The document discusses various components used in cosmetic formulations such as borax in cold creams, ingredients in vanishing creams, toothpastes, hair dyes, and sunscreens. It provides details on the classification of sunscreens as physical or chemical based on their active ingredients and mechanism of action, as well as factors that influence the effectiveness of sun protection factor ratings. Common sunscreen agents like PABA, PABA esters, and benzophenones are also described along with their absorption spectra and benefits.

1. PRESENTED BY
Dr DEEPAK KAUSHIK
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR & IQAC OFFICER
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
M.D.UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK
COSMETICS

4. FORMULATION COMPONENTS

6. USE OF BORAX IN COLD
CREAMS
 When borax is dissolved in water it produces
boric acid and sodium hydroxide. The sodium
hydroxide interacts with cerotic acid in the
beeswax – a free fatty acid that makes up about
13% of beeswax by weight – and forms an
anionic emulsifier, while the boric acid buffers the
system. The emulsifier created by the chemical
reaction made the oil and water parts of the cold
cream less likely to separate on standing, so cold
creams made with borax are more stable

9. VANISHING CREAM

10. FORMULATION COMPONENTS

12. METHOD OF PREPARATION

15. TOOTHPASTES

28. FORMULATION COMPONENTS

32. HAIR DYE

35. FORMULATION COMPONENTS

36. FORMULAION COMPONENTS

37. SUNSCREENS

40. SUNSCREEN CLASSIFICATIONS
 Physical
 Opaque formulations containing:
 titanium dioxide
 talc, kaolin
 zinc oxide
 ferric chloride
 icthyol, red petrolatum
 Mechanism: scatters or reflects UV radiation due to
large particle size

41.  Chemical
 Formulations containing one or more:
 PABA, PABA esters
 benzophenones
 cinnamates
 salicylates
 digalloyl trioleate
 anthranilates
 Mechanism: absorbs UV radiation
SUNSCREEN CLASSIFICATIONS

42. SUNSCREENS
 Factors which influence effectiveness of SPFs
 Difference in skin types.
 Thickness of the applied sunscreen.
 Time of day.
 Altitude: each 1,000 ft increase adds 4% to the intensity of
erythema producing UV radiation; thus intensity is about 20%
greater in Pocatello than at sea level.
 Environment: snow/white surfaces reflect 70-90%, and
when directly overhead water reflects nearly 100% of UVR.
 Vehicle: determines skin penetration of sunscreen.

43. Category Skin Type SPF
I Always burns, never tans 15 >
II Burns easily 15
III Burns moderately, (avg caucasian) 10-15
IV Burns minimally, tans well (olive skin”) 6-10
V Rarely burns, tans profusely (brown skin) 4-6
VI Never burns (black skin) none

44. SUNCREEN AGENTS
PABA (Para-aminobenzoic acid)
 Very effective in the UVB range (200-320 nm).
 Most effective in conc of 5% in 70% ethanol.
 Maximum benefit when applied 60 min prior to
exposure (to ensure penetration and binding to stratum
corneum).
 Does NOT prevent drug/chemical-induced
photosensitivity rxn.
 Contact dermatitis can develop.
 May produce transient drying/stinging from alcohol
content (may be alleviated by adding 10-20% glycerol).
 May stain clothing.

45. SUNCREEN AGENTS
PABA Esters (Padimate A, Padimate O,
Glyceryl PABA)
 Also very effective in UVB range (280-320)
 Most effective in conc. 2.5-8% in 65% alcohol
 May penetrate less effectively than PABA
 Similar application and adverse effect
 Less staining

46. Benzophenones (oxybenzone, dioxybenzone,
sulisobensone)
 Slightly less effective than PABA.
 Absorbs from 250-400 nm spectrum (ie, UVA & UVB).
 Combined with PABA or PABA ester improves
penetration and is superior to either agent used alone
(200-400 nm wavelength coverage).
 Beneficial in preventing photosensitivity rxns.
 Contact dermatitis is rare.
SUNCREEN AGENTS

47. Formulation (cream)
 Suncreen agent 50
 Emulsifyer 75
 Cetyl alcohol 10
 Isopropyl myristate 150
 Liquid paraffin 170
 Glycerol 30
 Water to 1000