Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is small, circular, double-stranded DNA located in cell mitochondria. It is maternally inherited and does not recombine. mtDNA contains 37 genes essential for mitochondrial function and ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. Compared to nuclear DNA, mtDNA evolves more rapidly, lacks introns, and is not bound in histones. Forensic analysis of mtDNA is useful when evidence is degraded or limited. Methods include DNA extraction, PCR amplification of mtDNA regions, sequencing, and comparing sequences to identify matches or mismatches. mtDNA analysis has applications in fisheries including individual identification, mixed stock analysis, and determining phylogenetic relationships between fish species.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
N-terminal tails of histones are the most accessible regions for modifications. These post-translational modification (PTM) of histones is a crucial step in epigenetic regulation of a gene.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
N-terminal tails of histones are the most accessible regions for modifications. These post-translational modification (PTM) of histones is a crucial step in epigenetic regulation of a gene.
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphic), SNP mapping, SNP profile, SNP types, SNP analysis by gel electropherosis and by mass spectrometry, SNP effects, single strand conformation polymorphism, SNP advantages and disadvantages and application of SNP profile in drug choice
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphic), SNP mapping, SNP profile, SNP types, SNP analysis by gel electropherosis and by mass spectrometry, SNP effects, single strand conformation polymorphism, SNP advantages and disadvantages and application of SNP profile in drug choice
Embryo culture is the culturing of embryos excised from the ovaries at earlier stages of their development. This technique helps to overcome problems associated with embryo development. Embryos are prevented from development by different factors like incompatibility with the female tissue, absence of endosperm etc. Hybrids produced by wide crosses usually fail to develop inside the ovaries of the mother plants. In such cases, the embryos can be rescued (the technique is called embryo rescue) and grown in culture media so as to produce viable progeny.
Ribotyping is a molecular technique for bacterial identification that uses information from rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses. It is rapid and specific method widely used in clinical diagnostics and analysis of microbial communities in food, water, and beverages.
An Overview...
Definition of Translation.
Def. of Eukaryotes.
Translation: An Overview.
Components of Translation.
Some Enzymes .
Ribosome Role.
Mechanism of Translation.
Initiation.
Scanning Model of Initiation.
Initiation Factors.
Animation.
Elongation.
Chain Elongation: Translocation.
Animation.
Termination.
Animation....
It's not perfect still... what are your views friends?
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
DNA fingerprint methods. • The locations for genes for specific traits such as egg number, body weight or carcass quality can be identified using markers and then they can be selected directly.
whole genome analysis
history
needs
steps involved
human genome data
NGS
pyrosequencing
illumina
SOLiD
Ion torrent
PacBio
applications
problems
benefits
Molecular Markers and Their Application in Animal Breed.pptxTrilokMandal2
Molecular markers have had a significant impact on breed development and conservation efforts, transforming genetics and offering vital insights into genetic diversity, lineage tracing, and genotype characterization. The importance of molecular markers in improving genetic gains, facilitating breeding programs, and preserving genetic diversity for the long-term sustainability of the animal population has been underlined in this review paper. Emerging advancements in molecular marker technology show enormous potential for improving and conserving breeds. Deeper insights into the genetic basis of complex traits will be provided through GWAS, CRISPR/Cas9, gene editing technologies, and sequencing technologies, resulting in faster genetic gains. Breeders and conservationists will be able to make more informed judgments thanks to these technologies. In conclusion, molecular markers have had a significant impact on breed conservation and enhancement. Their innovations have changed the industry and given both conservationists and breeders vital knowledge. We can pave the road for more effective and sustainable genetic improvement and the preservation of biodiversity for future generations by combining the power of molecular markers with conventional breeding and conservation techniques.
A microarray is a laboratory tool used to detect the expression of thousands of genes at the same time. DNA microarrays are microscope slides that are printed with thousands of tiny spots in defined positions, with each spot containing a known DNA sequence or gene.
DNA sequence analysis of a uniform target gene like the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) to enable species identification has been referred to as “DNA Barcoding”, by analogy with the Universal Product Code (UPC) system barcodes used to identify manufactured goods.
DNA barcoding has the potential to be a practical method for identification of the estimated 10 million species of eukaryotic life on earth.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
3. Molecular Tools
Allozyme markers;
Amplified fragment length polymorphism
(AFLP);
Nuclear DNA markers (nDNA);
Tandemly repeated DNA (mini and
Mitochondrial DNA markers (mtDNA);
microsatellites);
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP);
(RFLP);
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs);
Random amplified polymorphic DNA
(RAPD);
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
4. Mitochondrial DNA
mtDNA is small genome and double stranded
circular DNA molecule
Haploid in nature
mt DNA contain 37 genes all of essential for normal
mitochondrial function
13 genes making enzymes involved
phosphorylation (ATP production )
in
oxidative
process involved use of oxygen and simple sugars to form
ATP
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
6. Nuclear DNA vs. Mitochondrial DNA
• Nuclear DNA
• Mitochondrial DNA
– found in nucleus of the cell
– 2 sets of 23 chromosomes
– found in mitochondria of the cell
– each mitochondria may have
several copies of the single
mtDNA molecule
– maternal and paternal
– can "discriminate between
individuals of the same
maternal lineage“
– double helix
– bounded by a nuclear
envelope
– DNA packed into chromatin
– maternal only
– cannot "discriminate between
individuals of the same maternal
lineage“
– Circular
– free of a nuclear envelope
– DNA is not packed into chromatin
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
9. Maternal Inheritance of mtDNA
During fertilization, the sperm
only contributes its nucleus
(23 chromosomes)
Mitochondria of the sperm cell are located at the
mitochondrial sheath which is destroyed upon
fertilization
Only available mitochondria (mtDNA) is that of the
mother's; this is why mtDNA is of maternal origin
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
11. The Mitochondrial Genome
• 16,569 base pairs (bp) in length (16-18 kbp)
• encodes 37 genes, 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs
two general regions:
– coding region: responsible for the production of various biological
molecules involved in "cellular respiration"
– control region: responsible for the regulation of the mtDNA
molecule
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
12. • It evolves faster than nuclear DNA
(Brown et al. 1982),
• Probably due to inefficient replication repair
(Clayton 1984)
• Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited in most
species.
(Gyllesten et al. 1991)
• Generally mitochondrial DNA does not recombine
(Hayashi et al. 1985)
Though some evidence of recombination events has recently
been reported
(Eyre-Walker et al. 1999, Hagelberg et al. 1999).
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
13. Molecular markers also show significant
promise for aquaculture applications
(i) In comparison of hatchery and wild stocks;
(ii) Genetic identification and discrimination of hatchery stocks;
(iii)Monitoring inbreeding or other changes in the genetic variation;
(iv) Assignment of progeny to parents through genetic tags;
(v) Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and use of these
markers in selection programmes;
(vi)Assessment of successful implementation of
manipulations such as polyploidy and gynogenesis.
genetic
Source: (Magoulas, 1998 ; Davis and jitenderanduat@gmail.com
Hetzel, 2000; Fjalestad et al., 2003; Subasinghe et al.,
2003)
14. Uses for mtDNA in Forensics
•mtDNA will be used when "biological evidence
may be degraded [i.e. charred remains] or in small
quantity“
•Cases in which evidence consists only of:
–hairs
–bones
–Teeth
•Missing Persons Cases (use of skeletal remains)
•Establishing Individuals as suspects (hair evidence)
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
16. Methods for mtDNA analysis
DNA Extraction
• cellular homogenate is
“exposed to a mixture
of organic chemicals
that separate the DNA
from other biological
molecules, such as
proteins”
• mixture is spun in a
centrifuge
• DNA settles
• top layer is filtered and concentrated
• DNA sample is now purified
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
17. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification
• PCR is a “procedure that
makes many copies of a small
amount of DNA.”
• DNA is heated at 94 C to
separate the two strands of the
DNA double helix in the
sample
• new DNA strands are then
made from the template
(initially separated strands) of
DNA
by
using
DNA
polymerase, primers, and free
nucleotides
• the process is repeated
multiple times, doubling the
amount of DNA after each
cycle
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
19. Post amplification Purification and Quantification
• Purification is performed
“using filtration devices
that remove the excess
reagents used in the PCR
from the sample.”
• Quantification is performed “using
capillary electrophoresis (CE),”
which compares the amount of DNA
in the PCR product to “a known DNA
standard
to
determine
the
concentration of the DNA in the
PCR-amplified sample.”
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
20. DNA Sequencing
• Gel Electrophoresis:
– DNA products are separated by length of bp
– pore size of the gel influence how far the
DNA fragments will travel when placed in
an electric field
– smaller fragments will travel faster and
appear further from the wells in the gel
– larger fragments will travel slower and
appear closer to the wells in the gel
– fluorescent detector “records the emitted
wavelength of the fluorescent dyes on each
base as the fragments travel past the
detection area of the instrument”
– a chromatogram is generated, showing
the colors of the labeled fragments
– “the sequence of the mtDNA is determined
from a series of cycle sequencing
reactions”
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
21. Data Analysis
mtDNA sequences are generated by a computer and
edited by a DNA examiner to obtain the final sequence
Difference(s) is/are recorded by comparing the finalized
sequence to the Anderson reference sequence
If sequence concordance (“the presence of the same base
or a common base at every position analyzed”) is
observed,
then both mtDNA samples could be considered as
originating from the same source
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
22. Functions of mtDNA in Ichthyotaxonomy
Individual identification
Mixed Stock Fishery Analysis(MSFA)
To identify the phylogenetic relationship b/w the different
species of fishes
To identify and arrangement of the species and stock on the
basis of their genetic affinity
To identify the genetic diversity with in the stock & cultured
species
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
23. References
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ibrahim Okumus and Y. Çiftci / Turk. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3: 5179 (2003)
ARIAGNA LARA,* JOSE LUIS PONCE DE, Molecular Ecology Resources (2010)
10, 421–430
Vallone, P.M., Just, R.S., Coble, M.D., Butler, J.M., Parsons, T.J. (2004) A multiplex allelespecific primer extension assay for forensically informative SNPs distributed throughout the
mitochondrial genome. Int. J. Legal Med., 118: 147-157. [Protocol for 11plex SNP assay
developed at NIST] [Genotyper macro for mtSNP 11plex]
Coble, M.D., Just, R.S., O'Callaghan, J.E., Letmanyi, I.H., Peterson, C.T., Irwin, J.A.,
Parsons, T.J. (2004) Single nucleotide polymorphisms over the entire mtDNA genome that
increase the power of forensic testing in Caucasians. Int. J. Legal Med., 118: 137-146.
Coble, M.D. (2004) The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the entire
mitochondrial genome to increase the forensic discrimination of common HV1/HV2 types in
the Caucasian population. PhD dissertation, George Washington University, 206 pp.
www.google.co.in/mtdna/wikipedia/in
jitenderanduat@gmail.com