Vitamins & vitamin containing drugs manik

Vitamins & vitamin containing drugs manik

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  Vitamins & Vitamin Containing FewSelected Animal Drugs
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  Vitamins are agroup of organic substances, that are not synthesized within the body, but are essential in small amounts for the maintenance of normal metabolic functions growth, and development. There are 13 essential vitamins. This means that these vitamins are required for the body to work properly. Example: A, B, C, D, E, K. The lack of specific vitamins leads to distinctive deficiency states such as beriberi, rickets, scurvy, and xerophthalmia, or to conditions without definitive symptoms. The term, vitamin was derived in 1911 when an amine thought to prevent beriberi was isolated from rice bran; this essential or vital amine was called a vitamin. Vitamins are distributed widely and are normally ingested as constituents of various food substances. Fresh fruits, leafy vegetables, whole grains, eggs, and liver are rich dietary sources of vitamins
• 3.
  There are foursituations in which vitamin supplementation indicated- 1. Inadequate dietary intake is encountered among alcoholics, the aged, and the impoverished. 2. Increased metabolic requirements are associated with pregnancy, lactation, major surgery, and severe infections. 3. Impaired intestinal absorption creates a problem in severe GI disorder, surgical resection, old age, obstructive jaundice. 4. Iatrogenic situations, such as prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or other drugs sometimes require supplemental vitamin intake.
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  Vitamins has awide range of biologic diversity. ❖ Vitamin B2, niacin, and pantothenic acid function as coenzymes. ❖ Vitamin B12 and folic acid are involved in the biosynthetic transfer of 1-carbon units, and vitamin C is required for the biosynthesis of hvdroxyproline, an essential component of collagen. ❖ Vitamins B1 and B6 are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids, respectively, and biotin has a function in metabolic carboxylation. ❖ Vitamins D and E selectively influence membrane transport. ❖ A number of vitamins (A, B2, B12, C, E, and niacin) are involved, directly or indirectly, in metabolic oxidation reduction reactions.
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  Can be storedin body - regular supply not needed Fairly stable at normal cooking temperatures Unstable to heat and light, leach into cooking liquids Excess is excreted in urine-no danger of toxic levels Cannot be stored in body - regular supply needed Water soluble Can accumulate to toxic levels if large amounts ingested Fat soluble Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water, which means these vitamins and nutrients dissolve quickly in the body. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, water- soluble vitamins are carried to the body's tissues, but the body cannot store them. Any excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins simply pass through the body. Fat-soluble vitamins are soluble in fats. They are absorbed by fat globules that travel through the small intestines and into the general blood circulation within the body. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body when they are not in use. Typically, they are stored in the liver and fat tissues.
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  Their absorption fromthe intestinal tract is associated with that of lipids, and a deficiency state may be caused by conditions that impair fat absorption. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble. Retinol Named because of its concern with retina of eye Only found in animal foods Beta-Carotene Present with chlorophyll in plants, Converted to Vitamin A in gut wall The two main forms of vitamin A in the human diet are preformed vitamin A (retinol, retinyl esters), and provitamin A carotenoids such as beta-carotene that are converted to retinol.
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  Functions • Regulates growth •Promotes healthy skin • Helps eye adapt to dim light Effects of deficiency • Retarded growth, malformed bones • Long term-may lead to night blindness • Susceptibility to infection Sources Retinol - Cod liver oil, Liver, Dairy products, Egg yolk Beta-Carotene - Dark green leafy vegetables, Carrots, Deep orange fruits • Vitamin A is a yellow to red oily liquid that may solidify when refrigerated • Insoluble in water • Can be destroyed by oxygen, light and air • It may be nearly odorless or may have a slightly fishy odor. • Powerful antioxidant
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  Functions Effects of deficiency •Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults • Osteoporosis • Dental caries Sources • Sunlight conversion • Fish liver oils • Dairy products • Oily fish • Vitamin D is a term that is used for several related steroids and their metabolites that are essential for the absorption and utilization of calcium. Cholecalciferol, or vitamin D3, is the primary form of the vitamin encountered in zoologic species. • Ergocalciferol, or vitamin D2, is derived from ergosterol, a plant steroid. • Vitamin D has been called the sunshine vitamin since ultraviolet light is involved in the conversion of provitamin substances to vitamins D2 and D3. * Conditions where bones are soft and cannot take weight of body **Bones become light, less dense and prone to fractures
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  Functions • Protects tissuesagainst damage • Promotes normal growth and development • Helps in normal red blood cell formation Sources Common dietary source: Plant oils, Green vegetables, Whole grains, Egg yolks, and Meats Traditional natural source (therapeutic purposes):Wheat germ oil A large number of unsubstantiated claims have been made for vitamin E; the promotion of high doses of vitamin E to increase physical endurance or sexual ability, to prevent arteriosclerosis or aging, and to treat loss of hair or the menopausal syndrome must be considered fraudulent. Very high doses of the vitamin (higher than 800 units per day) may cause adverse reactions, including increased bleeding tendencies in vitamin-K—deficient patients. Effects of deficiency Deficiency is very rare but severe deficiency conditions characterized by - muscular dystrophy, coronary disease.
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  Functions • Necessary toprevent haemorrhagic conditions. • Used in coagulation disorders • Vitamin K is necessary for normal clotting of blood Effects of deficiency Hemorrhage Disruption in the formation of the clotting factors Sources Widely distributed in dairy products and many fruits and green leafy vegetables The intestinal microflora (provide a significant portion of the normal human supply of vitamin K.) • Allergic or hypersensitive reactions • Serious hyperbilirubinemia has been associated with its use in premature infants • Erythrocyte hemolysis may occur • The vitamin should not be given to women during the last few weeks of pregnancy or to new born infants.
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  The water-soluble vitaminsrange from simple to complex chemical molecules, play diverse physiologic roles, and have a wide scope of therapeutic applications. The water-soluble vitamins are dominated by the vitamin B-complex, but this solubility classification also includes Ascorbic acid (vitamin C),Biotin etc. Vitamin B complex The vitamin B complex includes ✓Thiamime (B1) ✓Riboflavin (B2 ) ✓Niacin (B3) ✓Pantothenic acid (B5) ✓Pyridoxine (B6) ✓Biotin (B7) ✓Folic acid (B9) ✓Cyanocobalamin (B12)
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  Functions: Thiamine isrequired for Carbohydrate metabolism (approximately 0.2 to 0.3 mg Per 1000 calories) Some neurologic functions Sources Dietary - Whole grains, Legumes, and Meats • There is no substantive evidence to support its use as • an insect repellent or • an appetite stimulant or • to treat dermatitis, • chronic diarrhoea, fatigue, mental disorders, multiple sclerosis, or ulcerative colitis. Effects of deficiency Beriberi Most of the commonly observed deficiency conditions (symptoms) include emotional hypersensitivity, loss of appetite, fatigue, and muscular weakness
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  Functions • It isimportant for body growth. • It helps in red blood cell production. • Aids in the release of energy from proteins. Sources Food - Eggs, legumes, and meats Small amounts are provided by cereal grains, fruits, and green vegetables Other -Yeast is the richest natural source of riboflavin. • Vitamin B2 is a yellow, heat-stable substance that is slightly soluble in water. • This vitamin is an essential component of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN; also known as riboflavin-5’-phosphate) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). • These coenzymes play major roles in energy production; cellular function, growth, and development; and metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids. Effects of deficiency Deficiency symptoms are usually dermatologic in nature, including Cheilosis, Glossitis, Seborrheic dermatitis, and Corneal vascularization.
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  Functions • Like allB vitamins, niacin plays a role in converting carbohydrates into glucose, • Metabolism of fats and proteins, and • Keep the nervous system working properly. Sources Food - Lean meats, Fish, and Dairy products Cereal grains and a number of other foods contain appreciable quantities of niacin. The roasting of coffee beans results in the release of a significant quantity of niacin. • Niacin is not useful in the treatment of mental disorders, including • schizophrenia or for the prevention of heart attacks; • it has not proved effective for the treatment of acne, motion sickness, or peripheral vascular disease Effects of deficiency Symptoms of the deficiency involve the unhealthy nervous system, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract. These are sometimes summarized as the 3D's—dementia, dermatitis, and diarrhea. Oral lesions, especially angular stomatitis, cheilosis, and red tongue
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  Functions • Folic acidhelps make healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body. • Folic acid is used by the body to manufacture DNA Sources Food - Leafy vegetables (origin of the term "folic”) and Liver are good dietary sources of pteroylpoyglutamates (folates), (the primary dietary forms of this vitamin.) • Folic acid has not been proved effective for relief of stress or prevention of mental disorders. Effects of deficiency Clinical symptoms of a deficiency state include megaloblastic and macrocytic anaemias and glossitis.
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  Functions • Formation ofconnective tissue, collagen • Prevents scurvy (pale skin with spots, bleeding, soft gums) • Promotes healing of wounds • Acts as antioxidant Sources Food - Citrus fruits, Tomatoes, Strawberries, and other Fresh fruits and Vegetables. Effects of deficiency • Symptoms of the deficiency involve the Weakening of connective tissue • Susceptibility to infection • Delayed healing of wounds
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  Cod liver oilis the partially destearinated, fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers of Cadus morrhua Linné and other species in the family Gadidae. The generic name Gadus is from the Greek gados, meaning codfish, and morrhua is the Latin name of the codfish. Ocean, and cod liver oil is a by product of the fishing industry. The livers are removed during the fish processing, taking care to exclude the gallbladders, and frozen until subjected to a steaming process to remove the oil. Cod liver oil is a thin, oily liquid that has a distinctive, slightly fishy but not rancid odor and a fishy taste.
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  Medicinal grade codliver oil must contain, in each gram, not less than 255 g of vitamin A (850 units) and not less than 2.125 g (85 units) of vitamin D. The oil also contains glyceryl esters of unsaturated (about 85%) and saturated (about 15%) fatty acids. The unsaturated acids include oleic, linoleic, gadoleic, and palmitoleic. Myristic and palmitic acids are the major saturated acids. Composition Uses •Cod liver oil is used as a nutritional supplements. • It is used in the prevention, treatment and cure of vitamin A and D deficiency diseases (like xerophthalmia & rickets). •Cod liver oil contains certain "fatty acids" that prevent •The blood from clotting easily. •These fatty acids also reduce pain and swelling.
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  Shark liver oilIs the fixed oil obtained from the fresh and healthy livers of shark fish, Hypoprion brevirostris Shark liver oil is pale yellow to brownish yellow viscous liquid with fishy odour and bland taste. Livers are removed from the fishes, cleaned thoroughly, freed from fatty substances and attached tissues like gall-bladders. Then the livers are heated in water at about 800C. The oil exudes, floats on the top, and is separated, washed and water is removed. The oil is sensitive to light and air. It should be stored in air tight, completely tilled, coloured containers. Biological Source
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  The active principleof Shark liver oil is vitamin A which varies from 15,000-30,000 I.U. per g of- the oil. It contains glycerides of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Composition Uses •Shark liver oil is used to treat xerophthalmia (abnormal dryness of the surface of conjunctiva) occurring due to deficiency of vitamin A. •The oil is nutritive and used as Ionic.
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  Tenualosa ilisha (Hilsha)belongs to subfamily Alosinae, family Clupeidae, order Clupeiformes, is one of the most important tropical fishes of the Indo-Pacific region Hilsha fish contain a high amount of protein, minerals, vitamins as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present in the oil mainly: myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. • Dietary supplementation has a therapeutic value in preventing irregularities in lipid metabolism. • Rich in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, which may help prevent heart disease. • A good source of vitamin D.
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  Thanks a Lot