Uterine polyps and fibroids are common benign uterine tumors. Uterine polyps can be endometrial, fibroid, adenomyomatous, or placental in origin. They typically present with menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, or postmenopausal bleeding. Diagnosis is usually made by ultrasound, and polyps can be removed by D&C or hysteroscopy. Fibroids are the most common benign tumors in women. They are estrogen dependent and present with heavy menstrual bleeding, infertility, pain, or an abdominal mass. Treatment involves medical therapy, myomectomy or hysterectomy depending on symptoms. Adenomyosis involves endometrial tissue within the myometrial
what is endometriosis? Theories in endometriosis, sites of endometriosis. types and clinical presentation. signs and symptoms.
Investigations :TVS, CA125
laparoscopic findings
chocolate cyst and extrapelvic endometriosis.
Classification of endometiosis
Diffential diagnosis
Management :of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases
drugs and minimally invasive surgery
surgey and preventive measures in endometiosis.
what is endometriosis? Theories in endometriosis, sites of endometriosis. types and clinical presentation. signs and symptoms.
Investigations :TVS, CA125
laparoscopic findings
chocolate cyst and extrapelvic endometriosis.
Classification of endometiosis
Diffential diagnosis
Management :of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases
drugs and minimally invasive surgery
surgey and preventive measures in endometiosis.
India is the highest TB burden country accounting for more than one-fourth of the global incidence .Genital TB is found in 5-10% of women with infertility problems, with low rates in Australia (1%) and high rates of up to 19% in India (ICMR,2011)
Cervical Erosion
Dr. Yashika
Definition
Cervical erosion is a condition where the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix is replaced by columnar epithelium which is continuous with endocervix.
Aetiology
Congenital
Acquired
Clinical features
Symptoms :
Vaginal discharge
Contact bleeding
Associated cervicitis
SIGNS :
Diagnosis
Ectropion
Early carcinoma
Primary Lesion (Chancre)
Tubercular ulcer
Management
Pregnancy
Pill user
Persistent ectopy
India is the highest TB burden country accounting for more than one-fourth of the global incidence .Genital TB is found in 5-10% of women with infertility problems, with low rates in Australia (1%) and high rates of up to 19% in India (ICMR,2011)
Cervical Erosion
Dr. Yashika
Definition
Cervical erosion is a condition where the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix is replaced by columnar epithelium which is continuous with endocervix.
Aetiology
Congenital
Acquired
Clinical features
Symptoms :
Vaginal discharge
Contact bleeding
Associated cervicitis
SIGNS :
Diagnosis
Ectropion
Early carcinoma
Primary Lesion (Chancre)
Tubercular ulcer
Management
Pregnancy
Pill user
Persistent ectopy
Benign growths in the uterus that can develop during a woman's childbearing years.Highest incidence was seen in Pakistani women 78%, then rural Indian women 37.65%, urban India 24% and Nigerian women 30%. Arobosoba from Nigeria has reported prevalence of uterine fibroids in black women was more (26%), in comparison to Caucasian women (17.9%).
Disclaimer: A lot from this slides were taken also from https://www.slideshare.net/babysurgeon/scrotal-swellings-1 (Dr Selvaraj Balasubramani)
This covers only :
ANATOMY
CAUSES
TORSION OF TESTIS
EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS
HYDROCELE
EPIDIDYMAL CYST
VARICOCELE
"48 SLIDES???!!", my friends shouted.
A boring "48 slides" is depend on how you arrange it. And this is not the one for sure.
I always love to prepare a short and sweet presentation. Or maybe long but sweet presentation? Oh yeah! Enjoy!
#SLIDESKILLSvsSLIDEKILLS
My seminar presentation slides. Please correct me if I've did something wrong in it. You can also leave any message thru my email, nurhanisahzainoren@gmail.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
4. Uterine polyps are benign polyps comprising
endometrial, fibroid, adenomyomatous and
placental polyp
5. Endometrial polyp
• Mostly arises from hyperplasia of endometrium
• Some of the endometrial lining protruding into the uterine
cavity as polyps
• Composed of endometrial glands and stroma covered
with a single layer of columnar epithelium
• Secondary malignant change may occur
7. Placental polyp
• Formed from retained placental tissue
• May cause:
– Secondary postpartum hemorrhage
– Intermittent vaginal bleeding following an
abortion or normal term delivery
9. Diagnosis
• Clinically, uterine polyp may not be evident and
uterus may or may not be enlarged
• It is easy to diagnose when the polypus protrudes
through the cervical canal
• Ulrasound can detect the uterine polyp
• Saline sonosalphingogram/hysterosalphingogram
10. Management
• D&C can scrape the polyp
• Hysteroscopic removal of multiple polyps may
be desirable to ensure their complete
removal.
15. • Incidence:
– At least 20% of women at the age of 30 have got
fibroid in their wombs
–50% remains asymptomatic
– Incidence higher in black women
– More common in nulliparous/one child infertility
17. Risk factors for fibroid
Increase
–Nulliparity
–Obesity
–Hyperestrogenic
state
–Black women
Decrease
–Multiparity
–Smoking
• (due to associated
hypoestrinism)
18. Predominantly an estrogen-dependant tumor
• Evidenced by:
– Potentially limited during child-bearing period
– Increased growth during pregnancy
– Rarely occur before menarche
– Cessation of growth and there is no new growth at all following
menopause
– Contain more estrogen receptors than the adjacent myometrium
– Frequent association of anovulation
20. On the whole, rate of growth is
SLOW
Takes about 3-5 years for the fibroid to grow
sufficiently to be felt per abdomen
21. grows RAPIDLY
During pregnancy
Amongst pill users (high dose pills)
Due to malignant change
*the newer low dose
OCP are not associated
with increase in the
growth of a fibroid
26. Initially, fibroids are
intramural in position
but subsequently,
some are pushed
outward or inward
about 70%
persist in that position
INTERSTITIAL/INTRAMURAL
28. When it completely
covered by peritoneum,
it usually attains a
pedicle –
“pedunculated
subserosal fibroid”
SUBSEROSAL/SUBPERITONEAL
29. On rare occasion, the
pedicle may be torn; the
fibroid gets its
nourishment from the
omental or mesenteric
adhesions –
“wandering/parasitic
fibroid”
SUBSEROSAL/SUBPERITONEAL
30. Intramural fibroid, when
pushed toward the
uterine cavity and is lying
under the endometrium
SUBMUCOSAL
Can make the uterine
cavity IRREGULAR &
DISTORTED
33. Rare (1-2%)
CERVICAL
May be anterior, posterior,
lateral or central
May displace the cervix or
expand it so much that the
external os is difficult to
recognize
36. • Atrophy: due to loss of support from estrogen
– following menopause
– Following pregnancy enlargement
• Necrosis: due to circulatory inadequacy (central
necrosis of the tumor )
– Pedunculated subserous fibroid
37. • Infection: access through the thinned and
sloughed surface epithelium of the
submucous fibroid.
– Following delivery or abortion
– Intramural fibroid may also be infected following
delivery.
38. • Vascular changes: Telangiectasis (dilatation of the vessels)
or lymphangiectasis (dilatation of the lymphatic channels)
inside the myoma may occur. Cause is not known.
• Sarcomatous changes: may occur in <0.1% cases.
The usual type is leiomyosarcoma.
39. Other Complications
• Hemorrhage
– Intracapsular
– Ruptured surface vein of
subserous fibroid
intraperitoneal
• Polycythemia
– Erythropoietic function by the
tumor
– Altered erythropoietic
function of the kidney
through ureteric pressure
• Torsion of subserous
pedunculated fibroid
• Inversion of uterus
• Endometrial carcinoma
associated with fibromyoma
• Endometrial and
myohyperplasia
• Accompanying
adenomyosis
• Parasitic fibroid
41. Symptoms
Menstrual disturbances
Infertility, recurrent abortions
Pain
Pressure symptoms
Abdominal lump
Vaginal discharge
• Menorrhagia
• Conspicuous in IM & SM fibroid
• due to increased vascularity, endometrial
hyperplasia & enlarged uterine cavity
• Metrorrhagia/irregular bleeding
• Ulceration of SM fibroid or fibroid polyp
• Torn vessels from the sloughing base of polyp
• Associated endometrial carcinoma
42. Symptoms
Infertility, recurrent abortions
Infertility, recurrent abortions
Pain
Pressure symptoms
Abdominal lump
Vaginal discharge
• Infertility:
• Distortion / elongation of uterine cavity
difficult sperm ascent
• Poor rhythmic uterine contraction during
intercourse impaired sperm transport
• Menorrhagia and dyspareunia
• Recurrents abortions:
• Defective implantation
• Poorly developed endometrium
• Reduced space for the fetal growth
43. Symptoms
Pain
Infertility, recurrent abortions
Pain
Pressure symptoms
Abdominal lump
Vaginal discharge
• Usually painless
• Pain may be due to some complications of the
tumor / associated pelvic pathology
• Due to tumor:
• Degeneration
• Torsion
• Extrusion of polyp
• Associated pathology:
• Endometriosis
• PID
44. Symptoms
Pressure symptoms
Infertility, recurrent abortions
Pain
Pressure symptoms
Abdominal lump
Vaginal discharge
• Bladder frequency and retention of urine
• Ureter hydroureter & hydronephrosis
(in broad ligament fibroids)
• Rectum constipation (rare)
45. Symptoms
Abdominal lump
Infertility, recurrent abortions
Pain
Pressure symptoms
Abdominal lump
Vaginal discharge
• Heaviness in the lower abdomen
• A pedunculated fibroid feels separate from
the uterus and gives impression of ovarian
tumor
47. Physical signs
• Anemia
• Abdominal lump
– Arising from pelvis
– Well-defined margins
– Firm in consistency
– Smooth/bossy surface
– Mobile from side to side unless fixed by large size or
adhesions
48. • Bimanual examination:
– Enlarged uterus
– Cervix moves with the swelling
which is not felt separate from
uterus unless it is pedunculated
– In cervical fibroid, the normal
uterus is perched on top of the
tumor
– Broad ligament fibroid displaces
the uterus to the opposite side
50. Investigations
• Haemoglobin, blood grouping
• Ultrasound abdomen & pelvis
• Hysterosalphingography (to identify submucous myoma)
• Hysteroscopy
• D&C (to rule out endometrial cancer)
• Laparoscopy
• MRI (to identify adenomyosis and myoma)
In majority cases, the clinical features are clear cut. Elaborate
investigations are not required.
51. MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL OF
UTERINE FIBROIDS
BODY
SYMPTOMATIC
MEDICAL SURGERY
MYOMECTOMY,
HYSTERECTOMY,
MYOLYSIS,
EMBOLOTHERAPY
ASYMPTOMATIC
REGULAR
SUPERVISION
(6 MONTHS
INTERVAL)
IF SIZE INCREASE
& SYMPTOMS
APPEAR
SURGERY
SURGERY
IF SIZE >12
WEEKS, DX
UNCERTAIN,
UNEXPLAINED
ABORTION/INFE
RTILITY,
PEDUNCULATED
CERVIX
SUPRAVAGINAL
MYOMECTOMY HYSTERECTOMY
VAGINAL
MYOMECTOMY POLYPECTOMY
52. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
To improve menorrhagia
and to correct anemia
before surgery
To minimize the size and
vascularity of the tumor
in order to facilitate
surgery
As an alternative to
surgery in
postmenopausal women
or women with high-risk
for surgery
Where postponement of
surgery is planned
temporarily
53. • Antiprogesterones
– Mifepristone (daily dose of 25-30mg for 3mo)
• Danazol
– 200-400mg divided dose for 3mo
• GnRH analogs
– Agonists (luporelin, goserelin, buserelin, nafarelin)
– Antagonists (cetrorelix, ganirelix)
• PG synthetase inhibitor - to relieve pain
To minimize blood loss
56. Red degeneration
result of the
softening of
the
surrounding
supportive
tissue
capillaries
tend to
rupture
blood effuses
out into the
myoma
(diffuse reddish
discolouration)
severe acute
abdominal
pain
(restricted to
the site of
fibroid uterus)
57.
58. Common condition in which islands of
endometrium are found in the wall of the
uterus
“UTERINE ENDOMETRIOSIS”
59.
60. • Observed frequently in elderly women
• Women are usually parous
• Around the age of 40 years
• The disease often coexists with uterine
fibromyomas, pelvic endometriosis (15%) and
endometrial carcinoma
61. Gross examination
• Uterus appears symmetrically enlarged to not more
than 14-weeks size
• Cut section may show only a localized nodular
enlargement
• Affected area reveals a peculiar, diffuse, striated and
non-capsulated involvement of the myometrium, with
tiny dark hemorrhagic areas interspersed between
62.
63. Histological examination
• Islands of endometrial
glands surrounded by
stroma, in the midst of
endometrial tissue
beyond the myometrial
junction
65. Clinical examinations
• Symmetrical enlargement of the uterus (if
adenomyosis is diffused)
• Tender uterus
• Uterine enlargement – rarely exceeds that of 3
months’ pregnancy
66. Differential diagnosis
• A localised adenomyosis asymmetrical
enlargement of uterus – resembles myoma
• A myoma of this size is rarely painful
• Therefore, menorrhagia, with painful,
assymmetrical enlargement of the uterus
suggests adenomyosis
68. Medical Treatment
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
• Hormonal therapy
• Danazol
• GnRH
• Mirena IUCD
For menorrhagia and pain
69. Treatment
• Diagnostic hysteroscopy + D&C
– Initial step in the management of adenomyosis because of menorrhagia
• Total hysterectomy (elderly women who passed the age of childbearing)
• Localized excision
– Younger women with localized adenomyosis
– Anxious to have a child
• Transcervical resection of endometrium (TCRE)
– Effective for about 2 years