Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Introduction of Zinc, Zinc Chemistry, Zinc functions, Zinc metabolism , Role in diarrhea , role in wound healing, immunity , hormones , catalytic zinc atom structure zinc atom , zinc enzyme, acrodermatitis enteropathica, toxicity
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Introduction of Zinc, Zinc Chemistry, Zinc functions, Zinc metabolism , Role in diarrhea , role in wound healing, immunity , hormones , catalytic zinc atom structure zinc atom , zinc enzyme, acrodermatitis enteropathica, toxicity
Vitamin a presentation, Vitamin A Deficiency, Vitamin A toxicityDhruvendra Pandey
This presentation contains Importance of vitamin A, Sources of Vitamin A, Absorption,Transport and Excretion of Vitamin A, Vitamin A Deficiency, Vitamin A Toxicity, Required dose of Vitamin A, Nutrition, Nutrition deficiency
vitamin d is one of the fat soluble vitamin on which there is great emphasis in the present scenario. it is present in breast milk in very minute amount so it is recommended that it must be supplemented right after birth to prevent it deficiency which in children can result in rickets. if not diagnosed and treated in time it may result in number of bony deformities . in adults besides oesteomalacia it is associated with n umber of non communicable diseases.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Report about some facts about vitamin B complex and the importance, origin, signs and symptoms of deficiency and food sources of Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B6 (pyrodixine), and Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), It also has very detailed origin on how each vitamin was discovered
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- ravisankar - iIntroduct...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- By ravisankar - iIntroduction,classification, Differencebetween fat and water soluble vitamins,slurces of vitamin A, chemistry of Vitamin A, Physiological Role of Vitamin-A, uses, Tretinoin and Isotretinoin
A Comprehensive Introduction to Vitamins and its chemistry, source, RDA, classification, deficiency states and biological importance. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic.
Vitamin a presentation, Vitamin A Deficiency, Vitamin A toxicityDhruvendra Pandey
This presentation contains Importance of vitamin A, Sources of Vitamin A, Absorption,Transport and Excretion of Vitamin A, Vitamin A Deficiency, Vitamin A Toxicity, Required dose of Vitamin A, Nutrition, Nutrition deficiency
vitamin d is one of the fat soluble vitamin on which there is great emphasis in the present scenario. it is present in breast milk in very minute amount so it is recommended that it must be supplemented right after birth to prevent it deficiency which in children can result in rickets. if not diagnosed and treated in time it may result in number of bony deformities . in adults besides oesteomalacia it is associated with n umber of non communicable diseases.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Report about some facts about vitamin B complex and the importance, origin, signs and symptoms of deficiency and food sources of Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B6 (pyrodixine), and Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), It also has very detailed origin on how each vitamin was discovered
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- ravisankar - iIntroduct...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- By ravisankar - iIntroduction,classification, Differencebetween fat and water soluble vitamins,slurces of vitamin A, chemistry of Vitamin A, Physiological Role of Vitamin-A, uses, Tretinoin and Isotretinoin
A Comprehensive Introduction to Vitamins and its chemistry, source, RDA, classification, deficiency states and biological importance. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic.
A vitamin that can dissolve in water. Vitamins are nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy and work the way it should. Water-soluble vitamins are carried to the body's tissues but are not stored in the body.
Bradley Joseph Mancuso - Explaining what is Balanced Diet ?bradleyjoseph8
Bradley Joseph Mancuso fitness expert In perth Explaining what is Balanced Diet ?
For more info visit bradley mancuso website - https://bradleyjosephmancuso.blogspot.com/
For Follow Bradley On Linkedin - www.linkedin.com/in/bradley-joseph-mancuso
A drug overdose is the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced. An overdose may result in a toxic state or death.
Medication error- Etiology and strategic methods to reduce the incidence of M...Dr. Jibin Mathew
A medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer
Drug interaction - Potential antimicrobial drug interaction in a hospital set...Dr. Jibin Mathew
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together. This action can be synergistic or antagonistic or a new effect can be produced that neither produces on its own
An Antimicro is any substance of natural, semisynthetic or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but causes little or no damage to the host. All antibiotics are antimicrobials, but not all antimicrobials are antibiotics.
Medications are a critical component of the care provided to patients and are used for diagnostic, symptomatic,
preventive, curative, and palliative treatment and management of diseases and conditions. A medication
system that supports optimal medication management must include processes that support safe and effective
medication use. Safe, effective medication use involves a multidisciplinary, coordinated effort of health care
practitioners applying the principles of process design, implementation, and improvement to all aspects of
the medication management process, which includes the selecting, procuring, storing, ordering/prescribing,
transcribing, distributing, preparing, dispensing, administering, documenting, and monitoring of medication
therapies
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Nutrients that our body does not make on its own. Thus we must obtain
them from the foods we eat, or via vitamin supplements.
They are essential for providing good health and are necessary for
many life functions.
Tasteless, organic compounds
Required in small amounts
Functions
• Regulate metabolism
• Help convert energy in fat, carbohydrate, and protein into ATP
• Promote growth and reproduction
Deficiencies can result in potentially serious consequences
Introduction
3. The discovery of the vitamins was a major scientific achievement
in our understanding of health and disease.
In 1912, Casimir Funk originally coined the term "vitamine".
The major period of discovery began in the early nineteenth
century and ended at the mid-twentieth century.
History of Vitamins
4. The naming of vitamins follows the letters of the alphabet,
starting with A; we are up to the letter K
A, B, C, D, E, and K
B has many subscripts
F, G, and H were dropped
NamingVitamins
5. Classification is based on solubility
1) Nine water-soluble:
B vitamin complex (B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12)
vitamin C
2) Four fat-soluble:
Vitamins A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Classification of Vitamins
6.
7. Fat‐soluble are stored in the liver and fatty tissues. These are
not readily excreted from the body.
Water‐soluble vitamins travel in the blood and are stored in
limited amounts. These are readily excreted from the body
through urine
What is the difference between fat‐soluble and
water‐soluble vitamins?
8. Fat SolubleVitamins vs. Water SolubleVitamins
Water Soluble Fat Soluble
Absorption Directly to blood Lymph via CM
Storage Circulate freely In cells with fat
Excretion In urine Stored with fat
Toxicity Less likely More Likely
Requirements Every 2-3 days Every week
9. Recommended Dietary Allowances
These are suggested levels of essential nutrients considered
adequate to meet nutritional needs of healthy individuals.
What does RDA mean?
10. For the most part vitamin supplements are safe to take.
Follow the recommended dosages on the label of the bottle.
Fat‐soluble vitamins are more likely to be toxic to your health if
taken in excess, because they are stored in the body, where as
water‐soluble are excreted.
Can I take too many vitamins?
11. It is advised to take your vitamins with a snack or meal to avoid
stomach irritation.
The presence of carbohydrates and proteins stimulate digestive
enzymes that will allow for better absorption of nutrients for
the supplements. (Iron should be taken on an empty stomach)
Should I take my vitamins with food?
12.
13. All absorption takes place in the small intestine
Fat-soluble vitamins
Are absorbed in the duodenum
Storage
• Vitamin A is mainly stored in the liver
• Vitamin D is mainly stored in the fat and muscle tissue
• Vitamins K and E are partially stored in the liver
• Can build up in body to point of toxicity
Vitamin Absorption and Storage
14. Water-soluble vitamins
• Absorbed with water and enter directly into the blood stream
• Most absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum
• Most are not stored in the body
• Excess intake excreted through the urine
• Important to consume adequate amounts daily
• Dietary excesses can be harmful
Vitamin Absorption and Storage
16. Water-soluble vitamins can be destroyed by
• Exposure to air
• Exposure to ultraviolet light
• Water
• Changes in pH
• Heat
• Food preparation techniques
Fat-soluble vitamins tend to be more stable
Destruction ofVitamins
17. Vitamin toxicity, AKA hypervitaminosis
• Rare
• Results from ingesting excess vitamins and tissue saturation
• Can damage cells
Dietary Reference Intakes include tolerable upper intake limits (UL) for
most vitamins to prevent excess
Toxicity with Overconsumption
22. Vitamin D refers to a group of similar lipid-soluble molecules
(major forms are D2 and D3).
Vitamin D is also important for immune system function.
Deficiency causes rickets, bone loss.
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
VITAMIN D
23.
24. Vitamin D production requires UV light (sunlight).
Sometime after humans migrated north out of Africa about 50,000
years ago, mutations appeared that reduced melanin (pigment)
production in the skin, permitting vitamin D production with less
sunlight.
Disadvantages of less melanin production are skin that is easily
damaged by the sun, skin cancer risk, and loss of folic acid due to
UV damage.
The melanin-reducing mutations helped early humans make
vitamin D in northern Europe in winter.
25. Vitamin E - Collectively refers to 8 related tocopherols.
It is essential, but roles are unclear. Suggestions include
neural membrane component, antioxidant.
Obtained in diet, deficiency is rare.
26. Vitamin K - Refers to phylloquinonone (vitamin K-1), and
several structurally similar molecules.
Vitamin K is required for proper blood clotting.
It is used in synthesizing gamma carboxy glutamate, a post-
translationally modified amino acid in prothrombin.
Sources are vegetables and fruits, deficiency is rare.
34. Function: The body convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which the body uses to
produce energy and also help the body to metabolize fats and protein, nervous system, muscle
function, the flow of electrolytes in and out of nerve and muscle cells, digestion, and
carbohydrate metabolism
Causes: People surviving on white rice or highly refined carbohydrates in developing countries
and among alcoholics
Side effects: Tight feeling in your throat, sweating, feeling warm, mild rash or itching, feeling
restless, tenderness or a hard lump where a thiamine injection was given.
Overdose: Weakness, Headache, Rapid, Irregular Heart Beat, Low Blood Pressure,
Convulsions
Deficiency: Beriberi, polyneuropathy, high-output heart failure, and Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome.
Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): Male - 1.2mg/day and Female – 1.1mg/day
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
35. Function: Riboflavin is necessary for growth and for the production of red blood cells.
Riboflavin also plays an important role in how our bodies get energy from
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. As a supplement it is used to prevent and treat
riboflavin deficiency and prevent migraines
Causes: Eating disorders, chronic alcoholism, HIV, inflammatory bowel disease,
diabetes, chronic heart disease
Side effects: Itching, Numbness, Burning or prickling sensations, Sensitivity to light
Overdose: allergic reactions, swelling of the face or tongue, hives and difficulty
breathing, yellow-orange discoloration of your urine.
Deficiency: Stomatitis, Red tongue, anemia, during pregnancy riboflavin can result in
birth defects including congenital heart defects and limb deformities
Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): Male - 1.8mg/day and Female –
2.5mg/day
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
36. Function: Niacin has used to lower the lipid lowering agents.
Causes: Liver converts tryptophan (amino acid) from high-protein foods
like meats and milk into niacin. When this process breaks, niacin
deficiency occurs.
Side effects: Facial flushing, Hepatotoxicity, Hyperuricemia, Maculopathy
Overdose: blurring of vision, Rapid heartbeat, Gout
Deficiency: Pellagra, decreased tolerance to cold, apathy, amnesia,
delirium
Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): Male – 16 mg/day and
Female – 14 mg/day
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
37. Function: Pantothenic acid is also used orally for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid
arthritis, Parkinson's disease, nerve pain, premenstrual syndrome (PMS),
enlarged prostate, reducing adverse effects of thyroid therapy in congenital
hypothyroidism, reducing signs of aging, skin disorders, salicylate toxicity
Causes: There is impaired energy production, due to low CoA levels (a molecule
in biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism)
Side effects: Heartburn, Nausea
Overdose: Diarrhea
Deficiency: Apathy, numbness, paresthesia, hypoglycemia, hepatic
encephalopathy
Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): Male – 5 mg/day and Female –
5 mg/day
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
38. Function: Vitamin B6 is involved in many aspects of macronutrient metabolism,
neurotransmitter synthesis, histamine synthesis, hemoglobin synthesis and function, and
gene expression
Causes: The elderly and alcoholics, type 1 diabetes, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV.
Use of oral contraceptives, anticonvulsants, isoniazid, cycloserine and hydrocortisone
negatively impact vitamin B6 status. Hemodialysis reduces vitamin B6 plasma levels.
Side effects: Numbness of the extremities, neuropathy
Overdose: Damage to the dorsal root ganglia, irreversible neurological problems
Deficiency: Seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruption, atrophic glossitis with ulceration, angular
cheilitis, conjunctivitis, intertrigo, confusion, and neuropathy and sideroblastic anemia
Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): Male – 5 mg/day and Female – 5 mg/day
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
39. Function: Vitamin B7 helps to support adrenal function, helps calm and maintain a healthy
nervous system, and is necessary for key metabolic processes. Biotin is essential for the
metabolism of carbohydrate and fat.
Causes: Daily consumption of raw egg whites for several months, inadequate dietary, genetic
disorders that affect biotin metabolism
Side effects: dry skin, a scaly rash around the eyes or mouth, dry eyes, fatigue, and
depression
Overdose: slower release of insulin, skin rashes, lower vitamin C and B6 levels and high blood
sugar levels.
Deficiency: Brittle and thin fingernails, alopecia, Conjunctivitis, Dermatitis, depression,
lethargy, hallucination, and numbness and tingling of the extremities, nearly half of pregnant
women have abnormal increases of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid, which reflects reduced status of
biotin
Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): Male – 2.5 mg/day and Female – 2 mg/day
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
40. Function: Birth defects, Heart disease, Age-related hearing loss, Age-related macular
degeneration (AMD), Depression, Cancer (Colon cancer, Breast cancer, cervical cancer,
pancreatic cancer, Stomach cancer)
Causes: Alcoholism, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and celiac disease can cause folic
acid deficiency
Side effects: Stomach problems, Sleep problems, Skin reactions, Confusion, Loss of
appetite, Seizures
Overdose: Overdose of folic acid will damage central nervous system. This may manifest
as movement disorders, paralysis, pain or numbness
Deficiency: Poor growth, Tongue inflammation, Gingivitis, Loss of appetite, Shortness of
breath, Forgetfulness, Mental sluggishness
Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): Male – 400 mcg/day and Female – 400
mcg/day
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
41. Function: Vitamin B12 is used to treat Pernicious anemia, Heart disease, Age-
related macular degeneration (AMD), Fatigue, Breast cancer, Male infertility
Causes: The elderly, diabetes, HIV, eating disorder, People with problems
absorbing nutrients due to Crohn’s disease, pancreatic disease, weight loss
surgery, helicobacter pylori
Side effects: Gout, skin flushing, itching, abdominal pain
Overdose: Reddening of the skin and urine, changes in heart rate and blood
pressure
Deficiency: Gastritis, pernicious anemia, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, grave
lupus, SLE
Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): Male – 2.4 mcg/day and Female –
2.4mcg/day
Vitamin B12