DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to analyze and compare DNA samples from individuals for identification purposes. It involves extracting DNA from cells, cutting the DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size via gel electrophoresis, and comparing fragment patterns between samples. DNA fingerprinting can be used for paternity testing, criminal investigations by matching crime scene DNA to suspects, and identifying unknown samples. While very accurate, DNA fingerprinting requires high quality samples as contamination can interfere with results. It has helped convict criminals and exonerate innocent suspects.
DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify living things based on samples of their DNA. Instead of looking at the whole sequence of a person’s DNA, these techniques look at the presence or absence of common markers that can be quickly and easily identified.
DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify living things based on samples of their DNA. Instead of looking at the whole sequence of a person’s DNA, these techniques look at the presence or absence of common markers that can be quickly and easily identified.
Define DNA fingerprint and DNA fingerprinting.
Explain some terms related to DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the method of collection and preservation of biological samples.
Describe the uses of DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the types of DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the steps of DNA fingerprinting.
DNA Fingerprinting Explained, Techniques Used, Usage, Limitations and Contradictions.
*I won an Award for the Best Power Point Project Presentation in class 12th for this project. :D
DNA profiling process, RFLP analysis, STR analysis by PCR, basic principle of dna fingerprinting, advantages and disadvantages of RFLP and STR analysis
Define DNA fingerprint and DNA fingerprinting.
Explain some terms related to DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the method of collection and preservation of biological samples.
Describe the uses of DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the types of DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the steps of DNA fingerprinting.
DNA Fingerprinting Explained, Techniques Used, Usage, Limitations and Contradictions.
*I won an Award for the Best Power Point Project Presentation in class 12th for this project. :D
DNA profiling process, RFLP analysis, STR analysis by PCR, basic principle of dna fingerprinting, advantages and disadvantages of RFLP and STR analysis
DNA Fingerprinting of plants . History,procedure of DNA fingerprinting, PCR and NON PCR technique like RAPD,SSR,RELPs, application of DNA fingerprinting, advantage and disadvantage of DNA fingerprinting.
4. (TCO 9) Provide a detailed description of the techniques used to .pdfarrowit1
4. (TCO 9) Provide a detailed description of the techniques used to make a DNA fingerprint.
What are some of the uses and applications of DNA fingerprinting?
Solution
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to determine the nucleotides sequences of DNA which
are unique to each individual.
Technique
1. Extraction of the DNA from the source the DNA is extracted from blood sample, hair follicles
etc.available sample.
2.DNA is cut into fragments the DNA molecules broken with the help of restriction
endonuclease. Here the cleaning is double strand cut producing DNA fragments of different
lengths this fragment are also called restricted fragment length polymorphism Manyi of this
fragment contain vntr
3. Separation of the fragments using gel electrophoresis. As the DNA molecule is negatively
charged hence it will move towards positive or not in the setup the gel based matrix provides tiny
pores through which DNA molecules travel the larger molecules travel slowly where is the
smallest mens travel quickly from the loading point at the end of the experiment DNA pieces of
equal length obtained.
4. The DNA fragments or now treated with alkaline chemicals to facilitate denaturation into
single stranded DNA this is very important step.
5. Southern blotting technique in this technique nitrocellulose membrane is used the DNA is
bloated on suitable membrane like nitrocellulose or nylon membranes as they have good binding
capacity the membrane is subjected to gentle pressure due to this single stranded DNA fragments
are pulled and transfer onto the membrane . the membrane contains replica of the DNA.
Hybridisation with suitable DNA probe which is single stranded DNA having complementary
sequence to the desired DNA. Before using the probe the DNA of tagged with fluorescent dyes
to help in detection of the desired DNA excess probea are washed away.
5. the DNA sample is visualised using autoradiography the hybridisation pattern is called DNA
fingerprint having a sequence complementary to the probe.
6. PCR technique is a technique is useful to synthesise millions of copies of the DNA sequence
when low amount of DNA is available for the study this technique is used modifications of PCR
technique like r a p d PCR rflp PCR helps in giving accurate results.
Applications of DNA fingerprinting :
1.This test is used in the case of disputes regarding paternity testing .
2 it is useful tool in forensic applications
3.It is used to assess migration pattern of ancient population
4.it is used to determine Genetic diversity is in the evolutionary biology.
4. It is used to diagnose inherited disorders in both prenatal and newborn babies examples
huntington\'s disease Alzheimer\'s Sickle Cell anaemia Thalassemia haemophilia.
5. DNA fingerprinting is used to come from confirm cell line identity in a cell line collection.
6. It also helps in developing cures for inherited disorders..
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
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Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
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2. Table Of Content
1. Introduction of DNA Fingerprinting.
2. Stages involved.
3. Principle of DNA Fingerprinting.
4. Importance of DNA Fingerprinting.
5. Diagram.
6. DNA Profiling Process.
7. Applications of DNA Fingerprinting.
8. Advantages and Disadvantages of DNA Fingerprinting.
9. Uses of DNA Fingerprinting.
10. Benefits and limits of DNA Fingerprinting.
11. DNA Fingerprinting in plants.
12. Uses of DNA Fingerprinting in Forensic Science
13. Centers for DNA Fingerprinting.
14. Conclusion.
3. Introduction of DNA Fingerprinting:
• 1980 - American researchers
discovered non-coding regions of
DNA
• 1984 - Professor Alec Jeffreys
developed the process of DNA
profiling
• 1987 - First conviction based on
DNA evidence
4. • A process or technique of analysis
• revealing unique patterns of an individual’s DNA
• involving non-coding regions
Dna profiling
5. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
STAGES INVOLVED:
•Cells broken down to
release DNA
•DNA strands cut into
fragments
•Fragments separated
•Pattern of fragments
analysed
9. DNA FINGERPRINTING
4.DNA TRANSFER
•DNA split into single strands
using alkaline solution
•DNA fragments transferred
from gel to filter paper or
nylon membrane
• (This is called Southern
blotting)
•Gel, with filter paper
attached, is removed &
separated
10. Radioactive probe in solution
binds to DNA
Revealing a pattern of bands
X-ray film
5. Analysis
11. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
Principle of DNA Fingerprinting:
•Base pairing of AT (AU) & GC is the BASIC PRINCIPLE of this procedure.
• Specificity of enzyme activity is the second CRUCIAL principle to understanding DNA
fingerprinting. This refers to the cutting of DNA by specific RESTRICTION ENZYMES at
UNIQUE palindrome sequences.
•The recognition that a CHANGE in a SINGLE BASE PAIR (mutation) can either MAKE
a restriction enzyme-site where one did not exist previously or it can REMOVE or
ELIMINATE a restriction enzyme site from a gene. An analogy would be to "mutate" your
phone number by one letter; callers would get a different person.
12. Importance of DNA Fingerprinting:
1. Lineage
DNA fingerprinting can be used to figure out if two people are related which aids
tremendulously in maternity or paternity tests to show that a person is a mother or father to
a specific child. DNA fingerprinting can also be used to trace heritage back for
generations. This means that not only can you figure out who your mother and father are,
but also siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents, great grandparents, and even further back.
DNA fingerprinting has been able to show relations to people today with bone remnants of
people that have been dead for centuries, when bones have been preserved.
13. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
2. Law Enforcement
DNA fingerprinting has aided in law enforcement since its discovery. Forensics teams can
analyze DNA found at a crime scene, whether it be blood, hair, semen, or skin particles, and
compare it with DNA samples found in a DNA database to find out who committed a
crime. DNA fingerprinting can also be used to identify a victim even if the person is
disfigured beyond recognition and dental records cannot be established. DNA
fingerprinting has been used to prove suspects guilty of a crime and has set innocent people
free when earlier evidence has proven them guilty. DNA fingerprinting is not perfect and
there is still much controversy over whether it can be used in a court of law, but regardless,
it remains an essential part of our criminal justice system.
14. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
3. Personal Identification
DNA fingerprinting has also been thought of as a future method of identification. The way it
would work is that a sample of DNA could be analyzed on spot and compared to a database
of specific DNA belonging to authorized personnel. While DNA is the ultimate bar code, it
would be too expensive and impractical to use DNA fingerprinting for personal
identification while other means of identification such as picture ID and social security
numbers (although both can be faked) are available.
15. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
DNA Profiling Process:
•Variable Number Of Tandem Repeats(VNTRs)
• Amplified Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs)
•Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
16. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
1.Variable Number Of Tandem Repeats(VNTRs)
•Most of the DNA in a chromosome
does not code for a gene
•These regions contain sequences
that repeat from 20-100 times (ex-
GTCAGTCAGTCAGTCA)
•There are several known variations
of the Short Tandem Repeats (STR)
in
humans
•Ex.- HUMTH01 (repeating AATG)
has
seven different variations
17. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
•Scientists can look at 4-6
different STR’s in the same person
•The more STR’s identified the higher
the probability of a match
•VNTR is more commonly used
than RFLP
VNTR
Advantages of VNTR
• Less complex patterns in gel
•STR’s are less likely to degrade
Less than 400 base pairs
In the middle of the chromosome
• Can be used on stains that old or have been exposed to decomposition
19. ( DNA PROFILING )
2. Amplified Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs)
AFLP definition: Any difference between corresponding DNA fragments from two
organisms A and B that is detected by the amplified restriction length polymorphism
technique (Kahl, 2001).
•Initially, DNA is extracted as for RFLP and then cut with two different restriction
enzymes to produce well defined restriction fragments with sticky ends.
•Synthetic double stranded linkers of approximately 18 to 20 bp with matching sticky ends
are ligated on all the restriction fragments.
•Ligated fragments are subsequently amplified in PCR with 18 to 20 nucleotide length
primers recognizing linkers in each end of the fragments
•A primer used for amplification in AFLP is normally labeled with P33 or some
nonradioactive labeling system.
•The mixture of amplified fragments are separated according to size in a
Polyacrylamide gel and visualized by means of autoradiography or other
procedures for development of non radioactive systems.
•Alternatively, automated sequencing machines can be used to read the sequence
of amplification products directly from the Polyacrylamide gel if primers have been
labeled with special fluorescent dyes.
20. •Also, silver staining of the Polyacrylamide gel after electrophoresis can be used
to stain all amplified DNA fragments in the gel
•To avoid that all restriction fragments from the genome amplify in the same
PCR, which will produce a smear because of too many DNA fragments, a two
step amplification procedure is used.
•Firstly, part of the total number of restriction fragments are amplified in the
"preamplification" with primers containing one extra "selective" nucleotide on
their 3' end.
•This selective nucleotide will allow amplification only of restriction fragments
with a matching nucleotide next to the linker.
•With one selective nucleotide on both primers only 1/16th of all restriction
fragments in the mixture will amplify during the preamplification.
•During the subsequent "selective" amplification, additionally, one or two
selective nucleotides on each primer will further reduce the number of fragments
amplified.
•A good AFLP amplification will show 90 to 100 different fragments in one
analysis.
21. The sequence of adapters and primers used in this study is shown below:
MseI adaptor: 5-GACGA TGA GTCC TGAG-3
3-T ACT CGG ACTCAT-5
EcoRI adaptor: 5-biotin-CTCGTA GAC TGCG TACC-3
3-CTG ACGC ATGGTTAA-5
MseI + 1 primer : 5 - GATGAGTCCTGAGTAAA
MseI + 3 primers : 5 - GATGAGTCCTGAGTAAAAC
EcoRI + 1 primer : 5 - GACTGAGTACCAATTCA
EcoRI + 3 primers : 5 – GACTGCGTACCAATTCACG
Selective amplification is then carried out by PCR using preamplified
DNA fragments with EcoRI and MseI primer with three-selected nucleotide each.
The final PCR products are separated and detected by Polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis.
22. 3.Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Steps of making an RFLP:
1. Add a restriction enzyme to cut the DNA into fragments - Exact number and
size of fragments produced varies from person to person
2. Fragments are separated by electrophoresis
3. The smaller fragments travel further than the
large fragments
4. This creates a DNA Fingerprint
26. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
Applications of DNA Fingerprinting:
1. Paternity and Maternity
Because a person inherits his or her VNTRs from his or her parents, VNTR patterns can
be used to establish paternity and maternity. The patterns are so specific that a parental
VNTR pattern can be reconstructed even if only the children VNTR patterns are known
(the more children produced, the more reliable the reconstruction). Parent-child VNTR
pattern analysis has been used to solve standard father-identification cases as well as
more complicated cases of confirming legal nationality and, in instances of adoption,
biological parenthood.
27. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
2. Criminal Identification and Forensics
DNA isolated from blood, hair, skin cells, or other genetic evidence left at the scene of a
crime can be compared, through VNTR patterns, with the DNA of a criminal suspect to
determine guilt or innocence. VNTR patterns are also useful in establishing the identity of
a homicide victim, either from DNA found as evidence or from the body itself.
3. Personal Identification
The notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sort of genetic bar code to identify individuals
has been discussed, but this is not likely to happen.
28. Advantages And Disadvantages of DNA
Fingerprinting:
Advantages:
•DNA profiling is an ideal method for confirming an identity with absolute
certainty.
•It’s easy and painless to obtain a specimen for testing.
•A thorough, scientific test can be conducted in as little as 48 hours.
•DNA testing is affordable and reliable.
29. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
Disadvantages:
To be conclusive, a DNA test should be run on multiple samples, at least twice. DNA
People Diagnostics collects four samples and the lab runs every test twice to avoid false
readings. In fact, your samples are sent to the only lab in the country to actually run each
test twice through two separate DNA analyzers, virtually eliminating the chance for
error. The lab also tests up to 29 markers to produce the highest possible probability
indicators. Most labs will only test 10 markers, greatly increasing the need for additional
testing. While most labs charge patients when this occurs, we do not charge when
additional testing is necessary.
Misuse of results can lead to privacy concerns. DNA People Diagnostics guarantees
complete confidentiality. Personal information will not be released to anyone other than
the tested parties and their named representatives without a written order.
30. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
Uses Of DNA Fingerprinting:
Medical researchers, forensic biologists, genealogists and anthropologists all use
DNA fingerprinting to identify individuals or to determine the relation between
individuals or groups of individuals. Information gained from DNA fingerprinting can
answer questions concerning the structure and migration of human
populations, establish paternity and place a suspect at the scene of a crime.
31. ( DNA PROFILING )
Benefits and limits of DNA Fingerprinting:
Benefits of DNA
Fingerprinting:
The most important benefit of DNA
fingerprinting is that there is strong
similarities shown between genetic
fingerprints of parents and
children. This is a benefit because a
child's genetic fingerprint is made up of
half the father's genetic information and
half of the mother's information. This
means that the bands of a child's genetic
fingerprint will match the bands on both
of their parents, making it possible to
establish paternity and maternity tests.
The above picture shows how a paternity test is used to match
a child with their biological father. It shows that the child was
compared with his alleged father, and the test on the right
shows the child's DNA matches the father's DNA. This means
that the father on the right is his biological father, while the one
on the left is not.
32. Limitations of DNA Fingerprinting:
An uncontaminated DNA blood
sample taken from a crime scene.
One of the main problems with the process of DNA
fingerprinting is that the sample can be easily ruined. The
tiniest pieces of genetic junk can contaminate DNA
samples, causing them to be useless. Although DNA
fingerprinting requires a good sample to work with, this
problem can be solved by using the newer technique called
PCR. PCR can use extremely small samples of DNA and
produce a much faster result. But this also means the DNA
samples that PCR uses are even more likely to be
contaminated because of their size, as it is harder to find
a small sample with hardly any contamination. Another
limitation of fingerprinting is that the procedure is so
complex and hard to read the DNA patterns, that sometimes
the juror finds the evidence almost invisible.
33. ( DNA PROFILING )
DNA Fingerprinting In Plants:
The basic methodology of DNA profiling in plants involve first the extraction of DNA
from plant cells, quantification and quality assessment of extract. The further steps are
of two types,
1) PCR based. - RAPD, ISSR, SSR
2) Non PCR based. – RFLP.
The in the PCR based techniques diluted DNA is mixed with a master mix comprising
the PCR buffer, DNTPS, primer, water and the Taq polymerase enzyme in a PCR
eppendorf tube .The mixture is loaded into the PCR. The PCR is pre-programmed for
appropriate number of cycles and temperature variations depending on the
technique. After required cycles, the samples are subjected to electrophoresis, either
AGE or PAGE, depending on the technique. The staining is done for revealing the
banding pattern.
34. •The more STRs that are compared from each DNA sample, the less likely the chance
will be that they have arisen from the same source. The likelihood of any two specimens
being identical is calculated using the 'product rule'. Here, the probability of the
frequency of occurrence of each STR in a population is multiplied by that of the other
STRs separated from the DNA sample.
•During the O.J. Simpson trial in 1995, for instance, O.J.’s guilt was suggested by STR
tests carried out on his blood and blood from the crime scene, which revealed the
probability of his being innocent was 1 in 240000. Further RFLP tests narrowed this
down to 1 in 57 billion. The main reason he wasn’t convicted was due to the seed of
doubt the defense showed in the minds of the jurors about possible interference with the
evidence by the FBI.
•In addition to its use in providing evidence to incriminate suspects, DNA profiling can
also be of use in exonerating suspects accused of crimes. About 25% of violent crime
cases in the U.S. since 1989 have resulted in the exoneration of suspects because of
DNA profiling procedures. By 1996, over 108 post-conviction exonerations had in fact
occurred in the USA using DNA profiling.
Uses of DNA Fingerprinting in Forensic Science:
35. •Because STRs and VNTRs are inherited from each of our parents, DNA profiling can
also be used to establish paternity in cases involving custody and child support. Other
uses in forensics include the identification of victims of catastrophes such as the
September 11 attacks.
•It must be remembered that these tests are not always foolproof and should be used in
conjunction with other evidence where possible. DNA fingerprinting has never the less
affected the outcome of criminal investigations in a revolutionary way.
36. DNA FINGERPRINTING
( DNA PROFILING )
Centers for DNA Fingerprinting:
•Department of Biotechnology.
•(M/o Science & Technology, Government of India)
CDFD,
Office Block :
Bldg. 7, Gruhakalpa,
5-4-399 / B, Nampally,
Hyderabad - 500 001
Laboratory Block :
Tuljaiguda (Opp MJ Market),
Nampally, Hyderabad
Ph.: 040-27151344
Fax: 040-27155610
Website: www.cdfd.org.in
•The diagnostic screening at CDFD is operated from the Nizam's Institute of Medical
Sciences (NIMS)
Punjagutta, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
Phone Number : +91-40-23489000
Fax Number: +91-40-23310076
37. Conclusion:
With a beginning as a mere forensic tool, the world of DNA fingerprinting has a
gone a long way in revealing the genetic identity of living beings. With massive
evolution in concepts and techniques it has given a lot to various fields cutting
across the spectrum. In plants it has not only helped in identifying species but also
in defining a new realm in plant genomics, plant breeding and in conserving the
biodiversity. With world paving way for developments in biotechnology, DNA
fingerprinting promises a very powerful tool in our future endeavors.