Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Vitamin D- Introduction , source, synthesis of vitamin D in body, absorption of vitamin D in the body , action of vitamin D,
vitamin D deficiency & toxicity, Dietary reference value,
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Vitamin D- Introduction , source, synthesis of vitamin D in body, absorption of vitamin D in the body , action of vitamin D,
vitamin D deficiency & toxicity, Dietary reference value,
VITAMIN K, [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR,STRUCTURES OF VITAMIN K1 AND...Dr. Ravi Sankar
VITAMIN K, [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR,STRUCTURES OF VITAMIN K1 AND K2, CHEMISTRY, RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE, SOURCES OF VITAMIN K, BLOOD COAGULATION, ROLE OF VITAMIN K, FUNCTIONS, MECHANISM OF ACTION, VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY, DURG INTERACTIONS, SUMMARY.
BY P. RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR, A.P, INDIA.
Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Structures,Functions,Deficiency,Diseases,Toxicity and uses.
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
VITAMIN K, [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR,STRUCTURES OF VITAMIN K1 AND...Dr. Ravi Sankar
VITAMIN K, [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR,STRUCTURES OF VITAMIN K1 AND K2, CHEMISTRY, RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE, SOURCES OF VITAMIN K, BLOOD COAGULATION, ROLE OF VITAMIN K, FUNCTIONS, MECHANISM OF ACTION, VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY, DURG INTERACTIONS, SUMMARY.
BY P. RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR, A.P, INDIA.
Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Structures,Functions,Deficiency,Diseases,Toxicity and uses.
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Vitamins are substances that our body needs for proper grow and development.It is an essential nutrient that body cannot produce enough of and that's why it needs to get from food.
Vitamins are of 13 types and can be classified as Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K ) and Water Soluble Vitamin (Vitamin-C & B-complex).
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word vita,
means "life".
Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in
many different foods.
“vitamins have been defined as organic compounds
which are required in minute amounts to maintain
normal health of organisms’.
2
4. A Short History
From about 1500 BC it was of Vitamins
known that various diseases
could be treated with specific
foods.
. In 1880 Christian Eijkman
dutch physician and professor
of physiology
produced vitamin-deficiency
conditions in animals on an
experimental basis and
then reversed the condition
with an appropriate feeding
regimen.
4
5. Frederick Hopkins, English biochemist said in 1906 that
foods contain a small amount of "growth factors" needed to
sustain growth and life itself.
The general category of "vitamins" was defined as (1)
substances found to be absolutely necessary for life (i.e., vital)
and which (2) the body cannot synthesize on its own.
5
6. In 1912 Kaziemirz funk Polish-British-American
biochemist named these growth factors “vitamines”
vit + amine
Funk's original term "vitamine" was changed to "vitamin"
when many scientists identified, purified, and synthesized all
of the vitamins and discovered they did not all contain
nitrogen.
6
7. In the 1930s a scientific discovery demonstrated the
biochemical functions of the vitamins and established the
body's requirements for them. From then on, they have been
commercially produced.
7
9. Fat soluble Vitamins
They are soluble in fat.
Bile salts are essential for there absorption.
They are generally stored in liver.
They are not excreted in urine.
9
10. Vitamin A
It is recorded in the history that Hippocrates(about
500 B.C.) cured night blindness.
He prescribed to the patients ox liver (in
honey),which is now known to contain high quantity
of vitamin A.
10
11. VITAMIN A :- Is widely distributed in animal and plant
foods
animals –pre-formed – Retinol.
plants – pro-formed - carotene
11
13. Retinal (vitamin A aldehyde) :
This is an aldehyde form obtained by the oxidation of
retinol.
Retinal and retinol are interconvertible.
13
14. Retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) :
produced by the oxidation of retinal.
However,retinoic acid cannot give rise to the formation
of retinal or retinol.
14
15. Beta-Carotene (provitamin A) :
Found in plant foods.
lt is cleaved in the intestine to produce two moles of
retinal.
ln humans, this conversion is inefficient, hence beta-
carotene possesses about one-sixth vitamin A activity
compared to that of retinol.
15
16. Dietary Sources of Vitamin A
Plant sources Animal sources
Sweet potatoes Chicken liver
Carrots Cod liver oil
Pumpkin Fish oil
Winter squash Canned beef stew
Cantaloupe Eggs
Pink Grapefruit Fish
Mangoes Shellfish
Apricots Butter
Oranges Fortified margarine
Spinach Cheese
Kale Whole milk
Beet greens Fortified skim milk
Broccoli Fortified low fat dairy
Dark green leafy products
vegetables 16
17. DAILY REQUIRMENT
Men and women – 600 mcg.
Pregnancy and lactation – 950 mcg.
Infants – 350mcg.
Children – 600mcg.
17
18. ABSORPTION & STORAGE
The liver has enoromous capacity
to store – in the form of retinol
palmitate.
Free retinol is highly active but
toxic & therefore transported in
blood stream in combination with
retinol binding protein (liver)
18
19.
20. Physiological Functions of Vitamin A
Vision
Epithelial cell
"integrity’
Reproduction
Resistance to
infectious disease
Bone remodeling
Growth
20
21. Vision
Retinal is a necessary
structural component of
rhodopsin , the light
sensitive pigment within
rod and cone cells of the
retina.
Rods are involved in
dim light vision
Cones are responsible
for bright light &
colour vision
21
24. colour vision
The colour vision is governed by colour sensitive
pigments porphyropsin (red), iodopsin
(green) and cyanopsin (blue).
All these pigments are retinalopsin
complexes.
When bright light strikes the retina, one or more of
these pigments are bleached,depending on the
particular colour of light.
The pigments dissociate to all-trans-retinal and opsin.
And this reaction passes on a nerve impulse to brain 24
25. Epithelial cell "integrity
Many epithelial cells appear to require vitamin A for
proper differentiation and maintenance.
Lack of vitamin A leads to dysfunction of many epithelia
The skin becomes keratinized and scaly, and mucus secretion
is suppressed
25
26. Reproduction:
Normal levels of vitamin A is required for sperm production,
Normal reproductive cycles in females require adequate
availability of vitamin A.
Bone remodeling:
Normal functioning of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is dependent
upon vitamin A.
26
27. Resistance to infectious disease
vitamin A deficiency has been shown to increase the frequency
and severity of disease.
Several large trials with malnourished children have
demonstrated dramatic reductions in mortality from diseases
such as measles by the simple and inexpensive procedure of
providing vitamin A supplementation.
27
30. Deficiency of Vitamin A
Most susceptible
populations:
Preschool children with
decreased intake
Poor persons
Older adults
Alcoholism
Liver disease (limits
storage)
Fat malabsorption
31. The signs of vitamin A deficiency
Ocular
Extra ocular
Night blindness.
Retarded growth
Conjunctival xerosis
Skin disorders
bitot’s spot
Effect on reproductive
Corneal xerosis
organs.
keratomalacia
Effect on bone
31
33. Night blindness
Lack of vitamin A
causes night blindness
or inability to see in
dim light as a result of
inadequate pigment in
the retina.
Earliest symptom
33
34. Conjunctival xerosis
Conjunctiva becomes dry, lustureless and non wettable.
Described as “emerging like sand banks at receding tide”
Commonly involves the interpalpebral area of temporal
quadrants
Advanced cases > entire bulbar
conjunctiva involved
Conjunctival thickening,
wrinkling & pigmentation.
34
35. Bitot's spots
Raised, silvery white,
foamy, triangular patch of
keratinised epithelium.
Usually bilateral and
temporal aspect.
35
36. Corneal xerosis
Earliest change is
punctate keratopathy
followed by haziness
and/or granular pebbly
dryness
Lower nasal quadrant
36
37. keratomalacia
Stromal defects occurs due to
colliquative necrosis
Small ulcers occurs
peripherally
Circular, steep margins & are
sharply demarcated
37
38. Corneal scars
Healing of stromal
defects results in
corneal scars of
different densities &
sizes which may or
may not cover the
pupilarry area.
38
40. SKIN CHANGES
Dry, lustureless appearance occurs
Phrynoderma results: occurs due to plugging of
hair follicles by keratotic plugs ,
which consist of keratinised epithelium
projecting outwards from follicles.
Skin -> scaly & toad like.
Seen on outer side of legs, buttocks, elbow &
back of forearm
40
43. TREATMENT
LOCAL OCULAR THERAPHY VITAMIN A
Artificial tears Oral administration is
(0.7% hydroxypropyl methyl recommended
cellulose or 0.3 %
hypromellose) In case of side effects, IM
• Should be instilled every 3-4 injections of water miscible
hours preparations prefered
43
46. SHORT TERM
APPROACH
Infants 6-12 months old & any older 1,oo,ooo IU orally every 3-6 months
children who weigh less than 8 kg
Children over 1 yr & under 6 yrs of age 2,00,000 IU every 6 months
Lactating mothers 20,000 IU at delivery
Infants less than 6 months not being 50,000 IU orally- should be given
breast fed before they attain 6 months of age
46
47. A revised schedule being followed in india since 1992,
under the programme named as “CHILD SURVIVAL
AND SAFE MOTHERHOOD” is as follows
AT 9 MONTHS OF AGE
FIRST DOSE (1 LAKH IU) ALONG WITH MEASLES
VACCINE
AT 18 MONTHS OF AGE
SECOND DOSE(2 LAKH ALONG WITH BOOSTER
IU) DOSE OF DPT/OPV
THIRD DOSE(2 LAKH IU) AT 2 YEARS OF AGE
47
48. MEDIUM TERM APPROACH:
food fortification with vitamin A
• LONG TERM APPROACH:
promotion of adequate intake of
vit A rich foods.
nutritional health education
48
51. VITAMIN D
it is also called SUNSHINE VITAMIN.
it is available in 2 forms
D3 – cholecalciferol
D2 - ergocalciferol
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
is made from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of
animals and humans.
Ergocalciferol - D2
obtained artificially by irradiation of ergo- sterol
51
52. chemical origins of vitamin D
Precursors of vitamin D are found in both yeast and animal tissues.
In yeast, a sterol precursor (ergosterol) is converted to vitamin D2
(ergocalciferol).
In the dermal tissue of animals, the precursor is 7-dehydrocholesterol which
is converted first to a pre-vitamin D3, then to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).
Vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 are both converted to similar active compounds
(calcidiol and calcitriol) in the liver and kidney.
D2 and D3 are sometimes referred to as vitamers.
52
59. vitamin D - deficiency
RICKETS Children's
OSTEOMALACIA Adults
Increase the risk of Osteoporosis
59
60. Rickets
Rickets derived from the old English word for "twist," or "wrick,“
Rickets is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D.
During growth, human bone is made and maintained by the interaction of
calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. Calcium is deposited in immature
bone (osteoid) in a process called calcification, which transforms immature
bone into its mature and familiar form.
In order to absorb and use the calcium available in food, the body needs
vitamin D. In rickets, the lack of this important vitamin leads to low
calcium, poor calcification, and deformed bones.
60
62. X-ray in rickets
Knock knee deformity Bowleg deformity Wrist enlargement Scoliosis
Rib beading Harrison's sulcus
(rachitic rosary and pot belly Chest deformity Frontal bossing
62
63. Osteomalacia
it is also known as adult rickets
Flat bones and diaphysis of long bones are affected
it is most commonly seen in post menopause female
with history of low dietary calcium intake.
The majority of patient have bone pain &muscle
weakness..
63
64. Oral manifestation
Teeth – developmental abnormalities of dentine & enamel.
Caries – higher risk of caries
Enamel – there may be hypoplasia, may be mottled, yellow
gray in color
64
65. MANAGEMENT
Dietary enrichment of vitamin D in the form of milk
Curative treatment includes 2000 to 4000 IU of
calcium daily for 6 to 12 weeks.
osteomalacia due to intestinal malabsorption require
larger dose of vitamin D & calcium i.e.
40,000 to 1,00,000 IU of vitamin
D
15 to 20 gms of calcium lactate .
65
70. Tocopherol or vitamin E
It is also called anti-aging factor.
The word tocopherol is derived from the word toco meaning
child birth and pheros meaning to bear.
It is yellow oily liquid freely soluble in fat solvent.
Tocopherol alpha,beta,gamma,lambda have been obtained
from the natural sources
70
72. DAILY RECOMMENDED DOSE
men - 8 – 10mg
women – 5- 8mg
Children – 8.3mg
Infants – 4- 5mg
72
73. ABSORPTION ,STORAGE, EXCRETION
ABSORPTION
small intestine
it is incorporated into
lipoproteins [VLDL & LDL] &
transported through the blood
stream via the lymph.
STORAGE liver & fatty
tissue
73
74. FUNCTIONS
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
it has got protective effect on reproduction and
prevention of sterility.
BLOOD FLOW AND CLOTTING MECHANISM
it dilates the capillaries & enables the blood to
flow freely.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM -
it functions as co factor in electron transport system
74
75. Protects liver from being damaged by toxic compounds
such as carbon tetrachloride.
Prevents the oxidation of vitamin A and carotenes.
75
76. DEFICIENCY
REPRODUCTIVE – abortion of fetus in females & atrophy
of spermatogenic structure in males leading to permanent
sterility.
HEART - there is necrosis & fibrosis of heart muscle.
BLOOD CAPILLARIES – may lead to degenerative changes
in the blood capillaries
76
77. ORAL MANIFESTATION –
loss of pigmentation ,
atrophic degenerative changes in enamel
OCULAR MANIFESTATION
PTOSIS, OPHTHALMOPLEGIA AND PIGMENTED
RETINOPATHY
77
78. MANAGEMENT –
vitamin E is given in the doses of
100 to 400mg.
78
80. VITAMIN K (PHYLOQUINONE)
It is essential for production prothrombin & other factor
involve in blood clotting mechanism.
Hence it is known as anti – hemorrhagic vitamin.
it is also known as PHYLOQUINONE
80
81. Forms
It is available in 3 forms - NAPHTHOQUINONE
K1 – it is the form occurs in
plant origin.
K2 –is synthesized by
intestinal bacteria.
K3 - synthetic form
81
85. FUNCTIONS
it is essential for the hepatic synthesis of coagulation factor II,
V, VII, IX, X.
CLOTTING – it prevents hemorrhage only in cases when
there is defective production of prothrombin
Serves as a essential cofactor in carboxylation of glutamic
acid residues in vit k dependent proteins
85
87. DEFICIENCY
Causes
Decrease
synthesis of
factor 2,7,9,10 Increase clotting time
After antibacterial Prolong bleeding
therapy,
Surgical operations-
Cholecystectomy Hemorrhagic
Conditions like
Malabsorption conditions
Obstructive
jaundice
87
88. SYMPTOMS OF VIT K DEFICIENCY
Bruising from bleeding into the skin
Nose bleeds
Bleeding gums
Bleeding in stomach
Blood in stool
Black tarry stool
Extremly heavy menstrual bleeding
Intracranial bleeding
NEWBORNS: . HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF
NEWBORN
. HYPOPROTHROMBINEMIA
88
89. MANAGEMENT
Vit k can be given orally
In case of someone who improperly absorbs fat or at
risk of excessive bleeding, can be given im
In case of associated liver disorder, vit k is
insufficient , blood transfusion may be neccesary
All newborns are recommended to give vit k IM to
prevent intracranial bleed after delivery
89