This document discusses using earned value analysis (EVA) to analyze the cost of a road construction project in India. It provides background on the importance of transportation infrastructure and project management principles like time and cost control. The document then describes EVA concepts like planned value, earned value, and actual cost. It outlines the objectives and methodology of analyzing an industrial road construction project as a case study using the Primavera P6 scheduling software to calculate EVA parameters and determine if the project is on time and on budget. Finally, it reviews related literature on using EVA and project management software for construction cost analysis and monitoring.
Application of Earned Value Method and Delay Analysis on Construction Project...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applying earned value management and delay analysis techniques to analyze the cost and schedule of construction projects. It provides background on the challenges of construction projects going over budget and falling behind schedule. The document then describes earned value management parameters like planned value, earned value, and actual cost that are used to calculate cost and schedule variances. It also discusses performance indices and forecasting indicators that can be used for project monitoring and control. Finally, it presents the methodology used in this study, which involves collecting project data, setting up the project schedule in Microsoft Project, performing earned value analysis, and identifying causes of any delays. The overall goal is to measure project performance and analyze issues regarding cost and schedule.
This document discusses earned value analysis (EVA), which is a project management technique used to measure project performance and progress in an objective manner. It introduces key EVA concepts like planned value, earned value, and actual cost. It then describes three software tools - Microsoft Project, Primavera, and a custom developed software - that can be used to perform EVA. The remainder of the document provides more details on EVA concepts, calculations, and indicators like schedule performance index and cost performance index. It explains how EVA integrates measurements of project scope, time and costs to provide accurate forecasts of performance problems.
IRJET- Application of Time Divisions Scheduling Techniques for Duration and Q...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a new scheduling technique to improve upon the limitations of traditional Critical Path Method (CPM) and Gantt chart scheduling. The new technique, called Critical Path Division (CPD), divides activity durations and work quantities into daily time divisions to allow for more granular project tracking, monitoring, and control. CPM and Gantt charts only consider activity durations and cannot adequately represent schedule changes or recover delays. CPD addresses this by showing progress at a daily level based on both duration and work completed. The objectives are to develop an improved scheduling model that overcomes the weaknesses of traditional methods and better supports construction project management.
Polynomial Function and Fuzzy Inference for Evaluating the Project Performanc...IJERA Editor
The objectives of this paper are two folds. The first one is to improve the time forecasting produced from the well known Earned Value Management (EVM), using the polynomial function. The time prediction observed from the polynomial model, which is compared against that observed from the most common method for time forecasting (critical path method), is a more accurate (mean absolute percentage of error is less than 2%) than that observed from the conventional deterministic forecasting methods (CDFMs). The second is to evaluate and forecast the overall project performance under uncertainty using the fuzzy inference. As the uncertainty is inherent in real life projects, the polynomial function and fuzzy inference model (PFFI) can assist the project managers, to estimate the future status of the project in a more robust and reliable way. Two examples are used to illustrate how the new method can be implemented in reality.
IRJET- Implementing Time and Cost Optimization in Commercial Building using P...IRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing time and cost optimization techniques in commercial building projects using Microsoft Project. It describes crashing activities by adding resources like workers and equipment to reduce durations, and using slack time and alternative materials to lower costs. The goal is to complete projects on time or under budget by analyzing the tradeoff between time and cost when crashing critical paths or using different building materials. Manual and software-based methods are evaluated for optimizing the schedule and minimizing total project duration and costs.
IRJET- Application of Machine Learning in Predicting Key Performance Indicato...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applying machine learning techniques to predict construction project key performance indicators (KPIs). It reviews previous research on predicting project performance and identifies limitations, such as a focus on quantitative predictions and measuring performance only after completion. The study aims to qualitatively predict KPIs during construction projects. It defines six whole-project KPIs (cost, time, quality, safety, client satisfaction, team satisfaction) based on literature and expert opinion. Artificial neural networks and neuro-fuzzy techniques are applied and compared to map KPIs from three critical stages to whole-project KPIs. Validation with real project data confirms the effectiveness of the neuro-fuzzy technique for better qualitative KPI prediction.
This document describes the modules of a Project Control System (PCS). The PCS allows users to manage projects from pre-inquiry through closure. It includes modules for proposal management, document control, time tracking, transmittals, progress reporting, and lessons learned. Key functions include generating project numbers, planning documents, tracking revisions and milestones, booking time, and verifying progress. The system aims to provide full visibility and control over all project activities and deliverables.
Project controls is a methodology to define, manage, and control projects in order to keep them "in control". It provides a framework for successful project management through tracking project data to proactively address potential delays, scope creep, and cost impacts. TGE offers comprehensive project controls services including planning, estimating, scheduling, cost engineering, and risk analysis to drive overall project performance and predictability.
Application of Earned Value Method and Delay Analysis on Construction Project...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applying earned value management and delay analysis techniques to analyze the cost and schedule of construction projects. It provides background on the challenges of construction projects going over budget and falling behind schedule. The document then describes earned value management parameters like planned value, earned value, and actual cost that are used to calculate cost and schedule variances. It also discusses performance indices and forecasting indicators that can be used for project monitoring and control. Finally, it presents the methodology used in this study, which involves collecting project data, setting up the project schedule in Microsoft Project, performing earned value analysis, and identifying causes of any delays. The overall goal is to measure project performance and analyze issues regarding cost and schedule.
This document discusses earned value analysis (EVA), which is a project management technique used to measure project performance and progress in an objective manner. It introduces key EVA concepts like planned value, earned value, and actual cost. It then describes three software tools - Microsoft Project, Primavera, and a custom developed software - that can be used to perform EVA. The remainder of the document provides more details on EVA concepts, calculations, and indicators like schedule performance index and cost performance index. It explains how EVA integrates measurements of project scope, time and costs to provide accurate forecasts of performance problems.
IRJET- Application of Time Divisions Scheduling Techniques for Duration and Q...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a new scheduling technique to improve upon the limitations of traditional Critical Path Method (CPM) and Gantt chart scheduling. The new technique, called Critical Path Division (CPD), divides activity durations and work quantities into daily time divisions to allow for more granular project tracking, monitoring, and control. CPM and Gantt charts only consider activity durations and cannot adequately represent schedule changes or recover delays. CPD addresses this by showing progress at a daily level based on both duration and work completed. The objectives are to develop an improved scheduling model that overcomes the weaknesses of traditional methods and better supports construction project management.
Polynomial Function and Fuzzy Inference for Evaluating the Project Performanc...IJERA Editor
The objectives of this paper are two folds. The first one is to improve the time forecasting produced from the well known Earned Value Management (EVM), using the polynomial function. The time prediction observed from the polynomial model, which is compared against that observed from the most common method for time forecasting (critical path method), is a more accurate (mean absolute percentage of error is less than 2%) than that observed from the conventional deterministic forecasting methods (CDFMs). The second is to evaluate and forecast the overall project performance under uncertainty using the fuzzy inference. As the uncertainty is inherent in real life projects, the polynomial function and fuzzy inference model (PFFI) can assist the project managers, to estimate the future status of the project in a more robust and reliable way. Two examples are used to illustrate how the new method can be implemented in reality.
IRJET- Implementing Time and Cost Optimization in Commercial Building using P...IRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing time and cost optimization techniques in commercial building projects using Microsoft Project. It describes crashing activities by adding resources like workers and equipment to reduce durations, and using slack time and alternative materials to lower costs. The goal is to complete projects on time or under budget by analyzing the tradeoff between time and cost when crashing critical paths or using different building materials. Manual and software-based methods are evaluated for optimizing the schedule and minimizing total project duration and costs.
IRJET- Application of Machine Learning in Predicting Key Performance Indicato...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applying machine learning techniques to predict construction project key performance indicators (KPIs). It reviews previous research on predicting project performance and identifies limitations, such as a focus on quantitative predictions and measuring performance only after completion. The study aims to qualitatively predict KPIs during construction projects. It defines six whole-project KPIs (cost, time, quality, safety, client satisfaction, team satisfaction) based on literature and expert opinion. Artificial neural networks and neuro-fuzzy techniques are applied and compared to map KPIs from three critical stages to whole-project KPIs. Validation with real project data confirms the effectiveness of the neuro-fuzzy technique for better qualitative KPI prediction.
This document describes the modules of a Project Control System (PCS). The PCS allows users to manage projects from pre-inquiry through closure. It includes modules for proposal management, document control, time tracking, transmittals, progress reporting, and lessons learned. Key functions include generating project numbers, planning documents, tracking revisions and milestones, booking time, and verifying progress. The system aims to provide full visibility and control over all project activities and deliverables.
Project controls is a methodology to define, manage, and control projects in order to keep them "in control". It provides a framework for successful project management through tracking project data to proactively address potential delays, scope creep, and cost impacts. TGE offers comprehensive project controls services including planning, estimating, scheduling, cost engineering, and risk analysis to drive overall project performance and predictability.
Construction Project Schedule Template- Residential BuildingSHAZEBALIKHAN1
The excel template is a ready-to-use project schedule for a residential building construction project. The article gives the basic idea of a project schedule for residential building construction. Download the excel file through the hyperlink in the article.
The document discusses using WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) and OBS (Organizational Breakdown Structure) integration to improve labor productivity in construction projects. It outlines common causes of lost productivity such as technical issues, missed supervision, and improper resource distribution. The presentation recommends assigning specific work packages to organizational units using a WBS-OBS matrix to provide clear roles and responsibilities. This approach avoids lost productivity and allows for monitoring of resource usage and performance. An example demonstrates tracking labor assignments and progress to analyze variances. WBS-OBS integration provides a framework for control and improvement of direct labor costs and productivity.
construction project managment_civilengsulaiman khan
The document provides details on the operational material for conducting a survey on construction sector prices in multiple countries for the purpose of calculating purchasing power parities (PPPs). It includes a 7-sheet questionnaire, classification of the construction sector, 50 input resources, data requirements, overall methodology, 5 technical survey forms, and a proposed timetable for price collection between July and October 2011.
The document discusses software project scheduling and how to respond when management demands an impossible deadline. It describes how to create a macroscopic schedule that identifies major software engineering activities, allocates estimated effort across the planned duration, and defines responsibilities, outcomes, and milestones. It also provides an example of how adding people to a team can decrease overall productivity due to increased communication paths, and an equation for calculating effort expended based on lines of code, people, and time.
Planning & Scheduling of Commercial Building using Microsoft Project & Applic...IRJET Journal
This document discusses planning and scheduling of a commercial building construction project using Microsoft Project and applying principles of the Theory of Constraints to improve efficiency. It provides background on the Theory of Constraints and Critical Chain Project Management, which aims to identify and manage constraints. The document then summarizes how these principles were applied to the scheduling and buffer management of a commercial building project in Microsoft Project to help complete it on time by accounting for uncertainties and limiting impacts of changes. Key aspects included identifying the schedule as a core constraint, using Critical Chain Project Management to determine the critical path, and inserting different types of buffers (project, feeding, resource) into the schedule to protect against delays.
This document discusses project planning and scheduling. It defines what a project is, noting that projects can take many forms from personal assignments to large construction projects. Some key points made are:
1. Projects are temporary with a defined start and finish, and are constrained by time, cost and resources.
2. Objectives of projects include completing them on time and within budget.
3. Factors that can cause projects to fail include technical complexities, human errors like multitasking, and external factors outside a project team's control.
4. Successful project management requires planning, defining objectives and stakeholders, executing phases as planned, and addressing challenges that arise.
Cost management is the process of planning and controlling the budget of a business. Cost management is a form of management accounting that allows a business to predict impending expenditures to help reduce the chance of going over budget.
Planning and Scheduling Construction Projects using Primavera Software A Case...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a case study on planning and scheduling two construction blocks of a government housing project in Bhopal, India using Primavera P6 software. The study compares Block A and Block B to identify reasons for delays. Primavera P6 was used to develop schedules, assign resources, and conduct financial risk analysis. Key planning methods discussed include Gantt charts, network scheduling, and work breakdown structures. Scheduling and resource allocation steps are outlined. The case study aims to demonstrate the benefits of using project management software for planning, monitoring, and controlling large infrastructure projects.
The measured mile/baseline method has been widely accepted to quantify labor
productivity loss, but it has not been successfully used in engineering productivity because of the
challenges in engineering productivity measurement and the determination of productivity
benchmark. This paper presents a series of procedures based on the measured mile/baseline
method to quantify engineering productivity loss from a project specific perspective. A case study
on the piping discipline in a large scale process plant project is used to illustrate the calculation.
The paper also includes a proposed approach, the two mile method, to quantify engineering
productivity loss using data for similar work, but different complexity.
This study analyzes 40 construction projects to compare the effectiveness of the traditional design-bid-build (D/B/B) project delivery method and the alternative design-build (D/B) method. The study finds that D/B provided timesaving benefits but the positive effects on cost changes were not conclusive. Statistical analysis showed that D/B/B projects experienced around 6.75% change in cost on average, while D/B projects saw around 11.66% change in cost on average. However, the impact of a contractor's project management expertise and experience may have a greater influence on project performance than the choice of delivery method alone.
IRJET- Scheduling and Labour Management for Residential Building Project usin...IRJET Journal
This document discusses scheduling and labor management for a residential building project in Mysore, India using Primavera P6 project management software. It describes developing a schedule for construction activities over 4 months, assigning different types of labor to activities, and monitoring and tracking progress against the baseline schedule. The results show Gantt charts displaying the structured work schedule and resource sheet assigning laborers. Tracking compares planned versus actual work, helping control the project to finish on time. In conclusion, Primavera software effectively plans, schedules, and monitors construction projects for optimized labor management and productivity.
project scheduling: Project Scheduling in a project refers to roadmap of all activities to be done with specified order and within time slot allotted to each activity.
Project managers tend to define various tasks, and project milestones and they arrange them keeping various factors in mind.
project tracking:Periodic project status meetings with each team member reporting progress and problems
Evaluation of results of all work product reviews
Comparing actual milestone completion dates to scheduled dates
Comparing actual project task start-dates to scheduled start-dates
Informal meeting with practitioners to have them asses subjectively progress to date and future problems
Use earned value analysis to assess progress quantitatively
Integrating cost, schedule, and technical performanceGlen Alleman
This document discusses managing cost, schedule, and technical performance risk to increase the probability of program success. It provides guidance on establishing a risk-tolerant performance measurement baseline using probabilistic techniques like Monte Carlo analysis. Key points covered include distinguishing risk from uncertainty, varying risk assessment methods with technical maturity, and connecting risk identification to the work breakdown structure and integrated master schedule to effectively manage performance.
The document discusses various aspects of project management including defining projects, planning projects, scheduling projects using techniques like PERT and CPM, controlling projects using tools like variance reports and earned value analysis, and addressing common issues that can arise like underestimating task times and poor multitasking. It also introduces the critical chain method which aims to reverse common cycles that cause missed deadlines by reducing safety time, prioritizing bottleneck resources, and using project buffers.
This document provides an overview of project cost management. It discusses estimating costs, determining budgets, and controlling costs. Key aspects include estimating methods like analogous, bottom-up, and parametric; determining a cost baseline; using earned value formulas like CPI, SPI, ETC, and EAC to track performance; and controlling costs through variance analysis and forecasting. The goal is planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs to complete projects within approved budgets.
Assessing the general health of a project and establishing an early warning system for unexpected problems, starts by measuring the Physical Percent Complete of the project’s deliverables.
Resource planning and resource allocationVenu Yemul
This document discusses resource planning and allocation for construction projects. It addresses the importance of managing resources like manpower, equipment, and materials. The key resources are labor, materials, and equipment. The document outlines different approaches to allocating resources based on whether resources are limited or unlimited, and how to level resource usage over time to improve efficiency and productivity.
The Basis of Estimate is the starting point for Closed Loop Control project management.
How much will it cost? When will we be done? What is going to be delivered for that cost and time?
These are random numbers "estimated" by a variety of means.
But the BOEs are the "steering targets" for the closed loop ocntrol system
Project Management Tools and Techniques (PERT- Project Evaluation and Review ...Zulfiquer Ahmed Amin
Project management involves planning, executing, and controlling projects to achieve specific goals within defined time and resource constraints. It utilizes tools like PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) to estimate activity times, determine critical paths, and update schedules as projects progress. PERT uses three time estimates - optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic - to calculate expected activity times and identify float and slack. The critical path determines the minimum project duration, and crashing or fast tracking can potentially shorten schedules at increased cost. Project management tools help make projects more efficient and effective.
The document summarizes key aspects of project monitoring and control systems. It discusses collecting data on project status, formatting progress reports, the project control process of comparing plans to actuals, and tools for monitoring schedule and cost performance like Gantt charts and control charts. The document also introduces earned value management concepts like planned value, earned value, actual costs, variances, and performance indexes. Formulas are provided for estimating costs at completion based on actual costs and variances.
Tracking a Typical Apartment Construction using Earned Value ManagementIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using earned value management (EVM) to track the progress of a typical apartment construction project. EVM is a systematic process that measures planned value, earned value, actual costs, schedule variance, cost variance, schedule performance index, and cost performance index to evaluate if a project is on budget and on schedule.
2. It provides background on construction project management and defines key terms like tracking, planned value, earned value, actual costs. EVM compares planned, earned and actual values to calculate variances and indexes that indicate if the project is on/ahead or behind schedule and over/under budget.
3. Tracking project progress through EVM allows managers to identify deviations from the plan,
Tracking and Management of Construction Projects using PrimaveraIRJET Journal
This document discusses tracking and managing construction projects using Primavera software. It summarizes tracking the progress of an ongoing residential building project in India over 4 months using earned value management metrics in Primavera. The tracking showed the project was behind schedule and over budget. It also describes planning and scheduling the construction of a new apartment building up to the scheduling stage in Primavera, with the goal of managing the project to control costs and duration. The document concludes that project management software like Primavera can help improve construction project tracking, forecasting, and management.
Construction Project Schedule Template- Residential BuildingSHAZEBALIKHAN1
The excel template is a ready-to-use project schedule for a residential building construction project. The article gives the basic idea of a project schedule for residential building construction. Download the excel file through the hyperlink in the article.
The document discusses using WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) and OBS (Organizational Breakdown Structure) integration to improve labor productivity in construction projects. It outlines common causes of lost productivity such as technical issues, missed supervision, and improper resource distribution. The presentation recommends assigning specific work packages to organizational units using a WBS-OBS matrix to provide clear roles and responsibilities. This approach avoids lost productivity and allows for monitoring of resource usage and performance. An example demonstrates tracking labor assignments and progress to analyze variances. WBS-OBS integration provides a framework for control and improvement of direct labor costs and productivity.
construction project managment_civilengsulaiman khan
The document provides details on the operational material for conducting a survey on construction sector prices in multiple countries for the purpose of calculating purchasing power parities (PPPs). It includes a 7-sheet questionnaire, classification of the construction sector, 50 input resources, data requirements, overall methodology, 5 technical survey forms, and a proposed timetable for price collection between July and October 2011.
The document discusses software project scheduling and how to respond when management demands an impossible deadline. It describes how to create a macroscopic schedule that identifies major software engineering activities, allocates estimated effort across the planned duration, and defines responsibilities, outcomes, and milestones. It also provides an example of how adding people to a team can decrease overall productivity due to increased communication paths, and an equation for calculating effort expended based on lines of code, people, and time.
Planning & Scheduling of Commercial Building using Microsoft Project & Applic...IRJET Journal
This document discusses planning and scheduling of a commercial building construction project using Microsoft Project and applying principles of the Theory of Constraints to improve efficiency. It provides background on the Theory of Constraints and Critical Chain Project Management, which aims to identify and manage constraints. The document then summarizes how these principles were applied to the scheduling and buffer management of a commercial building project in Microsoft Project to help complete it on time by accounting for uncertainties and limiting impacts of changes. Key aspects included identifying the schedule as a core constraint, using Critical Chain Project Management to determine the critical path, and inserting different types of buffers (project, feeding, resource) into the schedule to protect against delays.
This document discusses project planning and scheduling. It defines what a project is, noting that projects can take many forms from personal assignments to large construction projects. Some key points made are:
1. Projects are temporary with a defined start and finish, and are constrained by time, cost and resources.
2. Objectives of projects include completing them on time and within budget.
3. Factors that can cause projects to fail include technical complexities, human errors like multitasking, and external factors outside a project team's control.
4. Successful project management requires planning, defining objectives and stakeholders, executing phases as planned, and addressing challenges that arise.
Cost management is the process of planning and controlling the budget of a business. Cost management is a form of management accounting that allows a business to predict impending expenditures to help reduce the chance of going over budget.
Planning and Scheduling Construction Projects using Primavera Software A Case...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a case study on planning and scheduling two construction blocks of a government housing project in Bhopal, India using Primavera P6 software. The study compares Block A and Block B to identify reasons for delays. Primavera P6 was used to develop schedules, assign resources, and conduct financial risk analysis. Key planning methods discussed include Gantt charts, network scheduling, and work breakdown structures. Scheduling and resource allocation steps are outlined. The case study aims to demonstrate the benefits of using project management software for planning, monitoring, and controlling large infrastructure projects.
The measured mile/baseline method has been widely accepted to quantify labor
productivity loss, but it has not been successfully used in engineering productivity because of the
challenges in engineering productivity measurement and the determination of productivity
benchmark. This paper presents a series of procedures based on the measured mile/baseline
method to quantify engineering productivity loss from a project specific perspective. A case study
on the piping discipline in a large scale process plant project is used to illustrate the calculation.
The paper also includes a proposed approach, the two mile method, to quantify engineering
productivity loss using data for similar work, but different complexity.
This study analyzes 40 construction projects to compare the effectiveness of the traditional design-bid-build (D/B/B) project delivery method and the alternative design-build (D/B) method. The study finds that D/B provided timesaving benefits but the positive effects on cost changes were not conclusive. Statistical analysis showed that D/B/B projects experienced around 6.75% change in cost on average, while D/B projects saw around 11.66% change in cost on average. However, the impact of a contractor's project management expertise and experience may have a greater influence on project performance than the choice of delivery method alone.
IRJET- Scheduling and Labour Management for Residential Building Project usin...IRJET Journal
This document discusses scheduling and labor management for a residential building project in Mysore, India using Primavera P6 project management software. It describes developing a schedule for construction activities over 4 months, assigning different types of labor to activities, and monitoring and tracking progress against the baseline schedule. The results show Gantt charts displaying the structured work schedule and resource sheet assigning laborers. Tracking compares planned versus actual work, helping control the project to finish on time. In conclusion, Primavera software effectively plans, schedules, and monitors construction projects for optimized labor management and productivity.
project scheduling: Project Scheduling in a project refers to roadmap of all activities to be done with specified order and within time slot allotted to each activity.
Project managers tend to define various tasks, and project milestones and they arrange them keeping various factors in mind.
project tracking:Periodic project status meetings with each team member reporting progress and problems
Evaluation of results of all work product reviews
Comparing actual milestone completion dates to scheduled dates
Comparing actual project task start-dates to scheduled start-dates
Informal meeting with practitioners to have them asses subjectively progress to date and future problems
Use earned value analysis to assess progress quantitatively
Integrating cost, schedule, and technical performanceGlen Alleman
This document discusses managing cost, schedule, and technical performance risk to increase the probability of program success. It provides guidance on establishing a risk-tolerant performance measurement baseline using probabilistic techniques like Monte Carlo analysis. Key points covered include distinguishing risk from uncertainty, varying risk assessment methods with technical maturity, and connecting risk identification to the work breakdown structure and integrated master schedule to effectively manage performance.
The document discusses various aspects of project management including defining projects, planning projects, scheduling projects using techniques like PERT and CPM, controlling projects using tools like variance reports and earned value analysis, and addressing common issues that can arise like underestimating task times and poor multitasking. It also introduces the critical chain method which aims to reverse common cycles that cause missed deadlines by reducing safety time, prioritizing bottleneck resources, and using project buffers.
This document provides an overview of project cost management. It discusses estimating costs, determining budgets, and controlling costs. Key aspects include estimating methods like analogous, bottom-up, and parametric; determining a cost baseline; using earned value formulas like CPI, SPI, ETC, and EAC to track performance; and controlling costs through variance analysis and forecasting. The goal is planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs to complete projects within approved budgets.
Assessing the general health of a project and establishing an early warning system for unexpected problems, starts by measuring the Physical Percent Complete of the project’s deliverables.
Resource planning and resource allocationVenu Yemul
This document discusses resource planning and allocation for construction projects. It addresses the importance of managing resources like manpower, equipment, and materials. The key resources are labor, materials, and equipment. The document outlines different approaches to allocating resources based on whether resources are limited or unlimited, and how to level resource usage over time to improve efficiency and productivity.
The Basis of Estimate is the starting point for Closed Loop Control project management.
How much will it cost? When will we be done? What is going to be delivered for that cost and time?
These are random numbers "estimated" by a variety of means.
But the BOEs are the "steering targets" for the closed loop ocntrol system
Project Management Tools and Techniques (PERT- Project Evaluation and Review ...Zulfiquer Ahmed Amin
Project management involves planning, executing, and controlling projects to achieve specific goals within defined time and resource constraints. It utilizes tools like PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) to estimate activity times, determine critical paths, and update schedules as projects progress. PERT uses three time estimates - optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic - to calculate expected activity times and identify float and slack. The critical path determines the minimum project duration, and crashing or fast tracking can potentially shorten schedules at increased cost. Project management tools help make projects more efficient and effective.
The document summarizes key aspects of project monitoring and control systems. It discusses collecting data on project status, formatting progress reports, the project control process of comparing plans to actuals, and tools for monitoring schedule and cost performance like Gantt charts and control charts. The document also introduces earned value management concepts like planned value, earned value, actual costs, variances, and performance indexes. Formulas are provided for estimating costs at completion based on actual costs and variances.
Tracking a Typical Apartment Construction using Earned Value ManagementIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using earned value management (EVM) to track the progress of a typical apartment construction project. EVM is a systematic process that measures planned value, earned value, actual costs, schedule variance, cost variance, schedule performance index, and cost performance index to evaluate if a project is on budget and on schedule.
2. It provides background on construction project management and defines key terms like tracking, planned value, earned value, actual costs. EVM compares planned, earned and actual values to calculate variances and indexes that indicate if the project is on/ahead or behind schedule and over/under budget.
3. Tracking project progress through EVM allows managers to identify deviations from the plan,
Tracking and Management of Construction Projects using PrimaveraIRJET Journal
This document discusses tracking and managing construction projects using Primavera software. It summarizes tracking the progress of an ongoing residential building project in India over 4 months using earned value management metrics in Primavera. The tracking showed the project was behind schedule and over budget. It also describes planning and scheduling the construction of a new apartment building up to the scheduling stage in Primavera, with the goal of managing the project to control costs and duration. The document concludes that project management software like Primavera can help improve construction project tracking, forecasting, and management.
IRJET- Planning and Scheduling Multi- Storeyed Residential Building using Mic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that planned and scheduled the construction of a multi-story residential building using Microsoft Project software and applied material management techniques. The study categorized building materials using ABC analysis to prioritize those with the greatest cost impact. Scheduling the project in Microsoft Project and analyzing material usage helped optimize costs and duration to increase construction efficiency. Applying material management principles such as inventory control and efficient procurement supported timely material availability and reduced waste.
Study of Probability Distributions of Cpi and Spi in Earned Value Analysistheijes
Earned Value analysis (EVA) is the most efficient tool used for transitional review of project execution .It is helpful to project managers and management team to value the progress of project work throughout the project life cycle. The Earned Schedule (ES) is used to approximate the time or duration of project/ s for appropriate evaluation of project execution. ES also help to forecast the time required to complete the project. When combined with schedule analysis, ES can enhance the project. EVA provides the controlling tool for better decision making in project management. The paper discuss about the probability distribution of Cost performance Index (CPI) and Schedule performance Index (SPI). Best fitted distribution will help for forecasting project duration effectively. This helps the Project Manager to prevent the over budgeted cost in future. So an attempt is made to find the alternative distribution of CPI and SPI for better decision making. If the project schedule performance shows poor results then manager need to take the corrective action with the help of this tool. Weibull, Gamma and Exponentiated Exponential Distribution functions are used to study the effect of SPI on CPI. For making better decision in project scheduling, Project managers can review the parameters using EVM tool. The tool is useful in all types of civil engineering and software engineering projects.
Earned Value Management (EVM) is a technique
that forecasts the project giving an early warning of cost &
schedule. It not onely measures the project performance but also
measure the progress of the schedule. It is an effective tool to
measure cost, schedule & performance of the project. The EVA is
useful in various fields such as IT, Industries and Construction
companies etc.
The value of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) is dependent on
two key areas i.e. Precise Cost information and pragmatic
progress of project. If these two key areas are efficient then
benefit of the project will definitely get valued. This paper
summarizes the evolution, basic terminologies of Earned value
Analysis and effective use of it in the construction industries by
MS Project. There are many ways to implement EVA in the
construction project. MS Project is a tool to determine the EV
and its parameters in an efficient way with accuracy and within
time constraints.
1) Earned value analysis is a technique used to measure project performance and forecast completion costs and dates. It compares planned, actual, and earned values.
2) The document describes a case study of applying earned value analysis to a bridge construction project in India. It involved constructing two flyovers over five phases with a budget of 25 crores.
3) Earned value analysis of the project schedule identified that the project was behind schedule, so activities were crashed to shorten the duration. When actual costs were higher than planned, activities were smoothed to reduce costs by extending durations and optimizing resources.
Cost over-runs and time over-runs are prevalent in most of the projects carried out in developing nations such as India. There may be multiple reasons for these overruns. In order to
reduce them, there should be efficient use of the construction softwares available in the market. This paper emphasises the use of these softwares to reduce these issues by the use of a scientific technique called earned value analysis. Earned Value Analysis is an industry standard method of measuring a
project’s progress at any given point of time, forecasting its completion date and final cost, analysing variances in the schedule and budget as the project proceeds.
Performance Evaluation of Construction Projects by EVM Method, Using Primaver...Mohammad Lemar ZALMAİ
Abstract
Most of the construction projects are exposed to time and cost overruns due to various factors and this is a major problem. As a solution to this, the Earned Value Management (EVM) method is considered. EVM is a powerful and well-known method used in monitoring and controlling the project. EVM gives an early indication that either project is delayed or not and the project is either over budget or under budget at any particular day by tracking it. Thus, it helps to improve the management control system of a construction project, to detect and control the problems in potential risk areas and to suggest the importance and purpose of monitoring the construction work. This paper explains the main parameters of the EVM system involved in the calculation of time and cost for construction projects. In this study, the Primavera P6 software is used to deals with the
project monitoring process of a seven-storey (G+6) faculty building whose construction is in progress at Istanbul, Turkey. A comparison between the planned progress of construction activities and actual progress is performed and the analysis results are interpreted. This case study justifies the benefits of using EVM for project cash flow analysis and forecasting.
Keywords: construction cost management, construction planning, earned value management (EVM), Primavera p6, project management, project scheduling.
iEVM (Integrated Earned Value Management) An approach for integrating quality...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a new model called integrated earned value management (iEVM) that aims to address limitations in how traditional earned value management (EVM) accounts for quality in projects. Specifically, EVM treats quality as implicitly part of scope but iEVM would explicitly include quality as a fourth factor integrated alongside time, scope and cost. The model utilizes the concept of cost of quality to more accurately monitor, control and predict projects, especially complex IT projects where rework is common and can impact earned value calculations.
IRJET- Application of Microsoft Project for Planning and Scheduling of a Resi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses planning and scheduling a residential construction project using Microsoft Project. It summarizes the key steps:
1) The activities of constructing two residential blocks were planned and scheduled in MSP, including allocating resources, determining task relationships, and generating a Gantt chart.
2) The total baseline duration of the project was estimated to be 632 days with a total cost of Rs. 154,394,081.
3) Planning and scheduling the project in MSP allowed determining the critical path and monitoring project progress and costs.
This document discusses financial management in construction projects. It begins by defining financial management and its importance in construction. It then describes a case study of a construction project to build a hostel building in Osmania University, Hyderabad. Primavera software is used to plan, schedule, and track the project by defining activities, assigning relationships between activities, setting a baseline schedule and budget, and using earned value analysis to monitor progress. The results found the project is on schedule but over budget, and Primavera allows effective financial and work management of construction projects.
Earned Value Management for Design and Construction Projectijtsrd
This document discusses earned value management (EVM) as an effective tool for tracking and controlling construction project costs and schedules. EVM integrates cost, schedule and technical performance by comparing the planned cost of work scheduled to the actual cost of work performed. The document provides background on EVM, including its history and use in various industries. It then discusses how EVM establishes a cost baseline and calculates variances to analyze project performance and identify potential issues needing corrective action in order to complete projects on time and on budget.
Planning, Scheduling and Allocation of Resources for Multi-Storied Structure ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses planning, scheduling, and allocating resources for a multi-storied residential building project using Oracle's Primavera P6 software. It begins with an abstract that outlines the importance of project management tools in the growing construction industry. It then provides background on project management, planning, scheduling, and the benefits of Primavera P6, which include quick scheduling, identifying floats and critical paths, customizable reports, and resource allocation. The document aims to demonstrate the advantages of using Primavera P6 for construction project management.
IRJET- Planning and Scheduling for a Multi-Storied Building using MS-ProjectIRJET Journal
This document discusses planning and scheduling a multi-storied building construction project using Microsoft Project software. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objectives of studying scheduling methods for multi-story buildings and applying MS Project software to plan and schedule a hypothetical 7-story residential building. The document then provides background on the benefits of effective project planning and scheduling for reducing construction time and costs. It describes the key aspects and features of MS Project for developing schedules, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing budgets, and analyzing workloads. The methodology section outlines the steps for using MS Project to plan and schedule the hypothetical building project within time and resource constraints to complete it on schedule.
IRJET- Planning, Scheduling, and Optimization of Labor Resources in the C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses planning, scheduling, and optimizing labor resources for the construction of a residential apartment building using Primavera P6 software. It describes how the software was used to plan and schedule each activity through critical path method. To address potential lack of required labor resources, labor resource leveling, smoothing, and overtime working techniques were used to optimize resource allocation. Using these techniques, the total project duration was changed from 935 days to 1011 days with leveling, remained at 935 days with smoothing, and was reduced to 748 days with overtime working, all while maintaining the total labor units and completing the project on schedule.
Construction Management Techniques to Complete the Project within Time Period...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review study on construction management techniques used to complete residential and commercial building projects on time and within budget. It discusses techniques like the work breakdown structure, Gantt charts, Microsoft Project planning software, and lean construction management. These techniques were examined in a case study of the "Le Skylark" residential and commercial building project in Pune, India. The review found that techniques like the work breakdown structure, Gantt charts, and project planning software helped divide work into manageable tasks, plan schedules, allocate resources, and track costs and progress to help complete projects on budget and schedule.
Time, Cost, and Quality Trade-off Analysis in Construction ProjectsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a student paper about analyzing the trade-offs between time, cost, and quality in construction projects. It discusses using a Time-Cost-Quality Tradeoff (TCQT) model to optimize these three objectives. A literature review and questionnaire survey were conducted to identify key factors. Statistical analysis using SPSS and Relative Rank Index was performed on the survey data. A case study was also done to demonstrate applying the TCQT model and analyzing time-cost tradeoffs using Primavera P6 project management software.
This document discusses using earned value management (EVM) to control costs and schedules on construction projects. It begins with an abstract that describes EVM as a project performance evaluation technique adapted from industrial engineering. The document then discusses how EVM software was developed in Visual Studio 2008 to perform earned value analysis calculations and compare results to Microsoft Project and Primavera P6. It concludes the software could be useful for a wide range of projects requiring EVM analysis. Next, it reviews literature on using EVM to track construction projects, control costs in the construction industry, analyze project performance, and control costs and track a construction project through earned value analysis. The objectives of the study are then stated as concluding the project as planned in terms
IRJET- The Application of Value Engineering to Highway Projects and ProgramsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the application of value engineering to highway projects and programs. It begins with an introduction to value engineering, which aims to provide necessary project functions at the lowest possible cost while maintaining quality. It then outlines the 8 phases of a typical value engineering study: selection of projects, investigation of functions and costs, creative idea generation, evaluation of alternatives, development of recommendations, presentation to decision makers, and implementation. The document provides details on each phase and emphasizes that value engineering can help control expenditures and maximize value for highway agencies working with limited budgets.
This document discusses project cost management. It explains that cost management includes planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs to complete a project within the approved budget. Estimating involves developing cost estimates for project resources. Budgeting aggregates these estimates to establish a cost baseline. Controlling costs involves managing the baseline and variances using tools like earned value management. A surveyor plays a key role by supporting cost planning, estimating, monitoring budgets, and other cost control activities. Effective cost control is important for project success and company profitability.
Similar to Cost Analysis of Road Construction Project by Earned Value Analysis using Primavera P6 (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.