DNA Fingerprinting, RFLPs, PCR, Advantage and disadvantage

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2. DNA
FINGERPRINTING
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3. 1. DNA PROFILING
2. DNA TESTING
3. DNA TYPING
4. GENETIC FINGERPRINTING
SYNONYMS OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
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4. DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting, DNA
testing, or DNA typing) is a forensic technique used to
identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA.
WHAT IS DNA FINGER
PRINTING ???
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5. DNA
FINGERPRINTING
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6. Types Of Fingerprinting
There are basically two types of Fingerprinting
1.DNA Fingerprinting
2.Thumb Fingerprinting
DNA
FINGERPRINTING
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7. A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left
by the friction ridges of a human finger.
THUMB
FINGERPRINTING
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8. Fingerprinting was first discovered by Dr. Henry Fault ,
a British surgeon in 1882.
It based on “ KEY “
INTRODUCTION
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11. Fingerprint recognition is the process of comparing
Questioned and known fingerprint against another
fingerprint to determine if the impression are from the
same finger or palm.
FINGERPRINT
RECOGNITION
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12. It includes two sub-domains :
1. Fingerprint Verification
2.Fingerprint Identification
SUB-DOMAINS OF
FINGERPRINT
RECOGNITION
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13. To establish the identity or non-identity of
two sets of fingerprints
PURPOSE OF
FINGERPRINT
RECOGNITION
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14. Types of Fingerprinting are as follow :
1.Exempler
2. Latent
3.Patent
4.Plastic
5.Electronic Recording
6.Footprints
TYPES OF
FINGERPRINTING
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15. Exemplar prints, or known prints, is the name given to
fingerprints deliberately collected from a subject.
Whether for purposes of enrollment in a system or
when under arrest for a suspected criminal offense.
EXEMPLER
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16. Accidental impression left by friction ridge skin on a
surface, regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at
the time of deposition.
Latent prints may exhibit only a small portion of the
surface of a finger and this may be smudged, distorted,
overlapped by other prints from the same or from
different individuals.
LATENT
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17. BARELY VISIBLE LATENT
FINGERPRINTS ON KNIFE
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18. USE OF FINE POWDER AND BRUSH
TO REVEAL LATENT FINGERPRINTS
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19. Impressions which are obvious to the human eye and
which have been caused by the transfer of foreign
material from a finger onto a surface.
PATENT
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20. A plastic print is a friction ridge impression left in a
material that retains the shape of the ridge detail.
Commonly encountered examples are melted candle wax
and a lump of wet clay.
PLASTIC
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21. An impression that is recorded with the help of
Electronic Devices from images etc.
For Example :
There has been a newspaper report of a man selling
stolen watches sending images of them on a mobile
phone, and those images included parts of his hands in
enough detail for police to be able to identify fingerprint
patterns.
ELECTRONIC
RECORDINGS
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22. Friction ridge skin present on the soles of the feet and
toes is as unique in its ridge detail as are the fingers and
palms.
When recovered at crime scenes or on items of
evidence, sole and toe impressions can be used in the
same manner as finger and palm prints to effect
identifications.
FOOTPRINTS
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24. APPLICATIONS AND USES OF
FINGERPRINTING
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25. We can use our thumb
impression instead of keys
for the safety in homes ,
offices etc .
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26. It can also be applicable to
control the driving system
and security of different
vehicles.
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27. Major application of
fingerprinting is in the
Forensic Sciences.
It is also a major tool to
detect the criminals easily.
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29. 1.Very high accuracy
2.It is the most economical biometric PC user
authentication technique.
3. Easy to use
4.Small storage space required for the biometric
template size of the data base memory required
5.It is standarized
ADVANTAGES…!
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30. 1.For some people it is very intrusive, because it still
related to criminal identification.
2.It can make mistakes with the dryness or dirty of the
finger’s skin , as well as with the age ( is not appropriate
with children, because the size of their fingerprint
changes quickly )
DISADVANTAGES
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31. DNA FINGERPRINTING
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32. But First we have to look that
WHAT IS DNA ???
WHAT IS DNA
FINGERPRINTING
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33. Deoxyribonucleic acid (
DNA ) is a molecule that
carries most of the genetic
instructions used in the
development, functioning
and reproduction of all
known
living organisms and
many viruses.
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DNA

34. 1.Cells are the basic building
Blocks of all living things
2.In a cell DNA (deoxyribosenucleic acid )
Is packed in chromosomes within the nucleus
3.DNA is large polymeric molecule
STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIP
AMONG DNA , CHROMOSOMES AND
GENES
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35. 4. A gene is a segment of DNA molecule of a
chromosome . It is the basic unit of heredity.
Genes determine the body characteristics of an
organism.
5.Each inherited characteristic is controlled by
One or several genes
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37. A technique used by scientists to distinguish between
individuals of the same species using only samples of
their DNA .
WHAT IS DNA
PROFILING???
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38. The processes of DNA fingerprinting was invented by
Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in 1985.
INVENTION…!
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39. It was first used in law courts of England in 1987 to
convict a man in rape case.
It has now been used successfully in many crime and
paternity cases in worldwide.
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40. Stage 1:
Cells are broken down to release DNA
If only a small amount of DNA is available it can be
amplified by using the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)
STAGES OF DNA
PROFILING
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41. Stage 2:
The DNA is cut into fragments using restriction
enzymes
Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific base
sequence
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42. The sections of DNA that are cut out are called
restriction fragments
This yields thousands of restriction fragments of all
different sizes because the base sequences being cut may
be far apart (long fragment) or close together (short
fragment)
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43. Stage 3:
Fragments are separated on the basis of size using the
process of Gel Electrophoresis
DNA fragments are injected into wells and an electric
current along the Gel.
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44. DNA is negatively charged so it is attached to the
positive end of the Gel.
The shorter DNA fragments move faster than the
longer fragments .
DNA is separated on the basis of size.
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46. A radioactive material is added which combines with
DNA fragments to produce a fluorescent image.
A photographic copy of the DNA bands is obtained .
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47. Stage 4 :
The patterns of fragment distribution is then analyzed .
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48. There are following methods for DNA profiling
analysis :
1. RFLP Analysis
2. PCR Analysis
3. STR Analysis
4. AmpFLP Analysis
5. DNA Family Relationship Analysis
6. Y-Chromosome Analysis
7. Mitochondrial Analysis
METHODS OF
ANALYSIS
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49. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism ( RFLP )
Is a genetic variant that can be examined by cleaving the
DNA into fragments ( Restriction fragments ) with a
restriction enzyme.
An inherited difference due to genomic variation in the
pattern of restriction enzyme digestion is known as
RFLP.
RFLP ANALYSIS
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50. A Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA molecule at every
occurrence of a particular sequence , called restriction
site .
For Example :
HindII enzyme cuts at GTGCAC or GTTAAC.
If we apply a restriction enzyme on DNA, it is cut at
every occurrence of the restriction site into million
restriction fragments .
RESTRICTION SITE
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52. Any mutation of a single nucleotide may destroy or
create the site ( CTAGCAC or CTTAAC for HindII )
and alter the length of corresponding fragment.
RFLP analysis is the detection of change in the length
of the restriction .
EFFECT OF
MUTATION ON RFLP
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53. RFLP Analysis is sub divided into following :
1. SLP ( Single locus Probe )
2. MLP ( Multi Locus Probe)
SLP method is preferred over MLP because it is more
sensitive , easier to interpret and capable of analyzing
mixed DNA samples.
TYPES OF RFLP
ANALYSIS
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54. 1. It was the first DNA profiling technique cheap
enough to see wide spread application.
2. It is an important tool in genome mapping
3. Localization of genes for genetic disorder
4. Determination of risk for disease and paternity
testing.
5. It is used to identify mutations on genes , Etc..
APPLICATONS OF
RFLP
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55. PCR is a technique that takes a specific sequence of
DNA of small amount and amplifies it to be used for
further testing .
It is an invitro technique.
PCR ANALYSIS
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56. To amplify a lot of double stranded DNA molecule (
fragments ) with same or identical size and sequence by
enzymatic method and cycling condition.
PURPOSE…!
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57. 1. DENATURATION 93_95°C for 1min
2. ANNEALING 50_55°C for 45sec
3. ELONGATION 70_75°C for 1_2min
STEPS IN PCR
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58. Much faster than using vectors .
Only a little bit of target DNA is needed.
ADVANTAGES OF PCR
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59. To synthesize primers , we need to know the sequence
flanking the DNA segments of interest .
Only applied to short DNA fragments , mostly less than
5kb .
DISADVANTAGES
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60. 1.Mostly used to solve crime and medical , paternity
problems
i. Violent murder occurred
ii. Rape cases
iii. Inheritance cases
iv. Immigration cases
APPLIATIONS OF DNA
PROFILING
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62. 2. DNA fingerprinting also find recent application in
food industry
3. Also involved in breast cancer detection
APPLICATIONS OF
DNA
FINGERPRINTING
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63. Pattern of the DNA Profile is compared with those of
the victim .
Profile matches the suspect- provides strong evidence
that the suspect was present at crime scene.
IN CRIME SCENE
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65. .Product identification
.Genetic Diversity analysis
.Traceability testing
IN FOOD
INDUSTRY
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66. Based on genetics similarities or differences , a
product’s identity can be established .
High value products such as BASMATI RICE and
ARABICA COFFEE that can not always be easily and
reliably distinguished from inferior varieties.
PRODUCT
IDENTIFICATION
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67. DNA fingerprints being applied in the genetic diversity
analysis of wine cultivars .
Such an analysis is interesting for many crops and forms
the basis for the analysis of variation in product quality.
GENETIC
DIVERSITY
ANALYSIS
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68. DNA fingerprinting is very useful technique to solve
many problems related to Crime , Rape , and murder
cases when very few evidences are present.
CONCLUSION…!
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