamins and their importance as micronutrients for the body.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for various metabolic processes in the body. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, immunity, and skin health. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and bone growth. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and supports wound healing and collagen production. The B vitamins function as coenzymes in energy production from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Deficiencies of various vitamins can lead to conditions like scurvy, beriberi, rickets, and pellagra
The document discusses the four main fat soluble vitamins: vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their structures, functions, food sources, deficiency diseases, and dietary recommendations. The fat soluble vitamins are essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet as they are involved in many important processes in the body like vision, bone health, cell growth and blood clotting. Maintaining adequate levels of these vitamins is important for overall health.
This document summarizes information about various vitamins. It discusses fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and water soluble vitamins B1, B2, C, and P. For each vitamin, the document outlines sources, properties, functions, deficiency symptoms, and in some cases important related health conditions. The document provides a high-level overview of the key details about these essential micronutrients.
This document discusses the microbial production of vitamin B12 through fermentation. It notes that vitamin B12 is exclusively synthesized by microorganisms and outlines several microorganisms used in fermentation processes, including Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Pseudomonas denitrificans. The document describes the two-stage batch process using P. freudenreichii and the one-stage continuous process using P. denitrificans, which is most productive. It provides details on medium composition and recovery methods to produce vitamin B12 at commercial scales.
This document summarizes the industrial production process of riboflavin (Vitamin B2) through fermentation. It describes how the fungus Ashbya gossypii is used in a batch fermentation process to produce around 1000 tons of riboflavin per year. The upstream process involves preparation and sterilization of growth media. Fermentation is followed by downstream processing including harvesting, crystallization, centrifugation and drying to obtain a purified riboflavin powder or granules with 70% purity. Key materials used include glucose, oils and nutrient extracts to feed the fungus, with the major products being riboflavin, biomass and carbon dioxide.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and nerve cell function. It is naturally found in animal products and produced by bacteria. Deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems. While generally safe, high doses may cause side effects like diarrhea or allergic reactions. Vitamin B12 has various applications in treating conditions like immune dysfunction, allergies, and cyanide poisoning.
This document discusses the industrial production of several vitamins including vitamin B12, riboflavin, vitamin C, and provitamin A. It describes the microorganisms used such as Streptomyces olivaceus for vitamin B12 production and Eremothecium ashbyii and Ashbya gossypii for riboflavin production. The document outlines the fermentation processes including medium composition, fermentation conditions, and recovery methods. It provides details on the multi-step chemical process using D-glucose to synthesize vitamin C via the Reichstein process and fermentation with Acetobacter suboxydans.
This presentation discusses an internship experience, including why the intern chose to do an internship, how they obtained the position, what tasks they performed, and what skills they learned. It covers topics like candidate sourcing, interview skills, business etiquette, event organization, and presentations. The overall message is that accomplishing goals starts with the decision to try.
This document discusses systems analysis for monitoring and evaluating programs. It begins by distinguishing between monitoring, which involves routine collection of data on indicators, and evaluation, which is periodic and relies on information from monitoring to analyze program performance. It then explains that systems analysis uses a centralized framework to benchmark multiple program sites using consistent criteria. A key part of systems analysis is a management information system (MIS) to systematically collect data from different sites. The document provides an example of a case study where India implemented a national monitoring system using these techniques to track rural water and sanitation programs across states.
1) Water is a miraculous substance mentioned frequently in the Quran that brings both life and death.
2) An experiment showed that water exposed to positive words like "love" and "thank you" formed beautiful crystals under microscope, while water exposed to negative words like "I hate you" formed ugly crystals.
3) Another experiment showed water crystals before and after prayer, with prayer resulting in wonderfully structured, sparkling crystals.
9 Reasons You Should Advertise on Instagram ASAPOrionCKB
This document outlines 9 reasons why businesses should advertise on Instagram. It explains that Instagram advertising can significantly increase key metrics like sales, app usage, and website traffic. It also notes that Instagram has a large global audience, including many teens and young adults, and that its advertising formats are effective for direct response goals. Instagram advertising can be tested and optimized using Facebook's targeting and measurement tools.
Tech Meetup: Jenkins, the moody buttlerSantex Group
Along the lines of this meetup we’ll setup from scratch (mind the gap present in all live experiences), explore the features and capabilities of this neat CI/CD tool that can certainly boost productivity while reducing pains and frictions in the software development process of a team.
Watch the video here: http://bit.ly/2eKn4mK
This document discusses emotional intelligence and its components. It notes that emotional intelligence involves self-awareness, managing your own emotions, motivation, understanding others' emotions, and managing relationships. It also discusses the adaptive unconscious and how first impressions and thin-slicing can lead to biases, but that exposure to different experiences and positive associations can help retrain implicit biases.
This document provides information about various vitamins. It discusses Vitamin A, including its functions, forms, vision cycle, hypervitaminosis A symptoms, and deficiency symptoms. It also covers Vitamins B, C, D, and their functions, sources, deficiency symptoms, and side effects. The document contains details on specific B vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B9, and vitamin B12.
This document provides an overview of vitamin K. It discusses the functions of vitamin K, which include its role in calcium binding proteins and the coagulation cascade. It notes the dietary sources of vitamin K, including green vegetables, and recommends dietary allowances ranging from 2 mcg in infants to 120 mcg in adult men. Vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding disorders due to inadequate gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors.
This document discusses vitamins, their uses, deficiencies, toxicity, and misuses. It provides information on several key vitamins including A, C, D, B12, B6, E, K, and discusses their functions, recommended daily allowances, deficiency diseases, and potential toxicity from overconsumption. It notes that while vitamins are essential for normal metabolism, most people get sufficient vitamins from a varied diet and do not need supplements. Excessive or long-term high intake of certain vitamins can cause toxic effects and harm health. The document concludes by warning against misleading marketing of vitamins.
This document provides information on several B vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins. It discusses the functions, deficiency signs, and sources of vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B3, B4, C, and choline. Vitamins are essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet or supplementation as the human body cannot synthesize them. They support many important processes in the body including growth, vision, bone health, blood clotting, and energy metabolism. Deficiency in certain vitamins can lead to diseases like scurvy, rickets, or neurological disorders.
Vitamins are essential organic nutrients required in small amounts that cannot be synthesized by the body. They are divided into fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. The document defines several vitamins (A, D, E, K, B1-B12, C) and discusses their functions, deficiency signs, and food sources. It also covers vitamin-containing supplements like cod liver oil and shark liver oil.
This document provides information about vitamins, including their classification, sources, functions, and deficiency diseases. It discusses both fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and water-soluble B vitamins and vitamin C. Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for growth, cell function, and disease prevention. They are classified based on their solubility and whether they can be stored in the body. Deficiencies can result in diseases like rickets, osteomalacia, and beriberi.
Vitamins are organic compounds that occur naturally in small amounts in foods. They are required for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction. There are two types of vitamins - fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamin deficiencies can occur due to reduced intake, impaired absorption, metabolism or increased losses. The major vitamins, their functions, dietary sources, and deficiency diseases are described.
This document discusses vitamins and antioxidants. It defines vitamins as chemical compounds essential for human metabolism that must be obtained through diet. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K are absorbed with fats and stored in tissues, while water-soluble vitamins like the B complex and C dissolve in water, circulate in the blood, and are not stored in the body. The document then discusses individual vitamins, their sources, deficiency symptoms, and therapeutic uses. It also covers antioxidants, how they work to protect cells from free radical damage, examples of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, and their mechanisms of action.
The document discusses the four main fat soluble vitamins: vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their structures, functions, deficiency diseases, dietary sources, and recommended intake levels. The key points are:
- Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat in the small intestine and stored in the liver and fatty tissues. They include vitamins A, D, E, and K.
- Vitamin A supports vision and immune function. Vitamin D works with calcium for bone health. Vitamin E is an antioxidant and vitamin K aids in blood clotting.
- Deficiencies can lead to conditions like rickets, osteomalacia, heart disease, or bleeding disorders.
Vitamins UNIT-7 biochemistry and clinical pathology, D.Pharm 2nd year.pptxAanchal Gupta
Vitamins, unit-7 for D.Pharm second year, According to PCI syllabus.
Definition and classification with examples
Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins
Vitamins are organic substances that are essential for carrying out normal biochemical processes and physiological functions. They are divided into fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and excessive intake can lead to toxicity, while water-soluble vitamins are excreted and toxicity does not occur. Vitamins must be activated in the body and deficiencies can cause specific syndromes, while adequate intake through a balanced diet meets daily requirements.
The document discusses various vitamins including their sources, functions and deficiencies. It covers both fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water soluble vitamins (B vitamins, C). Key points include: vitamins are organic compounds required for health; 13 vitamins are essential for humans; vitamin deficiencies can be primary or secondary; and both deficiencies and toxicities of different vitamins can impact health.
Vitamins are organic substances that are essential for life and normal functioning of the body. There are 13 vitamins classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and cannot be stored in the body for long, while fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body tissues. Vitamins perform important roles like energizing metabolism, regulating cell growth, and enabling vision in low light. Common sources of vitamins include foods like fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy. Deficiencies can lead to conditions like scurvy or rickets.
This document discusses vitamins D, E, and K. It provides details on their structures, sources, functions, deficiencies, and interactions. Some key points:
- Vitamin D exists in two main forms, D2 and D3. D3 is produced in the skin upon sun exposure and is the preferred form. Both are important for calcium absorption and bone health.
- Vitamin E exists as tocopherols, with alpha-tocopherol being the most active form. It is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from free radical damage.
- Vitamin K exists in forms K1, K2, and K3. K1 is plant-based while K2 is animal-
This document discusses vitamins D, E, and K. It provides details on their structures, sources, functions, deficiencies, and interactions. Some key points:
- Vitamin D exists in two main forms, D2 and D3. D3 is produced in the skin upon sun exposure and is the preferred form. Both are important for calcium absorption and bone health.
- Vitamin E exists as tocopherols, with alpha-tocopherol being the most active form. It is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from free radical damage.
- Vitamin K exists in forms K1, K2, and K3. K1 is plant-based while K2 is animal-
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients for metabolic processes and health, but are not synthesized by the body. They act as co-enzymes and are needed in small amounts. An absence of vitamins can lead to deficiency diseases like beriberi and scurvy. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Vitamin A is important for vision, reproduction and skin health. Too little can cause night blindness and skin issues, while too much during pregnancy can cause birth defects. Vitamin D helps absorb calcium and phosphorus for bone growth and prevents rickets. It is formed from sunlight exposure and found in
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Tablet compression involves applying pressure to reduce the bulk volume of powder materials into a solid matrix. During compression, the powder undergoes various stages including particle rearrangement, deformation, and formation of bonds between particles. Compression results in consolidation and compaction of the powder mass. Upon decompression when force is removed, the compacted material may experience elastic or plastic deformation depending on its properties. Lubricants are added to reduce friction between the tablet and die wall during compression and ejection.
This document discusses sedatives and hypnotics, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and examples. It focuses on barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Barbiturates act by enhancing GABA activity in the brain, leading to CNS depression. They are classified based on duration of action and therapeutic use. Common side effects include dependence and withdrawal. Benzodiazepines also enhance GABA activity and are used as anxiolytics, for seizures, and to treat sleep disorders. They are classified based on duration of action from long to short acting.
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. In Bangladesh, there are an estimated 13 to 15 lakh cancer patients, with around two lakh newly diagnosed each year. Cancers are commonly caused by smoking and diet, as well as carcinogenic chemicals in smoke, food, and the environment. Common cancer types include bladder, lung, breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, kidney, leukemia, liver, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, skin, stomach, thyroid, and uterine cancer. Symptoms can include fever, fatigue, pain, and skin changes. Traditional cancer treatments include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Lifestyle changes like not smoking, a healthy
There are 20 common amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain. They join together through peptide bonds to form polypeptides and proteins. Ten of the 20 amino acids are considered essential and must be obtained through diet as humans cannot synthesize them. Proteins perform a wide variety of important functions in the body.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, intravenous, sublingual/buccal, and rectal routes. It provides classifications of systemic and local routes. For each major route, it outlines the advantages such as rapid absorption, bypassing first-pass metabolism, and suitability for unconscious patients. It also lists disadvantages like risk of infection, irritation, and variable absorption. The goal is to provide knowledge of different route advantages and disadvantages to inform the choice of administration.
Distribution involves the movement of drugs through the body via absorption, transport through capillaries, penetration of cells, and excretion. The main compartments that the body's water is distributed in are the extracellular, interstitial, intracellular, transcellular, and blood compartments. Factors that affect a drug's distribution include its binding to plasma proteins, the blood flow to different organs, its ability to bind to cells, its concentration in fatty tissues, redistribution from tissues to plasma, and its ability to cross tissue barriers like the blood-brain barrier. A drug's fat-water partition coefficient determines how much it will distribute to fatty tissues versus water-based tissues.
The document discusses drug excretion through the renal system. It defines excretion as the elimination of drugs and metabolites from the body through the urinary system. Drugs are excreted either unchanged or after being metabolized. The kidneys eliminate polar compounds more efficiently than lipid-soluble substances. The kidneys remove waste through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption in the nephrons. Several factors influence renal excretion, such as a drug's ionization, concentration, pH, extent of plasma protein binding, glomerular filtration rate, and renal blood flow.
Death is defined as the permanent and irreversible cessation of vital functions in the body. There are two types of death - somatic death, which is the complete stoppage of vital functions, and cellular death, which is the cessation of respiration and metabolism in individual cells after somatic death. The three modes of death relate to the failure of the nervous, circulatory, or respiratory systems, known as the "tripod of life". Signs of death include immediate signs like insensibility and loss of brain waves at somatic death, early signs like skin changes and muscle rigidity at cellular death, and late signs like decomposition.
Forensic pharmacy deals with applying medical and pharmaceutical knowledge to legal matters. It has several branches that examine topics like determining the cause of death, investigating poisoning, and analyzing bodily fluids for evidence. Forensic medicine aims to aid justice by correlating medical facts with legal purposes. It examines medical evidence in crimes involving people, like homicide, assault, and traffic accidents. Forensic medicine is divided into subfields like forensic pathology, toxicology, ballistics, and radiology.
This document provides an overview of antihistamines and allergies. It defines antihistamines as drugs that reduce the effects of histamine, which is released during allergic reactions. The document discusses the causes of allergies and the role of histamine. It also outlines the different classes of antihistamines, including first generation antihistamines and their associated side effects, as well as newer second generation antihistamines that are more selective. The clinical uses of antihistamines and future directions for allergy treatment are also briefly mentioned.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. What is a Vitamin?
Vitamin is a naturally occurring organic
molecule that is a normal constituent of
diet.
It should be essential and required only
in minute amounts.
And, it is required to maintain the
normal cellular, biochemical and tissue
integrity.
3. Properties of vitamin
Vitamins Are Naturally Occurring.
But sometimes synthetic compound shows greater
activity such as L- ascorbic acid is twice potent than
naturally occurring racemic mixtures. Same as S-
Biotin, D-Pantothenic acids.
Vitamins Are Essential Because They are Not
Produced by Human Biochemical Pathways.
With two exceptions, such as niacin which is derived
from conversion of an essential amino acid
tryptophan. Vit D3- cholecalciferol also occurs by
photochemical reaction on skin from 7-
dehydrocholesterol.
4. Properties of vitamin
Vitamins are organic in nature.
Trace elements such as Zinc, Iron, Magnesium,
Manganese, Chromium, Selenium are not called
vitamins.
Vitamins Are normal constituent of diet
Exception is cholecalciferol but some of the world
populations get it from protein of marine sources. Rest
of the population get it from direct sunlight effects on
cholesterol.
5. Properties of vitamin
Vitamins Are required in minute amounts.
This is arbitrary, but ranges from 2.0 µg for cyanocobalamin to 90
mg for ascorbic acid.
Vitamins Are Required to Maintain Normal Biochemical
Functions of the Tissues.
Either as a hormone or chemical messenger (cholecalciferol),
structural component in some metabolic process (pantothenic
acid), or a coenzyme (phytomenadione, thiamine, riboflavin,
niacin, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, cyanocobalamin).
Some vitamins have more than one biochemical role. E.g.Vitamin
A as an aldehyde (retinal) is a structural component of the visual
pigment rhodopsin and, in its acid form (retinoic acid), is a
regulator of cell differentiation.
6. Causes of vitamin deficiencies
Inadequate ingestion due to poor diet
Economic deprivation
Self imposed reducing diet
Diseases (loss of appetite due to chemotherapy, depression)
Inadequate absorption
Disease at GIT (Crohn’s disease, parasites)
Mineral oil laxatives (Vit A, D, E, K removes)
Ion exchange resins ingestion (colestipol,
colestyramine)
Cystic fibrosis causes less secretion of lipase enzyme
7. Causes of vitamin deficiencies
Inadequate utilization
Genetic diseases
Drug-vitamin reactions (isoniazid- pyridoxine, phenobarbitol-
cholecalciferol, methotrexate-folic acid)
Increased requirements of RDA(Recommended
Dietary Allowance)
Increased physical activity
Medical needs (severe burns, illness, surgery,
malignancies, pregnancy)
Chronic intake of alcohol
Ethyl alcohol interferes the uptake, processing, and storage of
folic acid and thiamine.
8. Classification
Thiamine was the first vitamin (B1) whose
structure was elucidated. It is an amine
leading to the term vital amine and finally
vitamin.
9. Classification
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A, D, E and K
Found in the fats and oils of food.
Absorbed into the lymph and carried in
blood with protein transporters =
chylomicrons.
*Stored in liver and body fat and can
become toxic if large amounts are
consumed.
10. Classification
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B and C
Found in vegetables, fruit and grains, meat.
Absorbed directly into the blood stream
Not stored in the body and toxicity is rare.
Alcohol can increase elimination and
smoking can cause decreased absorption.
12. Vit RDA Deficiency
Upper
intake overdose
Vit A 900 µg
Night-blindness,
Hyperkeratosis 3,000 µgHypervitaminosis A
Vit B1 1.2 mg Beriberi N/D
Drowsiness or muscle
relaxation
Vit B2 1.3 mg Ariboflavinosis N/D
Vit B3 16.0 mg Pellagra 35.0 mg
Liver damage (doses >
2g/day)
Vit B5 5.0 mg Paresthesia N/D
Diarrhea, nausea and
heartburn.
Vit B6
1.3–
1.7 mg
Anemia, peripheral
neuropathy. 100 mg
nerve damage (>
100 mg/day)
Vit B7 30.0 µg Dermatitis, enteritis N/D
13. Vit RDA Deficiency
Upper
intake overdose
Vit B9 400 µg
Megaloblast, neural
tube defects 1,000 µg
Vit B12 2.4 µg Megaloblastic anemia N/D Acne-like rash
Vit C 90 mg Scurvy 2,000 mg
Vitamin C
megadosage
Vit D 10 µg Rickets, Osteomalacia 50 µg Hypervitaminosis D
Vit E 15 mg
Mild hemolytic
anemia 1,000 mg
Increased congestive
heart failure
Vit K 120 µg Bleeding diathesis N/D Increases coagulation
14. Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A (precursor – beta carotene)
3 forms: retinol (stored in liver), retinal, retinoic acid
Roles in body:
Regulation of gene expression
Retinol, a part of the visual pigment rhodopsin, maintains
clarity of cornea
Required for cell growth and division - epithelial cells,
bones and teeth
Promotes development of immune cells, especially
“Natural Killer Cells”
Antioxidant
Retinoic acid is required for the development of goblet
mucous cells.
15.
16.
17.
18. Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Deficiencies cause:
Night blindness, xerophthalmia (keratin deposits
in cornea), macular degeneration.
Skin and mucous membrane dryness and
infection, keratin deposits.
Anemia
Developmental defects – bones, teeth, immune
system, vision
19. Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Toxicities (single large doses of
supplements, eating excessive amounts of
liver) cause:
Fragile RBCs, hemorrhage
Bone pain, fractures
Abdominal pain and diarrhea
Blurred vision
Dry skin
Liver enlargement
20. Fat Soluble Vitamins: A
Hypervitaminosis A
fatigue, malaise, lethargy, abdominal comfort,
bone and joint pain, severe headache,
insomnia, restlessness, dry and scaly skin,
loss of body hair, brittle nails, constipation, and
irregular menses.
Depending on the health of person's liver,
there is risk of developing cirrhosis. There is a
daily Tolerable Upper intake Level (UL) of
3000 µg for this vitamin.
21. Fat Soluble Vitamin A: Drugs
Due to retinol deficiency results in
keratinization of epithelial tissue, so retinol
was recommended for skin conditions
including acne.
That is not proved yet but active form retinoic
acid is targeted for treating acne, psoriasis and
malignancy.
Retinoid and Retinoid-like Drugs Used in
the Treatment of Acne
22. Fat Soluble Vitamin A: Retinoids
The first product introduced was tretinoin, which is a
topical all-trans retinoic acid. It produces a complex
response related to increasing the turnover of follicular
epithelial cells. The result is decreased cohesiveness
of follicular epithelial cells.
Tretinoin is also used as an antiwrinkle cream. There
is an increase in epidermal cell turnover, shedding
older cells and thickening the skin. Also the drug may
combine with epidermal retinoic acid receptors,
thereby decreasing keratin production. Keratin can
contribute to skin wrinkling.
23. Fat Soluble Vitamin A: Adapalene
Although used topically, the nonretinoid,adapalene, a
third generation drug, does bind to the retinoic acid
nuclear receptor and does affect cell differentiation,
keratinization, and inflammatory responses.
It is approved in 1996 by FDA for treatment of Acne.
Available form is 0.1% cream and gel, 0.3% gel.
Unlike tretinoin, adapalene has also been shown to
retain its efficacy when applied at the same time
as benzoyl peroxide due to its more stable chemical
structure.
26. Fat Soluble Vitamin D
Vitamin D – precursor is cholesterol, converted by UV
from sunlight exposure, therefore is a “non-essential”
vitamin.
Cholecalciferol is produced in the body from
endogenously synthesized 7-dehydrocholesterol.
Excess amounts of cholecalciferol can result in excess
calcium uptake from the intestinal tract, leading to
calcification of soft tissues.
Vitamin D Increases calcium absorption in bone,
intestines, kidney. Promotes bone growth and
maintenance.
Stimulates maturation of cells – heart, brain,
immune system, etc.
27.
28. Fat Soluble Vitamin D
Exposure of human skin to sunlight of 295-300 nm
converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D.
The isomerization to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is
heat catalyzed. Continuous exposure to ultraviolet
radiation from the sun results in the reversible
formation of lumisterol and tachysterol.
Once the B ring of the steroids has been cleaved,
the products should no longer be referred as
steroid.
So Vitamin D is not a steroidal vitamin.
29. Calcium regulation: Role of Vit D
There are at least three hormones that regulate
calcium metabolism, parathyroid (PTH), calcitonin, and
1,25(OH)2D3.
In response to low serum calcium levels, PTH
stimulates the hydroxylation of 25(OH)D3 leading to
formation of calcium transport protein and activation of
osteoclast cells required to release calcium from bone.
PTH also inhibits calcium excretion by the kidney.
In contrast, calcitonin (produced in the thyroid gland)
acts when serum calcium levels are high. It promotes
the deposition of calcium into bone by osteoblast cells
and excretion of calcium by the kidney.
30.
31. Function and deficiency:
One of the most important roles of vitamin D is to maintain
skeletal calcium balance by promoting calcium absorption in the
intestines, promoting bone resorption by increasing osteoclast
number, maintaining calcium and phosphate levels for bone
formation, and allowing proper functioning of parathyroid
hormone to maintain serum calcium levels.
Vitamin D deficiency can result in lower bone mineral density and
an increased risk of reduced bone density (osteoporosis) or bone
fracture because a lack of vitamin D alters mineral metabolism in
the body.
Deficiencies: rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults).
Toxicities (5X RDA)
Loss of calcium from bone and deposition in soft tissues.
Loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, psychological
depression.
32. Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin D
Daily Requirement – 5 micrograms/day for
ages 19-50, 10 for ages 51-70, 15 for ages
>70.
33. Vitamin: E
Vitamin E includes both tocopherols and tocotrienols.
Tocopherol and Tocotrienols are : *alpha-, beta -,
gamma- and delta-
Most active form is alfa tocopherol.
It is a fat-soluble antioxidant that stops the production
of reactive oxygen species formed when fat undergoes
oxidation.
Roles:
Antioxidant (protects polyunsaturated fats)
Prevention of damage to lungs, RBCs, WBCs
(immunity), heart
Necessary for normal nerve development
34.
35. Vitamin E: Function
As an antioxidant, vitamin E acts as a peroxy
radical scavenger, preventing the propagation of free
radicals in tissues.
By reacting with them to form a tocopheryl radical
which will then be oxidized by a hydrogen donor (such
as Vitamin C) and thus return to its reduced state.
As it is fat-soluble, it is incorporated into cell
membranes, which protects them from oxidative
damage.
Vitamin E also plays a role in neurological functions,
and inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Vitamin E protects lipids and prevents the oxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs.)
36. Vitamin E: Function
Vitamin E also has an effect on gene expression.
Scavenger receptor CD36, is a class B scavenger receptor found
to be up-regulated by oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) and
binds it.
Treatment with alpha tocopherol was found to down regulate the
expression of the CD36 scavenger receptor gene and the
scavenger receptor class A (SR-A)
37. Vitamin E deficiency and toxicity:
Deficiencies (decreased absorption of fats-
liver disease, low fat diets)
Premature babies – fragile RBCs (hemolysis)
Loss of muscle coordination, vision, impaired
immune functions
Myopathy, retinopathy, ataxia
Toxicities (more than 1000 milligrams/day)
Increases the effects of anticoagulants
(Coumadin, Warfarin)
40. Vitamin K:
It was named Vitamin K for koagulation
vitamin. This may be the only vitamin that
humans receive from bacteria in large
intestine.
Roles:
Promotes synthesis of blood clotting
proteins (**Interferes with Coumadin)
Bone formation
41. Fat Soluble Vitamins
There are two series for this vitamin. The vitamin K1
series (phylloquinone) is mostly obtained from green
plants, whereas the K2 series (menaquinone) is the
product of bacteria.
The active vitamin is in the K2 series.
Menadione has sometimes been referred to as vitamin
K3.
Escherichia coli found in the large intestine, can
synthesize vitamin K2,but not vitamin K1.
42. Vitamin K deficiency:
Three main causes are:
Chronic obstructive jaundice that prevents the release of
bile salts into intestine and decreases absorption of
vitamin K.
Surgery at intestine decreases bacterial flora and that
decreases the production of vitamin K.
Infants born with a sterile intestinal tract may have
hemorrhagic diseases. Until the flora are established, the
infant will have to get vitamin K from the mother.
Toxicities:
>1000 mg/day: rupture of RBCs and jaundice
43.
44. Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin B complex:
Tender Romance Never Fails with 6 to
12 Beautiful Pearls
T-Thiamin
R-Riboflavin
N-Niacin,
F-Folate,
B6,
B12,
B-Biotin
P-Pantothenic acid
46. Water Soluble Vitamins
Support and increase the rate of metabolism
Maintain healthy skin, hair and muscle tone
Enhance immune and nervous system function
Promote cell growth and division, including that of the red
blood cells that help to prevent anemia
Reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer
All B vitamins are water-soluble, and are dispersed
throughout the body. Most of the B vitamins must be
replenished regularly, since any excess is excreted in
the urine. This can result in the urine produced being a
bright green-yellow color.
B vitamins have also been hypothesized to reduce the
symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
47. All Vitamin B acts as Cofactors?
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to
a protein enzymes and is required for the protein's biological
activity. These cofactors can be considered "helper molecules"
that assist in biochemical transformations.
Cofactors are either organic or inorganic. They can also be
classified depending on how tightly they bind to an enzyme, with
loosely-bound cofactors termed coenzymes and tightly-bound
cofactors termed prosthetic groups.
An inactive enzyme, without the cofactor is called an apoenzyme,
while the complete enzyme with cofactor is the holoenzyme.
For example, the multienzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase
at the junction of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle requires five
organic cofactors and one metal ion: thiamine
pyrophosphate (TPP), lipoamide and flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+
),
coenzyme A (CoA), and a metal ion (Mg2+
).
48. Thiamin: cofactors and roles
Thiamine produces TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) coenzyme
Thiamine kinase in the intestinal mucosa cell transfers a
pyrophosphate from the ATP to the propyl alcohol at position 5 of
the thiazole ring, forming thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
The first role of TPP is the oxidative decarboxylation of a-keto
acids. The two most common examples are pyruvate and a-
ketoglutarate, oxidatively decarboxyated to acetyl CoA and
succinyl CoA, respectively.
TPP is also the coenzyme in the transketolase reaction found
in the pentose phosphate pathway that interconverts hexoses,
pentoses, tetroses, and trioses.
49. Thiamine deficiency:
Beriberi is a nervous system ailment caused by a thiamine
(vitamin B1) deficiency in the diet.
Symptoms include weight loss, emotional disturbances,
impaired sensory perception, weakness and pain in the limbs,
and periods of irregular heart rate, Edema(swelling of bodily
tissues) are common.
It may increase the amount of lactic acid and pyruvic acid within
the blood. In advanced cases, the disease may cause heart
failure and death.
Dry beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome affect the
peripheral and central nervous system respectively.
Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system, as well as other
bodily systems.
Infantile beriberi affects mostly children in developing countries.
50. Thiamine deficiency:
Dry beriberi
Dry beriberi causes partial paralysis resulting from damaged
peripheral nerves. It is also referred to as endemic neuritis. It is
characterized by:
Difficulty in walking
Tingling or loss of feeling (sensation) in hands and feet
(numbness)
Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs
Mental confusion/speech difficulties
Pain
Involuntary eye movements (nystagmus)
Vomiting
51. Thiamine deficiency:
Wet beriberi
It affects the heart; it is sometimes fatal, as it causes a
combination of heart failure and weakening of the capillary walls,
which causes the peripheral tissues to become edematous. It is
also characterized by:
Vasodilation
Peripheral edema
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Increased heart rate
Swelling of the lower legs
52. Thiamine deficiency
Alcohol reduces the active transport of the vitamin.
This form of thiamine deficiency is called Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome.
53. Riboflavin
Most dietary riboflavin is eaten as the FAD (Flavin adenine
diphosphate) or FMN (Flavin Mononeucleotide) coenzymes
Riboflavin coenzymes are required for most oxidations of carbon-
carbon bonds. Examples include the oxidation of succinyl CoA to
fumarate in the Krebs cycle and introduction of α,β-unsaturation
in β-oxidation of fatty acids.
Riboflavin is also required for the metabolism of other vitamins,
including the reduction of 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate to 5-
methyl tetrahydrofolate and interconversion of pyridoxine-
pyridoxal phosphate- pyridoxamine, retinal to retinoic acid,
tryptophan to niacin etc.
Reduction of the oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) to its
reduced form (GSH) is also FAD dependent
54.
55. Riboflavin deficiency:
Riboflavin deficiency is always accompanied by
deficiency of other vitamins.
In humans, signs and symptoms of riboflavin
deficiency (ariboflavinosis) include cracked and red
lips, inflammation of the lining of mouth and tongue,
mouth ulcers, cracks at the corners of the mouth
(angular cheilitis), and a sore throat.
A deficiency may also cause dry and scaling skin, fluid
in the mucous membranes, and iron-deficiency
anemia.
56. Niacin:
Niacin is also named as nicotinic acid because of
presence of carboxylic acid in 3-position of pyridine.
The corresponding amide that is nicotinamide is the
vitamin that has amide group in that position.
Niacin is a precursor to NAD+/NADH
and NADP+/NADPH, which play
essential metabolic roles in living cells.
Niacin is involved in both DNA repair, and the
production of steroid hormones in the adrenal gland.
57. Niacin:
NAD is the primary coenzyme required for
oxidation/reduction of carbon-oxygen bonds and is
required for oxidative catabolism (glycolysis, β-
oxidation, Krebs cycle)
NADP is the coenzyme in biosynthetic routes (fatty
acid and cholesterol synthesis) and will be part of
oxidation/reduction reactions involving both carbon-
oxygen and carbon-carbon bonds
58. Niacin: deficiency
Niacin deficiency, manifested as pellagra, is
characterized by the four Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea,
depression, and death.
The dermatitis is characterized by a pigmented rash
developing on skin exposed to heat.
Changes in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to
vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea.
Depression is one of the neurological symptoms that
can include apathy, headache, fatigue, and memory
loss.
60. Pantothenic acid:
Its name derives from the Greek pantothen meaning "from
everywhere" and small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in
nearly every food.
Pantothenic acid is used in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA).
Coenzyme A may act as an acyl group carrier to form acetyl-CoA and
other related compounds; this is a way to transport carbon atoms
within the cell.
CoA is important in energy metabolism for pyruvate to enter
the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) as acetyl-CoA, and for α-
ketoglutarate to be transformed to succinyl-CoA in the cycle. CoA is
also important in the biosynthesis of many important compounds such
as fatty acids, cholesterol, and acetylcholine.
CoA is also required for acylation and acetylation, which, for example,
are involved in signal transduction and enzyme activation and
deactivation, respectively.
61. Pyridoxine
The vitamin B6 family consists of pyridoxine,
pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine
phosphate, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), and
pyridoxamine phosphate.
The commercial form is pyridoxine. Pyridoxal
phosphate is the coenzyme form.
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is required for
amino acid metabolism and reactions involving
amino acids.
62. Pyridoxine
The most common of the PLP-catalyzed reactions are
transaminations.
One-half of all transamination reactions involve a-
ketoglutarate as the acceptor of the amine group forming
glutamic acid. Alternatively, glutamic acid donates the
amine group and an a-keto acid is the acceptor forming a
new amino acid.
Another PLP-catalyzed reaction is decarboxylation of amino
acids. These are part of the biosynthesis of
neurotransmitters, including histamine from histidine;
serotonin from tryptophan, dopamine, norepinephrine, and
epinephrine from dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) II and y-
aminobutyric acid from glutamic acid, two reactions in
biosynthesis of cysteine from methionine.
63.
64. Biotin:
Biotin consists of two 5-membered rings cis-fused to
each other that can be drawn either as the keto (urea)
or enolic form.
Biotin picks up carbon dioxide that has been activated
by combining with an ATP-donated phosphate,
producing the mixed anhydride of phosphoric and
carbonic acids.
The biotin enolate receives the carbon dioxide,
producing the keto carbon dioxide-releasing
coenzyme.
There are four biotin-dependent carboxylation
reactions, three of which are in the mitochondria.
65. Biotin:
1. Pyruvate carboxylase: This reaction, which converts pyruvate
to oxalaceetate.
2. Acetyl CoA carboxylase: This reaction, found mostly in the
cytosol, is the committed step in the synthesis of fatty acids
3. Propionyl CoA carboxylase: Propionyl CoA is the product from
the catabolism of valine, isoleucine, methionine, and odd-
numbered fatty acids. The carboxylation reaction, found in the
mitochondria, produces methyl malonyl CoA.
4. Β-Methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase. This mitochondrial
reaction permits the final steps in the catabolism of the
branched-chain amino acid leucine. The final products,
acetoacetate and acetyl CoA, either are oxidative metabolized to
carbon dioxide and water or enter other reactions in lipid
metabolism.
66.
67. Folic acid:
The commercial form of the vitamin is folic acid . It
consists of a pteridine ring attached to a p-
aminobenzoic acid that is attached to the amine of
glutamic acid.
Two biosynthetic changes must occur before it is
active.
First, it must be reduced to tetrahydrofolate by
dihydrofolate reductase in a two-step reduction.
Second, a polyglutamate chain must be attached to
the y-carboxyl of the parent glutamic acid
The most common polyglutamate found in food is 5-
methyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamate
68.
69.
70. Folic acid:
It is obvious that folic acid is a very important vitamin
for biosynthetic reactions, particularly those required
for the biosynthesis of purines, methylation of
deoxyuridylic acid, and regeneration of methionine
from homocysteine.
71. Folic acid deficiency:
The main deficiency is a characteristic megaloblastic
anemia attributed to a shortage of nucleotides required
for the production of erythrocyte precursor cells.
Another clinical sign of folic acid deficiency is neural
tube defects, including spina bifida and anencephaly
(absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and
scalp).
A third indication of inadequate folic acid is elevated
blood homocysteine levels, with attendant increased
risk of cardiovascular disease.
72.
73. Cobalamin:
Vitamin B-12, also called cobalamin, plays a key role in the
normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the
formation of blood.
It is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the
human body, especially affecting DNA synthesis and regulation,
but also fatty acid synthesis and energy production.
A common synthetic form of the vitamin, cyanocobalamin, does
not occur in nature, but is used in many pharmaceuticals and
supplements, and as a food additive, because of its stability and
lower cost.
In the body it is converted to methylcobalamin and
adenosylcobalamin.
Vitamin B12 was discovered from its relationship to the
disease pernicious anemia (red blood cell count is low).
74. Cobalamin:
since B12 is used to regenerate folate in the body. Most vitamin
B12 deficiency symptoms are actually folate deficiency symptoms,
since they include all the effects of pernicious
anemia and megaloblastosis, which are due to poor synthesis of
DNA when the body does not have a proper supply of folic
acid for the production of thymine.
vitamin B12-dependent enzymes are Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A
mutase, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine
methyltransferase (MTR), also known as methionine synthase.
75. Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C, ascorbic acid
Roles:
Connective tissue development, collagen
Antioxidant
Promotes iron absorption
Protects vitamin E
76. Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C
Deficiency – Scurvy (skin and mucous membrane
damage), anemia.
DRI : 75 – 90 milligrams/day. Increased for
smokers.
Toxicity (> 2grams/day) – pro-oxidant, activates
oxidizing agents.
Notes: can interfere with diagnostic tests for
diabetes, and blood clotting