The document discusses various B vitamins, including their chemistry, food sources, roles in the body, and deficiency diseases. It provides information on vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), and B9 (folic acid). The key points made are that B vitamins serve as cofactors in many enzyme reactions involved in metabolism and must be obtained through the diet as humans cannot synthesize most of them. Deficiencies can result in diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and anemia.
Definition
Classification
Introduction
Types of WATER SOLUBLE vitamin
Public health significance
Dietary goals
Dietary guidelines
Vitamin C
the B Vitamins
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Nutritional programmes in india
Definition
Classification
Introduction
Types of WATER SOLUBLE vitamin
Public health significance
Dietary goals
Dietary guidelines
Vitamin C
the B Vitamins
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Nutritional programmes in india
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
a ppt about vitamins especially about vitamin b9 or folate or folic acid
this is definitely helpful for medical students
prepared based on their characteristics
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Vitamin D- Introduction , source, synthesis of vitamin D in body, absorption of vitamin D in the body , action of vitamin D,
vitamin D deficiency & toxicity, Dietary reference value,
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
a ppt about vitamins especially about vitamin b9 or folate or folic acid
this is definitely helpful for medical students
prepared based on their characteristics
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Vitamin D- Introduction , source, synthesis of vitamin D in body, absorption of vitamin D in the body , action of vitamin D,
vitamin D deficiency & toxicity, Dietary reference value,
Vitamins-Introduction, Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.
Water soluble vitamins-B complex vitamins: thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folate (folic acid), vitamin B12, biotin and pantothenic acid-their source, structure, properties, metabolism, physiological significance, deficiency disease and human requirements.
Fat soluble vitamins: Fat soluble vitamins, Vitamin A, D, E and K and their their source, structure, properties, metabolism, physiological significance, deficiency disease and human requirements.
Vitamin A-Carotene in plants-α-carotenes, β-carotenes and γ-carotenes, 3 forms of vitamin A-Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid.
Vitamin D3-cholecalciferol,
Vitamin E -Tocopherol, Vitamin K-Phylloquinone or Anti hemorrhagic Vitamin or Coagulation Vitamin
This ppt is oriented to review important antidotes for different kind of toxicities along with Vitamins which can be useful for students preparing for upcoming examinations like GPAT or other Pharmacy examinations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Terminology: 1920, originally vitamine (1912) coined by Polish
biochemist Casimir Funk (1884-1967), from Latin vita "life" +
amine , because they were thought to contain amino acids. When
it became clear that some of them were not amines and did not
even contain nitrogen, Drummond suggested the modification
that led to the term vitamin.
Definition: vitamin is an organic compound/molecule required as a
nutrient n small amount, by an organism.
The distinguishing feature of the vitamins is that they generally
cannot be synthesized by mammalian cells and, therefore, must
be supplied in the diet.
5. Fat soluble vitamins:
Generalities
1. The fat soluble vitamins do not serve as coenzymes but rather act
directly, or bind to specific receptors in cell nucleus.
2. They are absorbed in association with dietary fat, bile is
required for absorption. Ulcerative colitis can lead to
deficiencies.
3. Vitamins A and D are stored in liver and it takes time to
bring on a deficiency state. However they are more likely
to cause toxicity on overdosage.
9. "Vitamin A"
is the blanket term for retinoids, biologically active compounds that occur
naturally in both plant and animal tissues.
According to some research, having more than an average of 1.5mg
a day of vitamin A over many years may affect your bones, making
them more likely to fracture when you are older.
10. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin.
Types of vitamin A:
1. Preformed vitamin A
2. pro-vitamin A
Vitamin A is also available in dietary supplements, usually in the form of retinyl
acetate or retinyl palmitate.
11. Sources of Vitamin A
Top sources of vitamin A
include:
1. Beef liver
2. Egg yolk
3. Cheddar cheese
4. Fortified milk
5. Top sources of beta-
carotene include:
6. Sweet potato
7. Carrots
8. Pumpkin
9. Cantaloupe
10. Broccoli
11. Apricots
12. Spinach and collard
greens
19. GENERAL INFORMATION:
Also called Anti-beri beri factor, anti-neuritic factor
• Involved in carbohydrate, fats, amino-acid, glucose, and alcohol metabolism.
• Required as co-enzyme in enzymatic reactions that involve the transfer of an
aldehyde group.
• Essentially non-toxic.
• Can be synthesized by plants and some micro-org., but not usually by animals.
• Human being require it from diet
• The body can store upto 30mg in its tissues.
• Half-life 9-18 days, excreted via kidney
• Whole wheat flour, unpolished rice, beans, nuts and yeast are good sources. Also
present in liver, meat and eggs.
20. CHEMISTRY:
Thiamine contains substituted pyrimidine ring (dimethyl 6-amino pyrimidine) and a
substituted thiazole ring (methyl hydroxyl ethyl thiazole), connected by a methylene
bridge.
22. Synthesis of Thiazole moiety (2) of Thiamine
Condensation of (1) and (2) to form Thiamine
23. STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP (SAR):
Essential features for activity:
• Methylene bridge.
• Amino group in the pyrimidine ring.
• Hydroxy ethyl group at the thiazole ring.
• Methyl group of pyrimidine ring, when replaced by:
a- Ethyl or propyl groups gives an active compound.
b- Butyl group gives inactive compound.
N
N
N
NH2
S
Me
Me
CH2CH2OH
24. Oxythiamine is a competitive inhibitor.
Neopyrithiamine prevent phosphorylation of hydroxy ethyl group that is essential for
activity of the vitamin.
N
N
N
OH S
Me
Me
CH2CH2OH N
N
N
NH2Me
CH2CH2OH
Oxythiamine
Me
Pyridine Ring
Neopyrithiamine
29. GENERAL INFORMATION:
• Riboflavin was once called Vitamin G.
• This vitamin plays an important role in the metabolism of lipids, proteins, and
carbohydrates.
• The vitamin acts as a precursor for the synthesis of cofactors flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). These coenzymes are
involved in a wide range of redox reactions, involved in Activation of vitamin B12
and folate, Protection of erythrocytes and other cells from oxidative stress.
• Milk, eggs, leaf vegetables, legumes, and mushrooms are good sources of the
vitamin. Intestinal bacteria are also known to synthesise riboflavin.
• Added as food colouring agent, and Fortify some foods as baby foods, breakfast
cereals, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks and vitamin-enriched milk).
30. CHEMISTRY:
It chemically has a three rings structure (isoalloxazine) linked to ribityl moiety.
N
N
NH
N
Me
Me
O
O
CH2OH
(HO-C-H)3
CH2
Ribose moiety
Vit B2 = Riboflavin
Isoalloxazine moiety
31. STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP:
The ribitol-like moiety can be cleaved from the vitamin, resulting in lumiflavin. It is
produced by the photolysis of Riboflavin, act as riboflavin uptake inhibitor.
.
33. DISEASE:
Riboflavin decomposes when exposed to visible light. This characteristic
can lead to riboflavin deficiencies in newborns treated for
hyperbilirubinemia by phototherapy.
The severe deficiency of riboflavin is known as ariboflavinosis
34. THERAPEUTIC USES:
• Migraine headaches in use of high doses of riboflavin
• Improve memory
• Healthy development of the fetus
• Boost the body's level of glutathione which is an anti-oxidant.
36. GENERAL INFORMATION:
• Also called Vitamin P
• The body can also synthesise niacin from the essential amino acid, tryptophan. So it
is not a true vitamin in the strictest definition since it derives from aminoacid.
• Niacin synthesized in liver by tryptophan but the synthesis is extremely slow and
require Vit. B6.
• Precursor of important coenzymes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) which function as cofactors
for numerous dehydrogenases, e.g., lactate and malate dehydrogenases.
• Food sources of niacin include tuna, venison, beef, chicken, avocados, tomatoes,
whole grain products, and shiitake mushrooms.
37. CHEMISTRY:
Niacin is a pyridine derivative with a carboxyl group at 3rd position.
NIACIN DERIVATIVES:
Both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are derivatives of niacin and can serve as the
dietary source of vitamin B3.
N
COOH
N
CONH2
Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide
40. THERAPEUTIC USES:
•Decrease blood cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart attack.
• Niacinamide used on a long-term basis to prevent the onset of juvenile diabetes
(children).
• Involved in production of sex and stress hormones.
• Improve blood circulation.
• Regulate blood sugar level.
42. GENERAL INFORMATION:
It is an important precursor of coenzyme-A (CoA) that assists the following reactions:
Formation of Sterols (Cholesterol and 7-Dehydrocholesterol).
Formation of Fatty acids.
Formation of Keto acids such as Pyruvic acid.
Pantothenate is required for the metabolism of carbohydrate via the TCA cycle and all
fats and proteins.
Only the R enantiomer of the vitamin is biologically active .i.e D-panthenol.
Meat, whole grains, cereals are major sources of pantothenic acid. Other sources of the
vitamin include avocados and broccoli.
43. CHEMISTRY:
It is a peptide substance composed of Pantoic acid and b-Alanine.
It can be present as the Calcium salt or the Alcohol “Pantothenol.
HO CH2 C CH NH CH2
CH3
CH3
OH
CH2 COOHC
O
HO CH2 C CH NH CH2
CH3
CH3
OH
CH2 CH2OHC
O
-AlaninePantoic acid
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenol
46. THERAPEUTIC USES:
• Maintain growth of Nervous system of the body
• Building cells of the body
Helps in function of adrenal gland
• Increase immunity of the body.
• D-panthenol is an analogue of Panthothenic acid. It is a biologically active
enantiomer of Panthenol. Use to to relive gas retention and Topically for:
a) Burning
b) Itching
c) Irritation
48. Vitamin B6 refers to a group of chemically very similar compounds which can be
interconverted in biological systems. Vitamin B6 is part of the vitamin B complex
group, and its active form, Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) serves as a cofactor in many
enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)
51. The classic clinical syndrome for vitamin B6 deficiency is
a seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruption, atrophic glossitis
with
• ulceration,
• angular cheilitis,
• conjunctivitis,
• intertrigo, and
• neurologic symptoms of somnolence,
• confusion, and
• neuropathy[11] (due to impaired sphingosin synthesis)
and
• sideroblastic anemia (due to impaired heme
synthesis)
DEFICIENCY:
52.
53. Vitamin B7
(Vitamin H, Biotin, Growth Factor, Co-enzyme R)
It is 2-Imidazolidinone tetrahydrothiophene-4-valeric acid
N
H
H
N
S
H
HH
(CH2)4-COOH
O
55. Role of Vitamin B7
It is a co-enzyme for several carboxylation reactions.
Important for carbon dioxide fixation.
Important for Carbohydrates and Fats metabolism.
Co-factor for Pyruvate carboxylase.
56.
57. Deficiency
• Only induced in experimental animals not observed in human:
• Skin lesions
• Retarded growth
• Hair loss
Daily ammount required:
100- 200 mg/day.
58. Vitamin B9
(Vitamin M, Vitamin B-c, Folic acid )
• Conjugate of Pteridine, p-Aminobenzoic acid and
Glutamic acid.
N
N
N
N
CH2 NH C NH CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
OH
H2N
O
Pteridine
p-Aminobenzoic acid Glutamic acid
61. Role of Vitamin B9
Folic Acid
Dihydrofolate
(DHF)
Tetrahydrofolate
(THF)
Folic acid
reductase
Dihydrofolic acid
reductase
THF act as Co-enzyme for:
• Leucopoiesis (Production of Leukocytes).
• Erythropoiesis (Production of Erythrocytes).
• Nucleoprotein synthesis.
62. Deficiency
• Very rare due to:
• Malabsorption (due to alcoholism).
• Impaired Hepatic functions (due to alcoholism).
• Leads to:
• Glossitis (is inflammation or infection of the tongue ).
• Megaloblastic anemia
• Leucopenia
Daily ammount required:
0.1- 0.8 mg/day
64. Bacteria such as Streptomycin and Bacillus present in the intestinal
flora produce the vitamin required for man and animals.
The vitamin is stored in the liver with estimated t1/2 400 days.
B12 can be obtained from animal products only such as:
80. GENERAL INFORMATION
Promotes cell growth
Supports healthy immune
sysyem
Promotes calcium absorption
Encourages good moods
Prevent depression
Reduces the risk of flu
Reduces the risk of cancer
Reduces the risk of developing
diabetes
Reduces the risk of
osteoporosis
81. CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN D
Vitamin D exists in two main forms, vitamin D3
(cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), differing in
their side chain structure.
83. VITAMIN D DERIVATIVES
Three vitamin D3 analogs are commonly used for the treatment of psoriasis:
calcitriol, calcipotriol and tacalcitol
84. DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN D
vitamin D deficiency, putting at risk of bone problems, including rickets
in children and osteomalacia in adults, severe asthma in children,
Increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease, cancer.
85. THERAPEUTIC USES
Bone and calcium homeostasis
Infections
Psoriasis
Multiple sclerosis
Respiratory health
Diabetes & other conditions