Earned Value Management (EVM) is a technique
that forecasts the project giving an early warning of cost &
schedule. It not onely measures the project performance but also
measure the progress of the schedule. It is an effective tool to
measure cost, schedule & performance of the project. The EVA is
useful in various fields such as IT, Industries and Construction
companies etc.
The value of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) is dependent on
two key areas i.e. Precise Cost information and pragmatic
progress of project. If these two key areas are efficient then
benefit of the project will definitely get valued. This paper
summarizes the evolution, basic terminologies of Earned value
Analysis and effective use of it in the construction industries by
MS Project. There are many ways to implement EVA in the
construction project. MS Project is a tool to determine the EV
and its parameters in an efficient way with accuracy and within
time constraints.
Study of Probability Distributions of Cpi and Spi in Earned Value Analysistheijes
Earned Value analysis (EVA) is the most efficient tool used for transitional review of project execution .It is helpful to project managers and management team to value the progress of project work throughout the project life cycle. The Earned Schedule (ES) is used to approximate the time or duration of project/ s for appropriate evaluation of project execution. ES also help to forecast the time required to complete the project. When combined with schedule analysis, ES can enhance the project. EVA provides the controlling tool for better decision making in project management. The paper discuss about the probability distribution of Cost performance Index (CPI) and Schedule performance Index (SPI). Best fitted distribution will help for forecasting project duration effectively. This helps the Project Manager to prevent the over budgeted cost in future. So an attempt is made to find the alternative distribution of CPI and SPI for better decision making. If the project schedule performance shows poor results then manager need to take the corrective action with the help of this tool. Weibull, Gamma and Exponentiated Exponential Distribution functions are used to study the effect of SPI on CPI. For making better decision in project scheduling, Project managers can review the parameters using EVM tool. The tool is useful in all types of civil engineering and software engineering projects.
Planning and Optimization of Resource Constrained Project Scheduling by using...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on optimizing the scheduling of construction projects using a genetic algorithm approach. It discusses traditional project scheduling methods like critical path method that do not consider resource constraints. The study aims to develop a genetic algorithm model to minimize the duration of a residential building project given resource constraints. It describes conducting a questionnaire survey to identify critical delay factors. The genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the schedule obtained from Microsoft Project, reducing the duration from 185 days to 172 days. The genetic algorithm approach provides a more effective scheduling solution than traditional methods.
The document summarizes a study that investigated using earned value analysis (EVA) as a project control technique for construction projects in Botswana. Researchers applied EVA simultaneously with the traditional control method to a police station project over nine months. They found that EVA provided superior project control by objectively measuring performance, identifying variances from the baseline plan, and allowing forecasting to update the plan. While EVA involved more planning effort, it helped discover missing information and promoted cooperative project teamwork. The study demonstrated the potential of EVA as an effective project control tool in developing countries.
Polynomial Function and Fuzzy Inference for Evaluating the Project Performanc...IJERA Editor
The objectives of this paper are two folds. The first one is to improve the time forecasting produced from the well known Earned Value Management (EVM), using the polynomial function. The time prediction observed from the polynomial model, which is compared against that observed from the most common method for time forecasting (critical path method), is a more accurate (mean absolute percentage of error is less than 2%) than that observed from the conventional deterministic forecasting methods (CDFMs). The second is to evaluate and forecast the overall project performance under uncertainty using the fuzzy inference. As the uncertainty is inherent in real life projects, the polynomial function and fuzzy inference model (PFFI) can assist the project managers, to estimate the future status of the project in a more robust and reliable way. Two examples are used to illustrate how the new method can be implemented in reality.
Earned Value Probabilistic Forecasting Using Monte Carlo SimulationRicardo Viana Vargas
The aim of this article is to present a proposal of interconnection between models and probabilistic simulations of project as possible ways to determine EAC (Final cost) through Earned Value Analysis. The article proves that the use of the 3 main models of projection (constant index, CPI and SCI) as the basis of a triangular probabilistic distribution that, through Monte Carlo simulation will permit associate and determine the probability according to the accomplishment of budgets and costs of the project.
Application of Earned Value Method and Delay Analysis on Construction Project...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applying earned value management and delay analysis techniques to analyze the cost and schedule of construction projects. It provides background on the challenges of construction projects going over budget and falling behind schedule. The document then describes earned value management parameters like planned value, earned value, and actual cost that are used to calculate cost and schedule variances. It also discusses performance indices and forecasting indicators that can be used for project monitoring and control. Finally, it presents the methodology used in this study, which involves collecting project data, setting up the project schedule in Microsoft Project, performing earned value analysis, and identifying causes of any delays. The overall goal is to measure project performance and analyze issues regarding cost and schedule.
Earned Schedule (ES) is a method for analyzing schedule performance using Earned Value Management (EVM) data. It allows calculation of time-based performance indicators like Schedule Variance and Schedule Performance Index. The document discusses applying ES below the project level, such as to work packages and critical paths. It explains that to do so, the tasks being analyzed must be grouped and have their own performance measurement baseline created, so they can be treated as a project and have ES calculated. An example is provided analyzing the critical path tasks of a sample project. This allows schedule performance to be evaluated at different levels within a project using ES.
This paper explores using a theoretical S-curve equation to forecast total project duration based on past physical progress data. It presents three case studies applying the method: 1) A petrochemical plant where actual progress of 37.6% in 23 months was used to fit a curve predicting completion in 46 months, close to later reported progress. 2) An oil & gas unit where early and later data fits predicted completion accurately. 3) A civil works project where initial and additional data again closely matched the predicted curve. The method provides a simple tool to forecast duration when detailed schedule data is unavailable.
Study of Probability Distributions of Cpi and Spi in Earned Value Analysistheijes
Earned Value analysis (EVA) is the most efficient tool used for transitional review of project execution .It is helpful to project managers and management team to value the progress of project work throughout the project life cycle. The Earned Schedule (ES) is used to approximate the time or duration of project/ s for appropriate evaluation of project execution. ES also help to forecast the time required to complete the project. When combined with schedule analysis, ES can enhance the project. EVA provides the controlling tool for better decision making in project management. The paper discuss about the probability distribution of Cost performance Index (CPI) and Schedule performance Index (SPI). Best fitted distribution will help for forecasting project duration effectively. This helps the Project Manager to prevent the over budgeted cost in future. So an attempt is made to find the alternative distribution of CPI and SPI for better decision making. If the project schedule performance shows poor results then manager need to take the corrective action with the help of this tool. Weibull, Gamma and Exponentiated Exponential Distribution functions are used to study the effect of SPI on CPI. For making better decision in project scheduling, Project managers can review the parameters using EVM tool. The tool is useful in all types of civil engineering and software engineering projects.
Planning and Optimization of Resource Constrained Project Scheduling by using...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on optimizing the scheduling of construction projects using a genetic algorithm approach. It discusses traditional project scheduling methods like critical path method that do not consider resource constraints. The study aims to develop a genetic algorithm model to minimize the duration of a residential building project given resource constraints. It describes conducting a questionnaire survey to identify critical delay factors. The genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the schedule obtained from Microsoft Project, reducing the duration from 185 days to 172 days. The genetic algorithm approach provides a more effective scheduling solution than traditional methods.
The document summarizes a study that investigated using earned value analysis (EVA) as a project control technique for construction projects in Botswana. Researchers applied EVA simultaneously with the traditional control method to a police station project over nine months. They found that EVA provided superior project control by objectively measuring performance, identifying variances from the baseline plan, and allowing forecasting to update the plan. While EVA involved more planning effort, it helped discover missing information and promoted cooperative project teamwork. The study demonstrated the potential of EVA as an effective project control tool in developing countries.
Polynomial Function and Fuzzy Inference for Evaluating the Project Performanc...IJERA Editor
The objectives of this paper are two folds. The first one is to improve the time forecasting produced from the well known Earned Value Management (EVM), using the polynomial function. The time prediction observed from the polynomial model, which is compared against that observed from the most common method for time forecasting (critical path method), is a more accurate (mean absolute percentage of error is less than 2%) than that observed from the conventional deterministic forecasting methods (CDFMs). The second is to evaluate and forecast the overall project performance under uncertainty using the fuzzy inference. As the uncertainty is inherent in real life projects, the polynomial function and fuzzy inference model (PFFI) can assist the project managers, to estimate the future status of the project in a more robust and reliable way. Two examples are used to illustrate how the new method can be implemented in reality.
Earned Value Probabilistic Forecasting Using Monte Carlo SimulationRicardo Viana Vargas
The aim of this article is to present a proposal of interconnection between models and probabilistic simulations of project as possible ways to determine EAC (Final cost) through Earned Value Analysis. The article proves that the use of the 3 main models of projection (constant index, CPI and SCI) as the basis of a triangular probabilistic distribution that, through Monte Carlo simulation will permit associate and determine the probability according to the accomplishment of budgets and costs of the project.
Application of Earned Value Method and Delay Analysis on Construction Project...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applying earned value management and delay analysis techniques to analyze the cost and schedule of construction projects. It provides background on the challenges of construction projects going over budget and falling behind schedule. The document then describes earned value management parameters like planned value, earned value, and actual cost that are used to calculate cost and schedule variances. It also discusses performance indices and forecasting indicators that can be used for project monitoring and control. Finally, it presents the methodology used in this study, which involves collecting project data, setting up the project schedule in Microsoft Project, performing earned value analysis, and identifying causes of any delays. The overall goal is to measure project performance and analyze issues regarding cost and schedule.
Earned Schedule (ES) is a method for analyzing schedule performance using Earned Value Management (EVM) data. It allows calculation of time-based performance indicators like Schedule Variance and Schedule Performance Index. The document discusses applying ES below the project level, such as to work packages and critical paths. It explains that to do so, the tasks being analyzed must be grouped and have their own performance measurement baseline created, so they can be treated as a project and have ES calculated. An example is provided analyzing the critical path tasks of a sample project. This allows schedule performance to be evaluated at different levels within a project using ES.
This paper explores using a theoretical S-curve equation to forecast total project duration based on past physical progress data. It presents three case studies applying the method: 1) A petrochemical plant where actual progress of 37.6% in 23 months was used to fit a curve predicting completion in 46 months, close to later reported progress. 2) An oil & gas unit where early and later data fits predicted completion accurately. 3) A civil works project where initial and additional data again closely matched the predicted curve. The method provides a simple tool to forecast duration when detailed schedule data is unavailable.
Economics of project evaluation cpm module2ahsanrabbani
Introduction: The competencies required for developing business cases comprise a range of skills, including those for:
• facilitation and negotiation
• demand management
• risk management
• value management
• economic, social, environmental and budget analyses, and
• strategic planning.
Earned Value Management involves more that just cost and schedule. Six Business Systems, including EVM, are the basis of credible program performance management.
Here's a suggestion of how to "connect the dots."
This document discusses best practices for construction cost estimating and project management. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration among all stakeholders in developing detailed, line-item cost estimates. It also outlines various types of cost estimates, cost categories, and techniques for ongoing cost control such as earned value management. Key principles include transparency, independent cost research, and updating estimates over time based on changes to requirements or conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Estimating involves forming approximate notions of amounts, numbers, or positions without actual measurement. Accurate estimates are important for project planning, budgeting, and determining viability. Estimates become more accurate over the project lifecycle as more knowledge is gained. Common types of estimates include order-of-magnitude, budget, and definitive estimates. Top-down, bottom-up, and parametric methods are commonly used estimating approaches. Estimates should involve subject matter experts, use multiple methods, document assumptions, and apply contingency allowances. Regularly reviewing and updating estimates improves accuracy.
This document discusses project cost management principles and processes. It explains that IT projects often experience cost overruns and provides examples. The key processes for managing costs are estimating costs, determining budgets, and controlling costs. Estimating involves developing cost approximations, while determining budgets allocates the estimate to work items to establish a baseline. Controlling costs involves monitoring performance against the baseline and approving changes. Earned value management is presented as a technique to integrate scope, time and cost data to track project performance.
Planning & Scheduling of Commercial Building using Microsoft Project & Applic...IRJET Journal
This document discusses planning and scheduling of a commercial building construction project using Microsoft Project and applying principles of the Theory of Constraints to improve efficiency. It provides background on the Theory of Constraints and Critical Chain Project Management, which aims to identify and manage constraints. The document then summarizes how these principles were applied to the scheduling and buffer management of a commercial building project in Microsoft Project to help complete it on time by accounting for uncertainties and limiting impacts of changes. Key aspects included identifying the schedule as a core constraint, using Critical Chain Project Management to determine the critical path, and inserting different types of buffers (project, feeding, resource) into the schedule to protect against delays.
Introduction
CPM/PERT or Network Analysis as the technique is sometimes called, developed along two parallel streams, one industrial and the other military.
CPM (Critical Path Method) was the discovery of M.R.Walker of E.I.Du Pont de Nemours & Co. and J.E.Kelly of Remington Rand, circa 1957. The computation was designed for the UNIVAC-I computer. The first test was made in 1958, when CPM was applied to the construction of a new chemical plant. In March 1959, the method was applied to maintenance shut-down at the Du Pont works in Louisville, Kentucky. Unproductive time was reduced from 125 to 93 hours.
PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) was devised in 1958 for the POLARIS missile program by the Program Evaluation Branch of the Special Projects office of the U.S.Navy, helped by the Lockheed Missile Systems division and the Consultant firm of Booz-Allen & Hamilton. The calculations were so arranged so that they could be carried out on the IBM Naval Ordinance Research Computer (NORC) at Dahlgren, Virginia.
Production Planning and control: Forecasting techniques – causal and time series models, moving average,
exponential smoothing, trend and seasonality; aggregate production planning; master production scheduling; materials
requirement planning (MRP) and MRP‐II; routing, scheduling and priority dispatching, concept of JIT manufacturing
System.
Project Management: Project network analysis, CPM, PERT and Project crashing.
This document is a term paper on project cost estimation for a software project management course. It discusses various techniques for estimating project costs, including expert judgement, analogous estimating, parametric estimating, bottom-up estimating, and three-point estimates. It also covers related work done in previous studies comparing different cost estimation models from the 1970s to today. The paper aims to analyze different software project cost estimation metrics and models.
“Application of the Program Evaluation Review and TechniquePantho Sarker
The document provides an overview of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). It discusses the origin and history of PERT and how it was developed parallel to the Critical Path Method (CPM). The document outlines the key features of PERT, including that it uses three time estimates (optimistic, pessimistic, most likely) to calculate the expected time to complete each task. The advantages of PERT are also summarized, such as how it can be used to determine the estimated project completion date and flexibility in a project schedule.
The document discusses different techniques for configuring virtual hosting on a server. It describes IP-based virtual hosting where each domain has a unique IP address. Port-based virtual hosting uses different ports to host multiple websites. Name-based virtual hosting is the most common technique, using a single IP address and the domain name to determine which website to serve.
The document discusses the use of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) in cost management of construction projects in Brazil. It analyzes a case study of EVA's application on the construction of an indoor amusement park in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The case study found that EVA played an important role in integrated project management and contributed to the project finishing on time and on budget. The article concludes by recommending 10 steps for future EVA implementation on construction projects based on lessons from the case study.
This document provides an overview of the RSMeans publication titled "Value Engineering in the Construction Industry". It includes a table of contents that outlines the various chapters in the book, which cover topics such as project budgeting, cost modeling, function analysis, life cycle costing, and case studies applying value engineering techniques. The document also provides brief descriptions of the content included in each chapter. It indicates that the book presents advances in value engineering since previous editions and includes an updated disk with additional value engineering tools and automated formats.
The document discusses Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT), a project management tool used to analyze tasks, time required, and critical paths. It describes various project management methodologies like PRINCE2, Agile, and Critical Path Method (CPM) that are suited for different types of projects. Finally, it discusses setting up an organizational structure and quality management process for a project.
The document discusses forecasting costs for projects through various modeling techniques. It describes parametric cost estimating using mathematical formulas to relate cost drivers to project costs. The document also discusses using a rolling average approach and Monte Carlo simulations to forecast project costs. It emphasizes the importance of accurate data and metrics in developing a performant cost model to provide confident forecasts for executive management.
BIM-Based Cost Estimation/ Monitoring For Building ConstructionIJERA Editor
Proper Cost Estimate, Monitor and Control (CEM&C) are vital for the success of construction projects. Starting from preliminary design to project closing, CEM&C progressively becomes more complex and challenging. Visualization can add another dimension to monitor and control where major deviations can be visually detected and analyzed. However, literature related to visualization in construction and integrating it with cost control is still in its early stages. Building Information Modeling (BIM) can have promising impact in that domain. In this paper, a comprehensive cost estimating and monitoring model is presented. The model is integrated with BIM to provide the user with the capability of visualizing actual cost expended in different building elements and compare it with that budgeted at different time intervals. It provides construction practitioners with vital data that help them in taking appropriate corrective actions in case of any deviation from the budget. An example application is presented to demonstrate the capability and applicability of the model.
The document provides information about cost management processes according to PMBOK 5. It includes definitions and explanations of processes for planning cost management, estimating costs, determining budgets, and controlling costs. Key aspects covered are cost estimation techniques, calculating estimates at completion, variance analysis using earned value management, and establishing cost baselines and performance measurement.
The basic density and some of the anatomical
properties of five clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis developed
by ITC Bhadrachalam were reported. The five clones
represented by four trees each of four and half years old were
from Sarapaka, Andhra Pradesh. Within tree variation in
anatomical properties of four and half years old grown
Eucalyptus tereticornis clones have been investigated and
correlated with basic density. Anatomical parameters studied
were found to vary significantly from bottom to top with no
definite trend. Significant variation exists in all the five clones
of different parameters. Basic density was positively correlated
with fibre length at middle, top and pooled positions. Fibre
length was positively correlated with fibre diameter, fibre
lumen diameter at bottom position, and with vessel diameter at
middle position, and negatively correlated with vessel
frequency at top position. The results obtained in this study
have shown the suitability of raw material for paper and pulp
where the required basic density is met with. Mainly these
clone are primarily tried to meet the requirement of paper and
pulp industry
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
Economics of project evaluation cpm module2ahsanrabbani
Introduction: The competencies required for developing business cases comprise a range of skills, including those for:
• facilitation and negotiation
• demand management
• risk management
• value management
• economic, social, environmental and budget analyses, and
• strategic planning.
Earned Value Management involves more that just cost and schedule. Six Business Systems, including EVM, are the basis of credible program performance management.
Here's a suggestion of how to "connect the dots."
This document discusses best practices for construction cost estimating and project management. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration among all stakeholders in developing detailed, line-item cost estimates. It also outlines various types of cost estimates, cost categories, and techniques for ongoing cost control such as earned value management. Key principles include transparency, independent cost research, and updating estimates over time based on changes to requirements or conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Estimating involves forming approximate notions of amounts, numbers, or positions without actual measurement. Accurate estimates are important for project planning, budgeting, and determining viability. Estimates become more accurate over the project lifecycle as more knowledge is gained. Common types of estimates include order-of-magnitude, budget, and definitive estimates. Top-down, bottom-up, and parametric methods are commonly used estimating approaches. Estimates should involve subject matter experts, use multiple methods, document assumptions, and apply contingency allowances. Regularly reviewing and updating estimates improves accuracy.
This document discusses project cost management principles and processes. It explains that IT projects often experience cost overruns and provides examples. The key processes for managing costs are estimating costs, determining budgets, and controlling costs. Estimating involves developing cost approximations, while determining budgets allocates the estimate to work items to establish a baseline. Controlling costs involves monitoring performance against the baseline and approving changes. Earned value management is presented as a technique to integrate scope, time and cost data to track project performance.
Planning & Scheduling of Commercial Building using Microsoft Project & Applic...IRJET Journal
This document discusses planning and scheduling of a commercial building construction project using Microsoft Project and applying principles of the Theory of Constraints to improve efficiency. It provides background on the Theory of Constraints and Critical Chain Project Management, which aims to identify and manage constraints. The document then summarizes how these principles were applied to the scheduling and buffer management of a commercial building project in Microsoft Project to help complete it on time by accounting for uncertainties and limiting impacts of changes. Key aspects included identifying the schedule as a core constraint, using Critical Chain Project Management to determine the critical path, and inserting different types of buffers (project, feeding, resource) into the schedule to protect against delays.
Introduction
CPM/PERT or Network Analysis as the technique is sometimes called, developed along two parallel streams, one industrial and the other military.
CPM (Critical Path Method) was the discovery of M.R.Walker of E.I.Du Pont de Nemours & Co. and J.E.Kelly of Remington Rand, circa 1957. The computation was designed for the UNIVAC-I computer. The first test was made in 1958, when CPM was applied to the construction of a new chemical plant. In March 1959, the method was applied to maintenance shut-down at the Du Pont works in Louisville, Kentucky. Unproductive time was reduced from 125 to 93 hours.
PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) was devised in 1958 for the POLARIS missile program by the Program Evaluation Branch of the Special Projects office of the U.S.Navy, helped by the Lockheed Missile Systems division and the Consultant firm of Booz-Allen & Hamilton. The calculations were so arranged so that they could be carried out on the IBM Naval Ordinance Research Computer (NORC) at Dahlgren, Virginia.
Production Planning and control: Forecasting techniques – causal and time series models, moving average,
exponential smoothing, trend and seasonality; aggregate production planning; master production scheduling; materials
requirement planning (MRP) and MRP‐II; routing, scheduling and priority dispatching, concept of JIT manufacturing
System.
Project Management: Project network analysis, CPM, PERT and Project crashing.
This document is a term paper on project cost estimation for a software project management course. It discusses various techniques for estimating project costs, including expert judgement, analogous estimating, parametric estimating, bottom-up estimating, and three-point estimates. It also covers related work done in previous studies comparing different cost estimation models from the 1970s to today. The paper aims to analyze different software project cost estimation metrics and models.
“Application of the Program Evaluation Review and TechniquePantho Sarker
The document provides an overview of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). It discusses the origin and history of PERT and how it was developed parallel to the Critical Path Method (CPM). The document outlines the key features of PERT, including that it uses three time estimates (optimistic, pessimistic, most likely) to calculate the expected time to complete each task. The advantages of PERT are also summarized, such as how it can be used to determine the estimated project completion date and flexibility in a project schedule.
The document discusses different techniques for configuring virtual hosting on a server. It describes IP-based virtual hosting where each domain has a unique IP address. Port-based virtual hosting uses different ports to host multiple websites. Name-based virtual hosting is the most common technique, using a single IP address and the domain name to determine which website to serve.
The document discusses the use of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) in cost management of construction projects in Brazil. It analyzes a case study of EVA's application on the construction of an indoor amusement park in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The case study found that EVA played an important role in integrated project management and contributed to the project finishing on time and on budget. The article concludes by recommending 10 steps for future EVA implementation on construction projects based on lessons from the case study.
This document provides an overview of the RSMeans publication titled "Value Engineering in the Construction Industry". It includes a table of contents that outlines the various chapters in the book, which cover topics such as project budgeting, cost modeling, function analysis, life cycle costing, and case studies applying value engineering techniques. The document also provides brief descriptions of the content included in each chapter. It indicates that the book presents advances in value engineering since previous editions and includes an updated disk with additional value engineering tools and automated formats.
The document discusses Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT), a project management tool used to analyze tasks, time required, and critical paths. It describes various project management methodologies like PRINCE2, Agile, and Critical Path Method (CPM) that are suited for different types of projects. Finally, it discusses setting up an organizational structure and quality management process for a project.
The document discusses forecasting costs for projects through various modeling techniques. It describes parametric cost estimating using mathematical formulas to relate cost drivers to project costs. The document also discusses using a rolling average approach and Monte Carlo simulations to forecast project costs. It emphasizes the importance of accurate data and metrics in developing a performant cost model to provide confident forecasts for executive management.
BIM-Based Cost Estimation/ Monitoring For Building ConstructionIJERA Editor
Proper Cost Estimate, Monitor and Control (CEM&C) are vital for the success of construction projects. Starting from preliminary design to project closing, CEM&C progressively becomes more complex and challenging. Visualization can add another dimension to monitor and control where major deviations can be visually detected and analyzed. However, literature related to visualization in construction and integrating it with cost control is still in its early stages. Building Information Modeling (BIM) can have promising impact in that domain. In this paper, a comprehensive cost estimating and monitoring model is presented. The model is integrated with BIM to provide the user with the capability of visualizing actual cost expended in different building elements and compare it with that budgeted at different time intervals. It provides construction practitioners with vital data that help them in taking appropriate corrective actions in case of any deviation from the budget. An example application is presented to demonstrate the capability and applicability of the model.
The document provides information about cost management processes according to PMBOK 5. It includes definitions and explanations of processes for planning cost management, estimating costs, determining budgets, and controlling costs. Key aspects covered are cost estimation techniques, calculating estimates at completion, variance analysis using earned value management, and establishing cost baselines and performance measurement.
The basic density and some of the anatomical
properties of five clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis developed
by ITC Bhadrachalam were reported. The five clones
represented by four trees each of four and half years old were
from Sarapaka, Andhra Pradesh. Within tree variation in
anatomical properties of four and half years old grown
Eucalyptus tereticornis clones have been investigated and
correlated with basic density. Anatomical parameters studied
were found to vary significantly from bottom to top with no
definite trend. Significant variation exists in all the five clones
of different parameters. Basic density was positively correlated
with fibre length at middle, top and pooled positions. Fibre
length was positively correlated with fibre diameter, fibre
lumen diameter at bottom position, and with vessel diameter at
middle position, and negatively correlated with vessel
frequency at top position. The results obtained in this study
have shown the suitability of raw material for paper and pulp
where the required basic density is met with. Mainly these
clone are primarily tried to meet the requirement of paper and
pulp industry
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
Attitudes toward suicide may influence the
treatment content and outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to
investigate how public attitudes toward suicide were influenced
by (1) their degree of idealism; and (2) their degree of
relativism. A questionnaire survey with Suicide Perception
Scale and Ethic Position Questionnaire was carried out on 50
male and 50 female participants (aged 21 and above) from
Klang Valley, Malaysia to obtain answer. The findings
supported both hypotheses, indicated that (1) higher idealism is
associated with lower level of acceptance toward suicide; and
(2) higher relativism is associated with higher level of
acceptance toward suicide. In sum, variations in public’s
attitude toward suicide were related to individual differences in
personal ethical ideologies and moral philosophies.
Un óvalo imperfecto llegó a un lugar donde vivían otros óvalos perfectos que podían rodar rápidamente. Los otros óvalos se burlaron del óvalo imperfecto porque no podía rodar de la misma manera, pero él les explicó que aunque fuera diferente, podía viajar a su manera y que en realidad había muchas formas de ser un óvalo, no solo la forma perfecta.
A Broadband Wireless Access technology known as
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is
based on IEEE 802.16 standards. It uses orthogonal frequency
division multiple accesses (OFDMA) as one of its multiple access
technique. Major design factors of OFDMA resource allocation are
scheduling and burst allocation. To calculate the appropriate
dimensions and location of each user’s data so as to construct the
bursts in the downlink subframe, is the responsibility of burst
allocation algorithm. Bursts are calculated in terms of number of
slots for each user. Burst Allocation Algorithm is used to overcome
the resource wastage in the form of unused and unallocated slots per
frame. It affects the Base station performance in mobile WiMAX
systems. In this Paper, HOCSA (Hybrid One Column Striping with
Non Increasing Area) algorithm is proposed to overcome frame
wastage. HOCSA is implemented by improving eOCSA algorithm
and is evaluated using MATLAB. HOCSA achieves significant
reduction of resource wastage per frame, leading to more
exploitation of the WiMAX frame.
Weplan es un servicio que ayuda a ahorrar en la tarifa telefónica al estar siempre conectados de forma más económica. Ofrece ahorros del 80% para usuarios de Android que pueden monitorear su uso de datos a través de puntos de datos y gráficos estadísticos.
- The Big Break competition aims to provide opportunities for UAE business ideas by engaging the business community and promoting entrepreneurship.
- It will be promoted through various media platforms over 2 months to generate awareness and discussion of submitted ideas. The top 5 ideas will be shortlisted and the winner determined at a grand finale event.
- Prizes include support to launch the winning idea provided by du and ongoing promotion of the winner in AMG media platforms. The competition objectives are to promote du's business solutions and increase awareness of UAE's business culture.
This document provides an introduction to finance concepts for a business principles course. It discusses key topics like the importance of cash over profit, debt versus equity sources of funding, and the working capital cycle. The learning outcomes are to explain the difference between cash and profit, compare debt and equity, evaluate financing options, and understand the importance of cash flow to a business. The document also outlines different sources of funding like loans, leasing, overdrafts, and shares, and how their costs vary based on risk level.
This document discusses the emergence and growth of mobile commerce (m-commerce) in India. It begins by defining m-commerce as e-commerce transactions made via mobile devices. It then discusses how the large and growing number of mobile internet users in India, reaching 185 million by June 2014, represents significant scope for m-commerce. The document outlines some of the key benefits of m-commerce like convenience, personalized services, and location-based offers. It concludes by stating that m-commerce provides companies an important new platform for marketing and connecting with customers anytime, anywhere.
The protection of multimedia data is becoming very
important. The protection of this multimedia data can be done
with encryption or data hiding algorithms. To decrease
transmissions time the data transmission necessary.
Recently, more and more attention is paid to reversible data
hiding (RDH) in encrypted image. It maintains original area
could be perfectly restored after extraction of the hidden
message. In previous method embed data by reversibly vacating
area from the encrypted images, which may be subject to some
errors on data extraction and/or image restoration. A novel
method by reserving area before encryption with a traditional
RDH algorithm, and thus it is easy for the data hider to
reversibly embed data in the encrypted image. The proposed
method can achieve real reversibility, that is data extraction and
image recovery are free of any error. The hidden data can be
retrieved as and when required. The methods that are used in
reversible data hiding techniques like Lossless embedding and
encryption.
This deals with the image steganography as well as with the
different security issues, general overview of cryptography
approaches and about the different steganography
algorithms like Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm ,
JSteg, F5 algorithms. It also compares those algorithms in
means of speed, accuracy and security.
Мы организовываем 5 недель активностей, которые взорвут вашу группу! Что сделать, чтобы полюбиться участникам? Как создать элиту группы? Как заполучить доверие и лояльность? Об этом в нашей презентации!
We present a case of murder with a blunt object.
On the body of the deceased were identified specific traces in
the form of suffusions. Four people were suspected for the
murder. During the investigative four pairs of sneakers were
obtained. A full forensic examination was performed which
excluded three of the four pairs of suspected shoes. The forth
pair was a match. This kind of research is extremely important
in forensic practice and theory, as they allow forensic experts
to identify the objects that left specific traces on the body of a
victim or deceased. They are also extremely important during
investigation of criminal offenses, especially when there is more
than one suspect.
This document discusses using genetic algorithms to forecast a country's GDP. It begins with an introduction to genetic algorithms and how they can be applied to problems like GDP forecasting. It then provides details on GDP calculation methods and key factors considered. The proposed system would use a genetic algorithm approach trained on historical economic data to predict a country's GDP over a year in advance. This would analyze trends, policies, investments and other changing economic conditions to generate adaptive forecasts. Developing the algorithm and testing the approach on real data is considered future work.
1. Ravi Kant Mishra has over 4 years of experience as a Software Engineer, developing applications using technologies like C, C++, C#, and WPF.
2. He has experience designing, developing, and maintaining financial software at Intuit and Nagarro, including features for bill payment and cloud syncing.
3. Ravi aims to manage projects efficiently from concept to completion, with an ability to resolve bugs quickly in large codebases.
This document discusses earned value analysis (EVA), which is a project management technique used to measure project performance and progress in an objective manner. It introduces key EVA concepts like planned value, earned value, and actual cost. It then describes three software tools - Microsoft Project, Primavera, and a custom developed software - that can be used to perform EVA. The remainder of the document provides more details on EVA concepts, calculations, and indicators like schedule performance index and cost performance index. It explains how EVA integrates measurements of project scope, time and costs to provide accurate forecasts of performance problems.
Performance Evaluation of Construction Projects by EVM Method, Using Primaver...Mohammad Lemar ZALMAİ
Abstract
Most of the construction projects are exposed to time and cost overruns due to various factors and this is a major problem. As a solution to this, the Earned Value Management (EVM) method is considered. EVM is a powerful and well-known method used in monitoring and controlling the project. EVM gives an early indication that either project is delayed or not and the project is either over budget or under budget at any particular day by tracking it. Thus, it helps to improve the management control system of a construction project, to detect and control the problems in potential risk areas and to suggest the importance and purpose of monitoring the construction work. This paper explains the main parameters of the EVM system involved in the calculation of time and cost for construction projects. In this study, the Primavera P6 software is used to deals with the
project monitoring process of a seven-storey (G+6) faculty building whose construction is in progress at Istanbul, Turkey. A comparison between the planned progress of construction activities and actual progress is performed and the analysis results are interpreted. This case study justifies the benefits of using EVM for project cash flow analysis and forecasting.
Keywords: construction cost management, construction planning, earned value management (EVM), Primavera p6, project management, project scheduling.
Cost Analysis of Road Construction Project by Earned Value Analysis using Pri...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using earned value analysis (EVA) to analyze the cost of a road construction project in India. It provides background on the importance of transportation infrastructure and project management principles like time and cost control. The document then describes EVA concepts like planned value, earned value, and actual cost. It outlines the objectives and methodology of analyzing an industrial road construction project as a case study using the Primavera P6 scheduling software to calculate EVA parameters and determine if the project is on time and on budget. Finally, it reviews related literature on using EVA and project management software for construction cost analysis and monitoring.
Tracking a Typical Apartment Construction using Earned Value ManagementIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using earned value management (EVM) to track the progress of a typical apartment construction project. EVM is a systematic process that measures planned value, earned value, actual costs, schedule variance, cost variance, schedule performance index, and cost performance index to evaluate if a project is on budget and on schedule.
2. It provides background on construction project management and defines key terms like tracking, planned value, earned value, actual costs. EVM compares planned, earned and actual values to calculate variances and indexes that indicate if the project is on/ahead or behind schedule and over/under budget.
3. Tracking project progress through EVM allows managers to identify deviations from the plan,
iEVM (Integrated Earned Value Management) An approach for integrating quality...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a new model called integrated earned value management (iEVM) that aims to address limitations in how traditional earned value management (EVM) accounts for quality in projects. Specifically, EVM treats quality as implicitly part of scope but iEVM would explicitly include quality as a fourth factor integrated alongside time, scope and cost. The model utilizes the concept of cost of quality to more accurately monitor, control and predict projects, especially complex IT projects where rework is common and can impact earned value calculations.
This document discusses using earned value management (EVM) to control costs and schedules on construction projects. It begins with an abstract that describes EVM as a project performance evaluation technique adapted from industrial engineering. The document then discusses how EVM software was developed in Visual Studio 2008 to perform earned value analysis calculations and compare results to Microsoft Project and Primavera P6. It concludes the software could be useful for a wide range of projects requiring EVM analysis. Next, it reviews literature on using EVM to track construction projects, control costs in the construction industry, analyze project performance, and control costs and track a construction project through earned value analysis. The objectives of the study are then stated as concluding the project as planned in terms
Performance Evaluation of Construction Projects by EVM Method, Using Primaver...Mohammad Lemar ZALMAİ
Most of the construction projects are exposed to time and cost overruns due to various factors and this is a major problem. As a solution to this, the Earned Value Management (EVM) method is considered. EVM is a powerful and well-known method used in monitoring and controlling the project. EVM gives an early indication that either project is delayed or not and the project is either over budget or under budget at any particular day by tracking it. Thus, it helps to improve the management control system of a construction project, to detect and control the problems in potential risk areas and to suggest the importance and purpose of monitoring the construction work.
This paper explains the main parameters of the EVM system involved in the calculation of time and cost for construction projects. In this study, the Primavera P6 software is used to deals with the project monitoring process of a seven-storeyed (G+6) faculty building whose construction is in progress at Istanbul, Turkey. A comparison between the planned progress of construction activities and actual progress is performed and the analysis results are interpreted. This case study justifies the benefits of using EVM for project cash flow analysis and forecasting.
Project Planning and Excution chapter 4.pptadabotor7
undamental business information systems concepts including: trends, components, and roles of information systems and competitive advantage concepts and applications
Available online at www.sciencedirect.comInternational Jou.docxrock73
This document proposes two new metrics that combine Earned Value Management (EVM) and Project Risk Management for project monitoring. The metrics are called the Cost Control Index and the Schedule Control Index. They compare EVM cost and schedule variances to the expected deviation from the risk analysis, to determine if overruns are within expected variability or due to structural changes. The document outlines EVM concepts and how risk baselines can represent remaining uncertainty over the project timeline. Buffers are defined based on risk baselines to estimate acceptable deviation per time period. The new indexes allow managers to assess if a project remains under control or is moving outside expected variability.
INFORMATION SYTEMS 3
Part-3: Mr. and Mrs. Rodgers House (House construction)
BUDGET AND RISK MANAGEMENT
1.0.
Overall Project Budget
A technique called Earned Value Management (EVM) compares project performance to the project baseline (Xu et al., 2018). All project managers pursuing Project Management Professional (PMP) certification learn and memorize the earned value calculations. Their application in real life is patchy, though. According to Insight, EVM is among the "critical few" best areas of practice for keeping track of a project's progress from both a schedule and cost standpoint (Vasyunina, 2017). The binary way of thinking about projects is widespread:
· On time versus late
· Over budget versus under budget.
On the project cost, both performance evaluation elements have a significant impact (Chang et al., 2022). If our costs are lower yet we are running late, EVM provides excellent facts of the matter.
Determining Earned Value
Computing EV involves:
· The sum of the up-to-date project budget, known as the planned value (PV)
· Current costs are identical to Actual Cost (AC).
· The project budget is multiplied by the proportion of execution to determine earned value (EV).
Now that we have these numbers, we can start making some computations of:
Schedule Performance Index (SPI) = EV/PV
SPI contrasts actual and anticipated progress. Whenever the SPI value had been than 1.0, fewer tasks were completed than expected. SPI > 1.0 denotes the completion of more work than anticipated.
Determining the CPI:
CPI= AC÷EV
The CPI evaluates the worth of finished work in relation to its true cost. Its score of 1.0 denotes high costs than anticipated. A CPI of greater than one shows that costs remained lower than expected.
For the SPI and CPI, >1 is favorable while 1 is unfavorable.
Remember that;
Subtracting instead of dividing allows you to rapidly determine the difference between the project budget and the timeline. Schedule variance (SV) equals EV-PV, whereas cost variance = EV-AC. You can easily execute the subtraction operation in your head, and in this case, >0 is favorable to 0 in this situation.
Except in the case of SPI or CPI, deviation is reliant on the project's scope. Therefore, we cannot compare it across construction project or across time effectively, as the budget might have changed.
Calculating the Project EAC:
CPI = EAC ÷ Overall Budget
EAC represents the prediction aggregate cost.
In summary:
· Project is halfway to its completion,
· PV = $55,000
· AC= $45,000
The calculations are as follows:
EV=100,000 ×1/2
=$50,000
SV =EV-PV
Where EV=50,000 and PV=55,000
Therefore, SP= 50,000-55,000
=-$5000
In this case, the value of SP is -$5,000, which is unfavorable for our project because it is less than 0.
SPI = EV/PV
Thus;
SP1=50,000 ÷55,000
= $0.91
However, the SPI value is less than.
Earned Value Management for Design and Construction Projectijtsrd
This document discusses earned value management (EVM) as an effective tool for tracking and controlling construction project costs and schedules. EVM integrates cost, schedule and technical performance by comparing the planned cost of work scheduled to the actual cost of work performed. The document provides background on EVM, including its history and use in various industries. It then discusses how EVM establishes a cost baseline and calculates variances to analyze project performance and identify potential issues needing corrective action in order to complete projects on time and on budget.
This document provides an overview of project cost management processes including plan cost management, estimate costs, determine budget, and control costs. Key concepts such as earned value management, cost estimating techniques like three-point estimating, and terms like cost baseline and management reserve are defined. The document also discusses trends in project cost management like expanding earned value management to include earned schedule. Sample formulas for calculating earned value metrics like cost variance, schedule variance, and estimate at completion are provided.
The Project Management Process - Week 9 Performance ManagementCraig Brown
The document discusses project performance management and monitoring. It describes establishing a project baseline and monitoring system to track performance against the baseline over time. Key aspects covered include defining data collection, analysis and reporting processes, using tools like Gantt charts and control charts to monitor schedule and cost performance, and integrating scope, time and cost using earned value management.
Abstract— Execution of engineering projects are tracked against critical metrics such as safety, quality,
delivery cost and inventory. Earned value is a key parameter that helps in assessing delivery (schedule) and cost.
Static shows that 70% of projects are over budget behind schedule, 52% of all projects finish at 189% of their
initial budget and some, after huge investments of time and money, are simply never completed. The rest of this
paper gives a perspective on monitoring project health by Earned value analysis.
This document discusses project cost management. It explains that cost management includes planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs to complete a project within the approved budget. Estimating involves developing cost estimates for project resources. Budgeting aggregates these estimates to establish a cost baseline. Controlling costs involves managing the baseline and variances using tools like earned value management. A surveyor plays a key role by supporting cost planning, estimating, monitoring budgets, and other cost control activities. Effective cost control is important for project success and company profitability.
Cost management involves planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs to complete a project within budget. Common cost estimating techniques include analogous, parametric, and bottom-up estimating. Earned value management is used to measure project performance by comparing planned, earned, and actual costs and schedules.
This document provides an overview of project cost management for an IT project management course. It defines key cost management terms and processes including cost estimation, budgeting, and controlling costs. It discusses tools for cost estimation like analogous estimates, bottom-up estimates, and parametric modeling. It also explains earned value management (EVM) as a tool for cost control, defining terms like planned value, earned value, actual cost, and calculating values like cost performance index (CPI) and estimate at completion (EAC).
1) Earned value analysis is a technique used to measure project performance and forecast completion costs and dates. It compares planned, actual, and earned values.
2) The document describes a case study of applying earned value analysis to a bridge construction project in India. It involved constructing two flyovers over five phases with a budget of 25 crores.
3) Earned value analysis of the project schedule identified that the project was behind schedule, so activities were crashed to shorten the duration. When actual costs were higher than planned, activities were smoothed to reduce costs by extending durations and optimizing resources.
Cost over-runs and time over-runs are prevalent in most of the projects carried out in developing nations such as India. There may be multiple reasons for these overruns. In order to
reduce them, there should be efficient use of the construction softwares available in the market. This paper emphasises the use of these softwares to reduce these issues by the use of a scientific technique called earned value analysis. Earned Value Analysis is an industry standard method of measuring a
project’s progress at any given point of time, forecasting its completion date and final cost, analysing variances in the schedule and budget as the project proceeds.
Similar to COST CONTROL AND TRACKING OF A BUILDING BY EARNED VALUE METHOD (20)
This document summarizes research on metal-on-metal hip implants. It discusses how metal-on-metal hip implants were developed over 30 years ago and have been refined through advances in manufacturing and materials science. It reviews various modeling techniques used to analyze the performance of metal-on-metal hip implants, including finite element analysis, numerical solutions of Reynolds' equation, and multi-grid methods. The document finds that while metal-on-metal implants offer strengths like strength and low wear rates, more research is still needed to fully understand factors like lubrication, materials used, geometry, and input parameters in order to minimize failures and revision surgeries.
Background Hospital contributes significantly tangible and intangible resources on a concurred plan by the scheduling of surgery on the OT list. Postponement decreases efficiency by declining throughput leads to wastage of resources hence burden to the nation. Patients and their family face economic and emotional implication due to the postponement. Postponement rate being a quality indicator controls check mechanism could be developed from the results. Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of the operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families are also caused by postponements. Moreover, the day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extent of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology A cross-sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from March 1st to September 30th, 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing Officer) and they were further evaluated time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for moving average technique. Results Total 958 surgeries were scheduled and 772 surgeries performed were and 186 surgeries were postponed with a postponement rate of 19.42% in the cardiac surgery department during the study period. Month-wise postponement Rate exponential smoothing of time series data shows the dynamic of operating suits. To test throughput Postponement rate was plotted the postponed surgeries and on regression analysis is in a perfect linear relationship.
Introduction: Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families also caused by postponements. Moreover, day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extend of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from march 1st to September 30th 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (Surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing officer) and they were further evaluated Time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for Moving average Technique. Results: total 2,466 surgeries were scheduled and 1,980 surgeries were performed and 486 surgeries were postponed in the general surgery department during the study period. Month wise postponement forecast was in accordance with the performed surgeries and on regression analysis postponed surgeries were in perfect linear relationship with the postponement Rate.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
Multilevel inverters play a crucial part in the
areas of high and medium voltage applications. Among the three
main multilevel inverters used, the capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter(CCMLI) has advantage with respect to voltage
redundancies. This work proposes a switching pattern to improve
the performance of chosen H-bridge type CCMLI over
conventional CCMLI. The PWM technique used in this work is
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM(PODPWM). The
performance of proposed H-bridge type CCMLI is verified
through MATLAB-Simulink based simulation. It has been
observed that the THD is low in chosen CCMLI compared to
conventional CCMLI.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a digital matched filter (DMF) to compress a binary phase code modulation (BPCM) signal encoded with a 13-chip Barker code. The DMF was implemented on an FPGA using a digital convolution algorithm in the time domain. The DMF design included a direct digital frequency synthesizer to generate the BPCM signal, a digital noise generator to add noise, and digital delay lines and shift registers to perform the convolution. Test results showed the input and output signals on an oscilloscope for different signal-to-noise ratio levels. The DMF achieved a processing gain of 11.14 dB.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural
disasters in Nigeria. The impact of flooding on human activities
cannot be overemphasized. It can threaten human lives, their
property, environment and the economy. Different techniques
exist to manage and analyze the impact of flooding. Some of these
techniques have not been effective in management of flood
disaster. Remote sensing technique presents itself as an effective
and efficient means of managing flood disaster. In this study,
SPOT-10 image was used to perform land cover/ land use
classification of the study area. Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of 2010 was
used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The image
focal statistics were generated using the Spatial Analyst/
Neighborhood/Focal Statistics Tool in ArcMap. The contour map
was produced using the Spatial Analyst/ Surface/ Contour Tools.
The DEM generated from the focal statistics was reclassified into
different risk levels based on variation of elevation values. The
depression in the DEM was filled and used to create the flow
direction map. The flow accumulation map was produced using
the flow direction data as input image. The stream network and
watershed were equally generated and the stream vectorized. The
reclassified DEM, stream network and vectorized land cover
classes were integrated and used to analyze the impact of flood on
the classes. The result shows that 27.86% of the area studied will
be affected at very high risk flood level, 35.63% at high risk,
17.90% at moderate risk, 10.72% at low risk, and 7.89% at no
risk flood level. Built up area class will be mostly affected at very
high risk flood level while farmland will be affected at high risk
flood level. Oshoro, Imhekpeme, and Weppa communities will be
affected at very high risk flood inundation while Ivighe, Uneme,
Igoide and Iviari communities will be at risk at high risk flood
inundation level. It is recommended among others that buildings
that fall within the “Very High Risk” area should be identified
and occupants possibly relocated to other areas such as the “No
Risk” area.
Without water, humans cannot live. Since time began,
we have lived by the water and vast tracts of waterless land have
been abandoned as it is too difficult to inhabit. At any given
moment, the earth’s atmosphere contains 4,000 cubic miles of
water, which is just 0.000012% of the 344 million cubic miles of
water on earth. Nature maintains this ratio via evaporation and
condensation, irrespective of the activities of man.
There is a certain need for an alternative to solve the water
scarcity. Obtaining water from the atmosphere is nothing new -
since the beginning of time, nature’s continuous hydrologic cycle
of evaporation and condensation in the form of rain or snow has
been the sole source and means of regenerating wholesome water
for all forms of life on earth.
An effective method to generate water is by the separation of
moisture present in air by condensation. In this study, the water
present in air is condensed on the surface of a container and then
collected in an external jacket provided on the container.
Insulations are provided to optimize the inner temperature of the
container.
The method is although uncommon but has certain advantages
which make it a success. The process is economical and does not
require a lot of utilities. It also helps in further reducing the
carbon footprint.
In every moment of functioning the Li-Ion
battery must provide the power required by the user, to have a
long operating life and to and to provide high reliability in
operation. The methods for analysis and testing batteries are
ensuring that all these conditions imposed to the batteries are
met by being tested depending on their intended use.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
This document reviews the use of copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. It summarizes 12 previous studies that investigated replacing sand with copper slag at various percentages. The key findings of the studies are:
- Compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of concrete generally increase when replacing up to 40% of fine aggregate with copper slag.
- Workability of concrete mixes also tends to increase with copper slag replacement due to its physical properties.
- Copper slag concrete shows improved resistance to sulfate attack compared to traditional concrete.
- Maximum strength gains are observed around 20-40% fine aggregate replacement with copper slag. Beyond 50% replacement, strengths start to decrease.
- Copper slag
- Security is a concept similar to being cautious
or alert against any danger. Network security is the condition of
being protected against any danger or loss. Thus safety plays a
important role in bank transactions where disclosure of any data
results in big loss. We can define networking as the combination
of two or more computers for the purpose of resource sharing.
Resources here include files, database, emails etc. It is the
protection of these resources from unauthorized users that
brought the development of network security. It is a measure
incorporated to protect data during their transmission and also
to ensure the transmitted is protected and authentic.
Security of online bank transactions here has been
improved by increasing the number of bits while establishing the
SSL connection as well as in RSA asymmetric key encryption
along with SHA1 used for digital signature to authenticate the
user
Background: Septoplasty is a common surgical
procedure performed by otolaryngologists for the correction of
deviated nasal septum. This surgery may be associated with
numerous complications. To minimize these complications,
otolaryngologists frequently pack both nasal cavities with
different types of nasal packing. Despite all its advantages,
nasal packing is also associated with some disadvantages. To
avoid these issues, many surgeons use suturing techniques to
obviate the need for packing after surgery.
Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of trans-septal
suture technique in preventing complications and decreasing
morbidity after septoplasty in comparison with nasal packing.
Patients and methods: Prospective comparative study. This
study was conducted in the department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, Rizgary Teaching Hospital - Erbil,
from the 6th of May 2014 to the 30th of November 2014.
A total of 60 patients aged 18-45 years, undergoing septoplasty,
were included in the study. Before surgery, patients were
randomly divided into two equal groups. Group (A) with transseptal
suture technique was compared with group (B) in which
nasal packing with Merocel was done. Postoperative morbidity
in terms of pain, bleeding, postnasal drip, sleep disturbance,
dysphagia, headache and epiphora along with postoperative
complications including septal hematoma, septal perforation,
crustation and synechiae formation were assessed over a follow
up period of four weeks.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 37 patients were males (61.7%)
and 23 patients were females (38.3%). Patients with nasal
packing had significantly more postoperative pain (P<0.05)><0.05). There was no significant difference between
the two groups with respect to nasal bleeding, septal
hematoma, septal perforation, crustation and synechiae
formation.
Conclusion: Septoplasty can be safely performed using transseptal
suturing technique without nasal packing.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the quality of drainage water in Al-Shamiya al-sharqi drain in Diwaniya city, Iraq for use in irrigation. 10 water samples were collected from locations along the drain and analyzed for various chemical parameters. An Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) was used to assess the water quality, taking into account parameters like EC, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and SAR that most affect water quality for irrigation. The IWQI was then integrated with a GIS system to map the water quality. The results found that 52% of the drainage water fell in the "Low restriction" category, 47% was "Moderate restriction" and 1% was
The cable-hoisting method and rail cable-lifting
method are widely used in the construction of suspension bridge.
This paper takes a suspension bridge in Hunan as an example,
and expounds the two construction methods, and analyzes their
respective merits and disadvantages.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
have replaced 15% of cement with class F fly ash. By varying the
quantity of water and sand the mortar mix was prepared. Later
varying percentage of coarse aggregate was added to the mortar
to obtain the desired SCC.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
This project aims at using (PD-MCPWM) Phase
disposition multi carrier pulse width modulation technique to
reduce leakage current in a transformerless cascaded multilevel
inverter for PV systems. Advantages of transformerless PV
inverter topology is as follows, simple structure, low weight and
provides higher efficiency , but however this topology provides a
path for the leakage current to flow through the parasitic
capacitance formed between the PV module and the ground.
Modulation technique reduces leakage current with an added
advantage without adding any extra components.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
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2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
COST CONTROL AND TRACKING OF A BUILDING BY EARNED VALUE METHOD
1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar-Apr 2015), PP. 15-22
15 | P a g e
COST CONTROL AND TRACKING OF A
BUILDING BY EARNED VALUE METHOD
Dr. Arun Dhawale1 Vaishnavi Tuljapurkar2
1
Head of Department, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Imperial College of Engineering & Research, Wagholi,
Pune, MH, India.
2
P.G. Student, Imperial College of Engineering & Research, Wagholi, Pune, MH, India.
wit.vaishnavi@gmail.com
Abstract: Earned Value Management (EVM) is a technique
that forecasts the project giving an early warning of cost &
schedule. It not onely measures the project performance but also
measure the progress of the schedule. It is an effective tool to
measure cost, schedule & performance of the project. The EVA is
useful in various fields such as IT, Industries and Construction
companies etc.
The value of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) is dependent on
two key areas i.e. Precise Cost information and pragmatic
progress of project. If these two key areas are efficient then
benefit of the project will definitely get valued. This paper
summarizes the evolution, basic terminologies of Earned value
Analysis and effective use of it in the construction industries by
MS Project. There are many ways to implement EVA in the
construction project. MS Project is a tool to determine the EV
and its parameters in an efficient way with accuracy and within
time constraints.
Keywords: Earned value cost control, Scheduling, cost Variance,
schedule Variance, Tracking.
I. INTRODUCTION
Earned Value Management (EVM) is a systematic
approach to the integration and measurement of cost,
schedule, and technical progress of a project or task. It
provides project manager’s ability to examine detailed
schedule information, critical program, technical milestones,
and cost data.EVM was applied for financial analysis in the
United States Government programs in the 1960’s. Earned
value-based performance management began in the 1960’s,
based initially on Department of Defense (DOD)
Cost/Schedule Control Systems Criteria (C/SCSC) Earned
Value was used as an objective measure for progress, i.e.,
physical accomplishment. In 1970’s-80’s DOD continued its
work using EV, also applied over the four decades. DOD then
concluded that Earned Value Management System (EVMS) is
very valuable project management and control system. It is a
tool that gives Early Warning in cost schedule & project
performance. [23]
Construction industry is one of the largest economy
sectors in India. Many construction companies have to face
lots of problems due to over budgeted cost, overtime and
improper planning, delays in construction lack of manpower,
machinery and many other common problems during project
execution. One of the serious problems are overrunning of
project and over budgeted cost of project. To overcome these
problems, Earned Value analysis is the technique that fills up
all the above loopholes. Due to implementation of EVA,
project manager now have the capability to express, cost,
schedule & project performance of their work in a systematic,
well- defined & understandable manner to satisfy
requirements of employees, superior and customers.
In Traditional management, there are two data sources,
the budget (or planned) expenditures and the actual
expenditures. The comparison of budget versus actual
expenditures merely indicates what was planned to be spent
versus what was actually spent at any given time. In Earned
Value Management, unlike in traditional management, there
are three data sources: the budget (or planned) value of work
scheduled, the actual value of work completed, the “earned
value” of the physical work completed. EVA considers these
three data sources and is able to compare the budgeted value
of work scheduled and compare it to the “earned value of
actual work completed”. With the help of EVA, project
managers get adequate information to keep deep
understanding of risk areas. With the help of it, project
managers get an early signal of project cost and schedule and
can make a risk attenuation plan which is based on cost,
schedule and progress of project.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Every project manager focuses on the point that the
project should be within the budget and within the cost and
how could this be done.
It may happen that project may be over schedule or over
budget, to calculate this great mathematician are required. So
to overcome with this problem EVA is the technique to be
applied in the construction. Ample literature available on the
Earned Value Analysis (EVA), Earned Schedule (ES) and
Earned Value Management (EVM) and there are different
ways to apply them in construction industry. Among them
many are from different countries and very few are from India.
Following are the various authors who have performed their
work and reviewed on EVA.
1. Lipke Walt et al (2007)
In Project Management Institute (USA), Earned
Value and Earned Schedule was applied and study was carried
out by Lipke Walt. Author with a detailed study concluded
that EVM with ES provides incredible management
information. The author applied a Decision Logic Diagram as
a tool that gives the good connection of EV with the project
status indicators of EV.
2. Agata Czarnigowska et al (2011)
Author overviewed the recent work and concluded
that Earned Value (EV) alone is not effective. By combining it
with any other tool facilitates monitoring the project status,
2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar-Apr 2015), PP. 15-22
16 | P a g e
identification of potentially negative signals and a generalized
appraisal of their combined effect on the project’s outcome.
3. Kendrick et al (2004)
Said that EVM seem complex but it has a simple
foundation. It helps in tracking the performance of a project by
simple arithmetical calculations. For larger projects these
calculations become to tedious, so use of MSP, Primavera and
other software is the solution. Author compared the three
software and found accuracy by all the methods and concluded
that by use of software in the construction project, EV work as
a predictor within less duration of time.
4. Harold Kerzner et al (1998)
Considered EVA a relevant maturity differential in
project management. Managing costs using EVA is referred to
as “managing with open eyes” because the manager can
clearly see what was planned, what was performed and the
actual costs. This is a powerful tool in the decision making
process. In the day-to-day activities of the project manager,
EVA provides “alarm” signals and facilitates decisions that
keep the project on time and on budget.
III. CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGIES RELATED to
EARNED VALUE MANAGEMENT
Earned Value analysis is a method of performance
measurement. Earned Value is a program management
technique that uses “work in progress” to indicate what will
happen to work in the future. Earned value management is an
“early warning system” for planning and controlling the
project cost performances. EVM establish work packages
earned value baseline by integrating project scope, time
schedule and cost objectives. This baseline is called as cost
control and is used for performance evaluation of project on a
given date. Analysis of variance from the baseline provides
the cost related information’s for problem identification, trend
analysis and corrective actions such as re-planning and
revising budget and re-scheduling. Earned value analysis
serves two main purposes. It analyses cost changes which is
resulting in time and cost over-run or under-run so that timely
corrective actions are taken such as modification of cash flow,
updating financial forecast and project profitability
expectations. Analysis of variance from the baseline using
earned value management systems gives variety of variances
which are analyzed to provide current status of project, to
initiate corrective actions and to forecast future trends Earned
Value Management has three measures: planned value (PV),
actual cost (AC), and earned value (EV).From the three
measures, project performance indicators are formed.
– BCWS ( PV)Budgeted Cost of Works Scheduled – It
is the baseline for the analysis, cumulated planned costs
related to time of their incurrence; Figure 1 shows the graph
of BCWS vs. Time
– BCWP(EV) – Budgeted Cost of Work Performed –
It is a measure of physical progress of works expressed by
cumulated planned cost of works actually done related to time,
it is also called Earned Value (like the method it is used by);
– ACWP (AC) – Actual Cost of Work Performed – A
cumulated amount payable for
work done related to time;
– BAC – Budget at Completion – The total planned
cost of the whole project, it
equals BCWS at the planned finish;
– T – planned duration of the project.
Fig.2 and Fig.3 and Fig.4 represents graph of BCWS
BCWP and ACWP with time and show relationship with each
other.
Fig-1 Graph of BCWS vs.Time
49000
56000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Jan-03
Feb-03
Mar-03
Apr-03
May-03
Jun-03
Jul-03
Aug-03
Sep-03
Oct-03
Nov-03
Dec-03
BCWP
ACWP
Fig-2 Graph of BCWP and ACWP vs Time
49000
55000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Jan-03
Feb-03
Mar-03
Apr-03
May-03
Jun-03
Jul-03
Aug-03
Sep-03
Oct-03
Nov-03
Dec-03
BCWP
BCWS
Fig-3 Graph of BCWP and BCWS vs Time
55000
49000
56000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Jan-03
Feb-03
Mar-03
Apr-03
May-03
Jun-03
Jul-03
Aug-03
Sep-03
Oct-03
Nov-03
Dec-03
BCWS
BCWP
ACWP
Fig-4 Graph of BCWP, ACWP and BCWS vs. Time
3. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar-Apr 2015), PP. 15-22
17 | P a g e
Project Status Indicators:
SV: Schedule Variance (EV-PV)
A comparison of amount of work performed
during a given period of time to what was
scheduled to be performed.
A negative variance means the project is
behind schedule
CV: Cost Variance (EV-AC)
A comparison of the budgeted cost of work
performed with actual cost.
A negative variance means the project is
over budget
SPI: Schedule Performance Index
SPI=EV/PV
If SPI<1 means project is behind schedule
CPI: Cost Performance Index
CPI= EV/AC
If CPI<1 means project is over budget
CSI: Cost Schedule Index (CSI=CPI x SPI)
The further CSI is from 1.0, the less likely
project recovery becomes.
Estimate at completion (EAC)
EAC=BAC+CV
Fig-5 Graph showing PV AC and EV
Here figure 5 defines AC EV and PV. All these are project
status indicators that indicate the progress of project.
IV. DETAILS of CASE STUDY:
In this paper, construction of hospital building is referred as a
case study. The building is located in Gulbarga, Godutai
Nagar, Sedam road. The name of the building is Esic multi
specialty hospital which is one of the reputed hospitals in
Karnataka. Currently, other different projects are going on
namely Esic Medical College, residencies and dental college.
The site map of the building is as shown in figure 6.
Fig.6 Site map of Esic Hospital
The Esic Hospital building is a multi specialty hospital
having 500 beds capacity, having air-conditioned operation
theatres, residencies for doctors as well as employees. It
consists of Basement+G+7 floors. It has total floor area 11230
sq.m. The total height of the building is 41.6 m.
V. METHODOLOGY USED
In construction industry before commencement of the
project, the project has to be planned properly in terms of
activities, schedule as well as cost and if the project is behind
schedule and over budgeted, it can be controlled by EARNED
VALUE ANALYSIS. One of the tools used for Earned Value
Analysis is by using MS Project. MS-Project produces a
tabular report that totals the following earned value measures:
– BCWS, BCWP, ACWP, SV, CV, EAC, BAC and VAC.
Microsoft Project is a great tool to track project performance
using Earned Value. Figure 7 shows the flowchart of the steps
used in MS Project and Figure 8 give the view of MS Project
entry table.
Fig.7 Flowchart of Steps in MS Project
4. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar-Apr 2015), PP. 15-22
18 | P a g e
Fig-8
A. Activity Planning and Scheduling in MSP Software
For understanding of project at different time stages,
Outline option gives better view, which is understood by
attached bar charts generated by M S Project. Figure 9 shows
the task dependency relationship. Linking of activities clearly
indicate SS (Start to Start), SF (Start to Finish), FS (Finish to
Start) and FF (Finish to Finish) activities. After linking of
activities, the typical project gets formed with critical path.
(Fig.10)
Fig-9 Task Dependency Relationship
Fig.10 Project with Critical Path
5. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar-Apr 2015), PP. 15-22
19 | P a g e
B. Tracking of Project (Time Factor)
After setting up of baseline and linking of activities
with each other we can get the entire duration of project with
the help of critical path.
The project progress can be ensured by tracking
process. Microsoft Office Project helps us by creating reports
that will clearly explain the status of a project. The two major
analyses that are performed during tracking phase are:
1. Variance Analysis
Any variance between a Planned and Actual
Data is called Variance Analysis
Example:
1. Planned Start VS. Actual Start
2. Planed Duration VS. Actual Duration
3. Planned Cost VS. Actual Cost Etc.
2. Earned Value Analysis
An Advanced method to check the overall
Project Performance in terms of Schedule and Cost
(Schedule Performance Index and Cost Performance
Index) and Forecasting Microsoft Office Following
are the steps.
Settings before Tracking
1. The Project Schedule should be complete with, all the
approvals related to resources Assignment and Cost
estimated.
2. Freeze the Project Schedule by using the following
command. This step, MS Office Project stores all the
planned data, which can be used to do variance Analysis
during Tracking Tools > Tracking > Set-Baseline. Setting
of baseline is shown in figure no.11.
3. Select the option as per the above figure and click OK.
4. Go to “Tracking Gantt" View using the View Bar as
shown in figure no.12-16.
5. In the tracking Gantt, If you notice the bar chart area, we
find 2 bars for each task. The bar in black colour and
which is at the bottom indicates the frozen planned data
(also Called Baseline Bar).
6. The bar above in red colour is the current bar (which will
indicate our actual progress of the project tasks).
7. Now the bar chart is almost ready for graphical
comparison (Plan VS Actual).
Fig-11 Setting up Baseline
Fig-12 Activities with Baseline
8. For better understanding, vertical lines can also be provided to indicate actual start and actual finish of the work. This can be
done with the help of formatting of gridlines. After selecting a unique colour for project data, project status and critical path,
the updated project is as shown below.(Fig.13)
Fig-13 Updated Project with Baseline
6. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
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20 | P a g e
Fig-14 Load the "Tracking" Toolbar(Fig.14)
The typical tracked project will be as follows-(Fig.15)
With the help of variance we can get to know that whether the project is behind schedule or within the schedule (SV) and
within the budget or over budget (CV), these variances can be tabulated in MS Project (Fig.16)
Fig-15 Tracked Project
Fig.16 Tracked Project with Variance
7. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar-Apr 2015), PP. 15-22
21 | P a g e
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
With the help of referred case study, the various
project status indicators were calculated. The results were
determined by using following formulae.
BCWS= Rs. 51, 90, 40, 13
BCWP = Rs. 52, 29, 60,158
ACWP = Rs. 52, 84, 58,027
1) CV= BCWP – ACWP
=52,29,60,158– 52,84,58,027
= Rs. - 54,97,869
2) CPI = BCWP / ACWP
= 52,29,60,158 / 52,84,58,027
= 0.9895
The CV and CPI represent cost performance of the project, If
CPI,
1. Less than 1 (< 1) means ‘Cost is Over run’ (Project is
uneconomical in terms of cost)
2. More than 1 (>1) means ‘Cost is Under run’ (Project
is economical in terms of cost)
Estimated cost at project completion (ECPC) =
Project Budgeted cost/ CPI
= 234, 93, 91,604/0.9895
= 237, 43, 21,985
Cost impact @ 30/4/14 = Approximate 2.5 crore SV and SPI
represent time performance of the project, If SPI,
1. Less than 1 (< 1) means Project is behind schedule.
2. More than 1 (>1) means Project is ahead of schedule.
Estimated Time at project completion
=Project Scheduled time / SPI
=900/1.0075
=893.30
VII. CONCLUSION
1. Specific Conclusion:
According to referred case study, it can be
concluded that the project is over budget and
within the schedule
Two parameters of EV i.e. CPI and SPI
clearly indicate the lacunas of project in
terms of cost and schedule which can help to
track the project and hence help in
successful completion of project.
The calculation of EV parameters can also
be done manually but with the help of MS
Project, calculation can be done in an
efficient manner within short time, this can
be helpful in megaprojects.
2. General Conclusion:
Construction of project comprises of large numbers of
activity which indeed very complex in nature MS-Project
gives better interface which help:
To create a work sequence at micro level and macro
level.
To create constraints, deadline and milestone within
the project which further helps the manager to plan
the resources to achieve the same.
To form 'Work packages' at different interval or in
project duration helps to set short term milestone
achievement plan.
Gives various options for duration crashing, by which
one can reduce the time and justify the project for
duration as well as cost reduction.
To create resources procurement plan (Man
/Machine /Material) with respect to lead time chart of
respective company. Bar chart option available in
MS-Project tool, gives us the time study, project
analysis and its optimization.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1]. Lipke, Walt. “Schedule is Different,” The Measurable News,
March 2003: 10-15.
[2]. Henderson, Kym. “Earned Schedule: A Breakthrough
Extension to Earned Value Theory? A Retrospective Analysis
of Real Project Data,” The Measurable News,Summer 2003:
13-23.
[3]. Henderson, Kym. “Further Developments in Earned
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3) SV = BCWP – BCWS
= 52,29,60,158 -51,90,40,136
= Rs. 39,20,022
4) SPI =BCWP / BCWS
= 1.0075
8. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar-Apr 2015), PP. 15-22
22 | P a g e
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Analysis”, March 16, 2002
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…. A re-examination of CPI and evaluation of SPI (t)
stability?” SPI Stability Paper publication version v1
disclaimer.
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