Nucleic Acid Quantification Methods - DNA / RNA Quantificationajithnandanam
Nucleic acids are quantified to check the concentration and purity of DNA/RNA present in the solution mixture.it is important to know the concentration and purity of the nucleic acid for the use in further applications like PCR, restriction digestion etc. Spectrophotometric analysis is the most commonly used method of quantifying DNA, agarose gel electrophoresis can also be used to analyse the DNA sample for purity.
Concept: reannealing nucleic acids to identify sequence of interest.
Separates DNA/RNA in an agarose gel, then detects specific bands using probe and hybridization.
Hybridization takes advantage of the ability of a single stranded DNA or RNA molecule to find its complement, even in the presence of large amounts of unrelated DNA.
Allows detection of specific bands (DNA fragments or RNA molecules) that have complementary sequence to the probe.
Size bands and quantify abundance of molecule.
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphic), SNP mapping, SNP profile, SNP types, SNP analysis by gel electropherosis and by mass spectrometry, SNP effects, single strand conformation polymorphism, SNP advantages and disadvantages and application of SNP profile in drug choice
Nucleic Acid Quantification Methods - DNA / RNA Quantificationajithnandanam
Nucleic acids are quantified to check the concentration and purity of DNA/RNA present in the solution mixture.it is important to know the concentration and purity of the nucleic acid for the use in further applications like PCR, restriction digestion etc. Spectrophotometric analysis is the most commonly used method of quantifying DNA, agarose gel electrophoresis can also be used to analyse the DNA sample for purity.
Concept: reannealing nucleic acids to identify sequence of interest.
Separates DNA/RNA in an agarose gel, then detects specific bands using probe and hybridization.
Hybridization takes advantage of the ability of a single stranded DNA or RNA molecule to find its complement, even in the presence of large amounts of unrelated DNA.
Allows detection of specific bands (DNA fragments or RNA molecules) that have complementary sequence to the probe.
Size bands and quantify abundance of molecule.
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphic), SNP mapping, SNP profile, SNP types, SNP analysis by gel electropherosis and by mass spectrometry, SNP effects, single strand conformation polymorphism, SNP advantages and disadvantages and application of SNP profile in drug choice
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
It contains information about- DNA Sequencing; History and Era sequencing; Next Generation Sequencing- Introduction, Workflow, Illumina/Solexa sequencing, Roche/454 sequencing, Ion Torrent sequencing, ABI-SOLiD sequencing; Comparison between NGS & Sangers and NGS Platforms; Advantages and Applications of NGS; Future Applications of NGS.
A detailed description about the basic steps involved in the - PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction, its applications,its limitations and steps to overcome it.
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Is A Modern And Cost Effective Sequencing Technology Which Enables Scientists To Sequence Nucleic Acids At Much Faster Rate. In This Presentation, You Will Learn About What is NGS, Idea Behind NGS, Methodology And Protocol, Widely Adapted NGS Protocols, Applications And References For Further Study.
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
complete Single Nucleotide Polymorphiitsm Detection methods with Advance techniques with its applications
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are single base variations between genomes within a species.
There are at least 10 million polymorphic sites in the human genome.
SNPs can distinguish individuals from one another
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Chemical Cleavage Of Mismatch
Single-stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)
MutS Protein-binding Assays
Mismatch Repair Detection (MRD)
Heteroduplex Analysis (HA)
Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC)
UNG-Mediated T-Sequencing
RNA-Mediated Finger printing with MALDI MS Detection
Sequencing by Hybridization
Direct DNA Sequencing
Single-feature polymorphism (SFP)
Invader probe
Allele-specific oligonucleotide probes
PCR-based methods
Allele specific primers
Sequence Polymorphism-Derived (SPD) markers
Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLinG)
Minisequencing primers
Allele-specific ligation probes
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
It contains information about- DNA Sequencing; History and Era sequencing; Next Generation Sequencing- Introduction, Workflow, Illumina/Solexa sequencing, Roche/454 sequencing, Ion Torrent sequencing, ABI-SOLiD sequencing; Comparison between NGS & Sangers and NGS Platforms; Advantages and Applications of NGS; Future Applications of NGS.
A detailed description about the basic steps involved in the - PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction, its applications,its limitations and steps to overcome it.
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Is A Modern And Cost Effective Sequencing Technology Which Enables Scientists To Sequence Nucleic Acids At Much Faster Rate. In This Presentation, You Will Learn About What is NGS, Idea Behind NGS, Methodology And Protocol, Widely Adapted NGS Protocols, Applications And References For Further Study.
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
complete Single Nucleotide Polymorphiitsm Detection methods with Advance techniques with its applications
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are single base variations between genomes within a species.
There are at least 10 million polymorphic sites in the human genome.
SNPs can distinguish individuals from one another
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Chemical Cleavage Of Mismatch
Single-stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)
MutS Protein-binding Assays
Mismatch Repair Detection (MRD)
Heteroduplex Analysis (HA)
Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC)
UNG-Mediated T-Sequencing
RNA-Mediated Finger printing with MALDI MS Detection
Sequencing by Hybridization
Direct DNA Sequencing
Single-feature polymorphism (SFP)
Invader probe
Allele-specific oligonucleotide probes
PCR-based methods
Allele specific primers
Sequence Polymorphism-Derived (SPD) markers
Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLinG)
Minisequencing primers
Allele-specific ligation probes
To understand the basic concept of blotting techniques (Southern, northern, western)
To know the main applications and advantages of each of the main types of blotting techniques
To be familiar with the steps (in brief) for performing a blotting procedure
To understand the major similarities & differences between different blotting techniques
To be introduced to an example of applying a blotting technique in diagnosis of diseases (SCA)
DNA SEQUENCING METHODS AND STRATEGIES FOR GENOME SEQUENCINGPuneet Kulyana
This presentation will give you a brief idea about the various DNA sequencing methods and various strategies used for genome sequencing and much more vital information related to gene expression and analysis
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Blotting techniques are commonly used analytical tools which facilitates identification
of desired DNA/RNA/ Protein fragments.
Blotting is a process of immobilization of sample nucleic acids on solid support
Blots are techniques for transferring DNA , RNA and proteins onto the carrier so that
they can be separated and followed by gel electrophoresis.
3. Southern blotting – Detects DNA
Northern blotting – Detects RNA
Western blotting - Detects protein
4. Eastern blotting – Detects proteins of post translational modification
Reverse northern blotting- Gene expressions studied by comparing the isolated RNA with
cDNA library
Far eastern blotting- Detects glycolipids
Far western blotting – Detects protein – protein interaction
Dot blotting- Detects proteins
5. Prof .Sir. Edwin southern developed this technique of finding specific DNA sequences
at Edinburgh University.
This method involves 3 stages –Separation, Transfer and hybridization
1). Separation of DNA fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis
2). DNA fragments are blotted on to nylon or nitrocellulose membrane.
3). Identification by hybridization with labelled probe
This method transfers DNA from agarose gel to nitrocellulose filter on which DNA is
detected by suitable probe.
6. DNA sample is digested by restriction endonuclease producing small fragments – for
analysis
Fragments are separated by agarose gel electrophoresis / polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis ( Analysis of RNA samples)
Mobility of nucleic acids in agarose gels is greatly influenced by agarose
concentration, molecular size and conformation of nucleic acids
Then it is treated with NaOH to denature the DNA to ss DNA
Question: 1). Why should DNA be denatured ?
2). Why should NaOH be used for the denaturation of DNA ??
7. 1). Single stranded DNA can get transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and a small
DNA probe can bind to the target
2). Reason why NaOH is used to denature the DNA is that is increase in pH. At
alkaline pH OH groups are predominant . They remove H- bonds contributing protons
from guanine and thymine this breaks the H bonds between 2 oligo nucleotides.
8. ssDNA is adsorbed into nitrocellulose membrane
Exact replica is produced
DNA is fixed on membrane by baking at 80 ° C
9. Binding of 2 complementary strands of nucleic acids .
Binding of ssDNA (labelled probe) to complementary nucleotide sequences on target
DNA
Hybridization assays – Based on the ability to form double stranded hybrids
Detection of hybridization depends on method of probe labelling ( radioactive or non
radioactive)
Radioactive – Ex: P32
Non radioactive : Biotin –Avidin systems ??
Biotin – Avidin systems key benefit ??
10. Amplifies original protein signal to improve detection of proteins at low levels
Enriches conjugated reporter ( fluorophore ) for greater signal detection
Excess or unbound probes are washed away and bounded probes are detected by
autoradiography– Analyzing length and no of DNA fragments
Krypton-85 is the most frequently used substance in autoradiography
11. 1). Extract and purify DNA from cells
2).DNA is restricted with enzymes
3).Separated by electrophoresis
4).Denaturation of DNA
5). Transfer to nitrocellulose paper
6). Labelled probe for hybridization
7).Wash off unbound probe
8). Autoradiography
12. Why Nitrocellulose paper is preferred??
Reasons:
1). High Protein binding affinity
2). Ability to immobilize proteins, glycolipids and nucleic acids
3). Compatible with detection methods
13. Applications: 1). Gene discovery ,mapping , evolution and forensics
2).Deletions , insertions and point mutations
3).Determination of molecular weight of restriction enzymes
4).Presence of DNA in samples.
Disadvantages : 1).More expensive and labour intensive
2). Time consuming and requires large amount of targeted DNA
14. Mutant genes such as Hbs, Cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
,phenylketonuria, Presence of viral DNA can be identified by this method.
Detect minute quantities of DNA for forensic purposes
Used for determination of Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
associated with pathological condition.
Used for the confirmation of DNA cloning experiments.
15. Technique for detection of specific RNA sequences
Developed by James Alwine and George stark at Stanford University in 1979
RNA molecules need not be cleaved before electrophoresis ?? Why ??
RNA molecules have desired length and shorter than genomic DNA it is not necessary
to cleave RNA before electrophoresis
RNA is more susceptible to degradation than DNA
RNA sample is separated based on size by gel electrophoresis
RNA is blotted on to nylon positive charged membrane – why ?? Because it has high
affinity for nuclei acid and suitable for detecting low mol wt proteins
16. Membrane is placed in hybridization buffer with labelled probe (DNA)
Hybridization buffer – facililtates spreading of probes and reduces drying of DNA
during hybridization
ex: Formamide ,Sodium dodecyl sulphate , Nacl and sodium citrate
Finally autoradiography is employed
17.
18. Applications : 1). Detection of mRNA transcript size
2). Study of RNA splicing and half life
3). Study of gene expression at the level of mRNA
4).Checks transgenic or knockout mice
Disadvantages
1). Detection with multiple probes is a problem
2). Time consuming and samples can be degraded by RNases.
3). Relatively less sensitive than RT- PCR ( reverse transcription pcr )
and nuclear protection assays . RT – PCR – Detection of corona virus or COVID-19
19. Immunoblotting technique that relies on specificity of binding between the molecule of
interest and probe to allow detection of molecule of interest in a mixture of molecules
of similar interest.
Molecule of interest- Protein
Probe- Antibody against protein
SDS-PAGE ( Sodium dodecyl sulphate PAGE) – isolates proteins based on
polypeptide length
Protein sample is subjected to electrophoresis on SDS – PAGE
Electroblotting will transfer separated proteins from gel to surface of nitrocellulose
membrane
20. Blot is incubated with generic protein ( milk protein or skimmed milk) – acts as
blocking buffer which binds to any remaining sticky places on nitrocellulose
Antibody is then added to the solution which is able to bind to specific protein
Antibody has the enzyme –Alkaline phosphatase or Horseradish peroxidase
Can u employ SDS-PAGE Technique to nucleic acid????
Answer: Yes SDS-PAGE can be employed to nucleic acids also provided mol wt is less
than 500 kDa and gel percent is 6 to 8% ,
21. 1).Confirmatory HIV test employs western blot test to detect anti HIV Antibody
2).Protein from known HIV infected cells are separated and blotted on membrane and
then serum to be tested
3).Definitive test for crutzefelt Jacob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (
Madcow disease)
Diagnostic test also in Lyme disease .
22. 1).Western blotting is the technique for the detection of
a) specific DNA in a sample
b) specific RNA in a sample
c) specific protein in a sample
d) specific glycolipid in a sample
2). Which of the following technique is used in DNA finger printing?
a) Western blotting
b) Southern blotting
c) Northern blotting
d) Eastern blotting
23. 3).Which of the following technique is suitable for identifying mRNA molecule in a
sample
a) Western blotting
b) Southern blotting
c) Northern blotting
d) Eastern blotting
4).Which of the following technique is most suitable for detecting the presence of a gene product
a) Dot blotting
b) Southern blotting
c) plaque blotting
d) Western blotting
24. 5).Arrange the following in correct order
1. Southern Blotting ----A)RNA-DNA hybrid
2. Western blotting -----B)DNA-DNA hybrid
3. Northern Blotting-----C)Southern blotting
4. DNA fingerprinting---D)antigen antibody reaction
a) 1-A, 2-C, 3-D, 4-B
b) 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
c) 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
d) 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-C
25. 6).Aminobenzyloxymethyl filter paper is commonly used for transfer in
a) Western blotting
b) Southern blotting
c) Northern blotting
d) Dot blotting
26. 1.C) specific protein in a sample
2.B) Southern blotting
3 C) Northern blotting
4 .D) Western blotting
5. B).1-b,2-d,3-a,4-c
6.C) Northern blotting