This document discusses DNA typing. It begins with an objective to discuss the history, definition, techniques, applications, advantages and disadvantages of DNA typing. It defines DNA typing as a procedure that analyzes DNA extracted from a biological sample to generate a DNA profile. It discusses techniques like RFLP, PCR, STR and mitochondrial DNA analysis. It covers applications in paternity disputes, identification and establishing biological relationships. Advantages include using small samples and applicability to old stains. Disadvantages include inability to differentiate identical twins and high costs.

1. DNA
TYPING
NUR HANISAH
BINTI ZAINOREN

2. OBJECTIVE
1. History
2. Definition
3. Techniques
4. Applications
5. Advantages
6. Disadvantages

3. PROFESSOR
ALEC
JEFFREY
first application of DNA
typing in forensic science

4. DEFINITION
• A procedure wherein
DNA extracted from a
biological sample
obtained from an
individual is analyzed
• DNA is processed to
generate a pattern for
each person that is
generally termed as a
'DNA profile'

5. TECHNIQUES
1. RFLP - Restriction Fragment
Length Polymorphism
2. PCR - Polymerase Chain
Reaction
3. STR - Short Tandem Repeats
4. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
5. Rapid DNA ID Microchip-
Based Genetic Detectors

6. RFLP
DNA is cut into fragments by
restriction enzymes
Chops the DNA in two at every place where the
GCGC pattern occurs

7. GCGCATTGTTGCGCAAGAGCGC
GCGCATTGAATGCAAGTAGCGC
1st person:
2nd person:

8. GCGCATTGTTGCGCAAGAGCGC
GCGCATTGAATGCAAGTAGCGC
1st person:
2nd person:

9. GCGCATTGTTGCGCAAGAGCGC
GCGCATTGAATGCAAGTAGCGC
1st person:
2nd person:

10. GCGCATTGTTGCGCAAGAGCGC
GCGCATTGAATGCAAGTAGCGC
1st person:
2nd person:
2 small fragments
1 large fragments

12. STR

16. SOURCES OF BIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCES
• Blood
• Teeth
• Semen
• Saliva
• Hair
• Urine
• Bone
• Tissue

17. PROCEDURE - COLLECTION &
FORWARDING OF SAMPLES
• To be done.
• As told by my lecturer,
this is actually the
important part for a
doctor to know 

18. APPLICATIONS
• Paternity disputes
• Maternity resolution
• Establishment of biological
relationship
• Identification of rapist
• Identification of bodies in
exhumation cases

19. DNA TYPING IN PATERNITY TEST

20. ADVANTAGES
• Require small sample
• Can be applied on very
old stains
• Most conclusive method

21. DISADVANTAGES
• Cannot differentiate
identical twins
• Very expensive
• Interpretation of results
requires a great deal of
expertise and experience

22. REFERENCES

23. THANK YOU