This document summarizes key concepts about acids and bases from a chemistry textbook chapter: 1. It defines acids as substances that produce H+ ions in aqueous solution and bases as substances that produce OH- ions. Strong acids and bases dissociate completely while weak acids and bases dissociate partially. 2. The pH scale is introduced and used to classify solutions as acidic, basic or neutral. Common acid-base reactions like neutralization and self-ionization of water are described. 3. Key acid-base concepts are explained like Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases, conjugate acid-base pairs, acid-base equilibria, and the importance of pH buffers in biological systems like

1. CHEM 103
CHAPTER 8

2. ACID
Produces H+
BASIC
Opposite from acid
Produces OH-
VS

3. Acid:Acid: a substance that produces H+
ions
(meaning H3O+
) in aqueous solution.
Base:Base: a substance that produces OH-
ions in aqueous solution.

4. The Hydronium Ion

5. yogur
t
Tartaric acid

6. Acid Basic
HOW DO WE FIND OUT IF IT IS AN ACID ?

7. 1930 1990
Marble statue of George Washington in NY
Trees damaged by acid rain in the
Great Smoky Mountains
ACID RAIN

8. Hydrangeas grown on acidic soil
are blue
Hydrangeas grown on neutral or
basic soil are pink

9. ACID BASIC
Cabbage juice contains a
natural indicator of acidity

10. Acid:Acid: a substance that produces H+
ions (meaning H3O+
)in aqueous
solution.
Base:Base: a substance that produces OH-
ions in aqueous solution.
This definition of an acid is a slight modification of the original Arrhenius definition (1884),
which was that an acid produces H+
in aqueous solution

11. Strong acid:Strong acid: dissociates and reacts completely with water to form H3O+
ions.
Strong base:Strong base: dissociates and reacts completely with water to form OH-
ions.

12. Many bases like KOH, NaOH, Mg(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2] disassociate in
water producing OH-
ions (basic solution):
Other bases produce OH-
by reacting with water molecules, here shown
for ammonia:

13. Weak acid:Weak acid: a substance that dissociates partially in water
to produce H3O+
ions.
acetic acid: 4 out every 1000 molecules are converted to acetate ions
Weak base:Weak base: a substance that produces OH-
ions in water in
a reversible reaction.
ammonia, for example, is a weak base:

14. 1. strong acid
2. strong base
3. weak acid
4. weak base
NH3 is classified as a:

15. Brønsted-Lowery Bases
A base is any substance that can accept a
proton from some other source.

16. Brønsted-Lowery Acids
An acid is any substance that can donate a
proton to some other substance.

17. Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. An acid-
base (neutralization) reaction is a proton transfer reaction.
HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
(strong acid) (strong base) (dissociated in water)
A neutralization reaction between a strong acid an a strong base usually
produces water (depending on what the acid and the base are).

18. In a neutralization reaction hydrochloric acid
(HCl) will react with each of the following
reactants to produce water, except:
1. NaOH
2. Ba(OH)2
3. Mg (magnesium metal)
4. LiOH

19. Equilibrium/Ionization Constants
When a weak acid, HA, dissolves in water
the equilibrium constant expression, Keq, for this ionization is:
Water is the solvent and its concentration changes very little when we add HA,
we treat [H2O] as a constant equal to 1000 g/L or 55.5 mol/L. We combine the
two constants to give the acid ionization constant, Ka:

20. pKa = -log Ka
Note the inverse relationship between values of Ka and pKa. The weaker the
acid, the smaller its Ka, but the larger its pKa.

21. What is the pKa of nitrous acid, if it has a
Ka of 4.0 x 10-4
?
1. -3.4
2. 3.4
3. -4.0
4. 4.0

22. 1 x 107
1 x 103
1 x 108
1 x 102

23. A FEW IMPORTANT FACTS
1. An acid and bases can be positively charged, neutral,
or negatively charged (see table)
2. Acids are classified a monoprotic, diprotic, or triprotic
depending on the number of protons each may give up
ie HCl (gives only one away), H2CO3 (can give 2), and
H3PO4 (can give 3).
3. Several molecules/ions can either accept or donate a
H+
(they can function as acid or base) and are called
amphiproticamphiprotic. ie H2PO4
-

24. 4. A Brønsted-Lowry acid always contains a hydrogen atom
to give away, but not all hydrogen containing compounds
are acids, i.e. CH4 contains hydrogens but does not give
any one away!!!
5. There is an inverse relationship between the strength of
an acid and the strength of its conjugate base (see
table).

25. Conjugate acid-base pair:Conjugate acid-base pair: any pair of molecules or ions that can
be interconverted by transfer of one proton (H+
).
For a conjugate acid-base pair
Ka x Kb = 1x10-14

27. Acid-Base Equilibria
But what if the base is not water? How can we determine
whether the equilibrium lies to the left or the right?

28. To predict the position of an acid-base equilibrium :
Identify the stronger acid and the weaker acid.
Identify the stronger base and the weaker base
(the stronger acid gives the weaker conjugate base, and the weaker acid
gives the stronger conjugate base).
The equilibrium position always favors formation of the weaker acid
and weaker base. At equilibrium the major species present are the
weaker acid and the weaker base.

29. Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
Ka = 5.6 x 10-10
Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
Kb = 5.6 x 10-10
For a conjugate acid-base pair
Ka x Kb = 1x10-14

30. 1.
2.
3.
4.
For the following reaction, equilibrium lies to the
_______ and _______ is the stronger acid.
C6H5OH + H2PO4
-
= H3PO4 + C6H5O-

31. Self-Ionization of Water
14-
3
2
2
10x1.0
]][[][
=
== −+
w
w
K
OHOHOHKK
Compare to [H2O] = 55.5 mol/L
-log[1.0 x 10-7
] = 7= pH water

32. The product of [H3O+
] and [OH-
] in any aqueous solution is
equal to 1.0 x 10-14
.
If we add 0.010 mol of HCl to 1.00 liter of pure water, in
this solution [H3O+
] = 0.010 or 1.0 x 10-2
. This means that
the concentration of hydroxide ion is:
wKOHOH ==−+ -14
3 10x1.0]][[

33. pH and pOH
Because hydronium ion concentrations for most solutions
are numbers with negative exponents, we express these
concentrations as pH:
pH = -log [H3O+
]
Acidic solution:Acidic solution: pH < 7.0.
Basic solution:Basic solution: pH > 7.0.
Neutral solution:Neutral solution: pH = 7.0.

35. if we know the pH of an aqueous solution, we can easily
calculate its pOH:
pOH = -log[OH-
]
the ion product of water, Kw, is 1.0 x 10-14
taking the logarithm of this equation gives:
pH + pOH = 14

37. 1. acidic.
2. basic.
3. neutral.
4. radioactive.
If a solution has a [OH-
] of 4.87 x 10-9
M, then the
solution is classified as:

38. Acid-Base Titrations
AAnalytical procedure in which a solution of known concentration reacts
in a known stoichiometry with a substance whose concentration is to be
determined.
HI + KOH → H2O + K+
+ I-
M = ? 0.138 M.
19.4 mL 39.2 mL
M0.279
Liters0.0194
mole5.41x10
MolarityHI
HofmolesOHofmolesKOHofmoles
KOHofmole.41x105
ml1000
liter1
x39.2mLx
liter
moles
138.0
3
3
==
==
=
−
−

39. pH Buffers
A pH buffer solution resists change in pH
when limited amounts of acid or base are
added to it.
Buffers consist of approximately equal molar
amounts of a weak acid and a salt of the
conjugate base.

40. CH3
–COOH  H+
+ CH3-COO-
CH3
-COONa → Na+
+ CH3-COO-
BUFFER SYSTEM
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf
Weak acid
Salt of the conjugate base

41. Blood Buffers
The average pH of human blood is 7.4 any change greater
than 0.10 pH unit in either direction can cause illness.
To maintain this pH, the body uses three buffer systems:
carbonate buffer:carbonate buffer: H2CO3 and its conjugate base, HCO3
-
phosphate buffer:phosphate buffer: H2PO4
-
and its conjugate base, HPO4
2-
proteins:proteins: discussed in Chapter 21.

42. Henderson-Hasselbalch
A mathematical relationship between pH, pKa of the weak
acid, concentration of HA and its conjugate base A-
Weak acid
concentration
Concentration of
the conjugate base

43. pH = pKa
+ log
[CO3
2-
]
= - log (4.8e-11) + log
0.310
= 10.16
[HCO3
-
] 0.443
Substituting these values in the equation gives:
A buffer solution is 0.443 M in KHCO3 and 0.310 M in K2CO3.
If Ka for HCO3
-
is 4.8e-11
, what is the pH of this buffer
solution?