Shampoo
Human Hair Structure
Introduction
Shampoo is a hair care product that is used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair.
Introduction
Ideal Properties
Functions of Shampoo
Classification
Classification
Based on Appearance:
Powder Shampoos
Liquid Shampoos or Lotion
Gel Shampoos or Solid Cream
Classification
Classification
II. Based on Use or Function:
Conditioning Shampoos
Antidandruff and Therapeutic
Baby
Balancing
Clarifying
Classification
III. Based on Origin:
Compositions
Shampoos are typically composed of 10 to 30 ingredients.
Several types of ingredients are particularly important, including “Surfactants" that aid in cleansing and lathering.
“Conditioners" and “Active ingredients" that affect the hair and scalp.
“Additives" that stabilize the product.
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Manufacturing Process
Some pearlising agents are waxy solids at ambient temperature and require melting in a drum oven or similar before use.
Demineralised water is most commonly used in order to minimise contamination of the product.
No further processing is required after blending, and the product may be packed off directly from the mixing vessel.
Manufacturing Process
For preparing liquid shampoo,
Triethanalamine lauvyl sulfate,
stearic acid are heated to about 650C.
Water & preservatives are also heated to 650C.
Both the solutions are mixed together and then cooled.
Perfumes are added after that. The shampoo thus prepared is bottled by automatic bottle filling machine.
Quality Control Tests
a)Foam Stability
Cylinder shake method was used for determining foaming ability.
50ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250ml graduated cylinder and cover the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated. Foam should retain for atleast 5mins.
Foam Stability = V2-V1
Quality Control Tests
b)Skin – irritation Test:
Draize test in Rabbits where a patch test technique is used on the intact skin of Albino Rabbits.
A set of 6Rabbits used for testing each material.
Shampoos should be tested only for a short duration thatis,not more than(NMT)4hours as these products come in contact with skin only for a short duration.
These preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8 to 10%.
Quality Control Tests
c)Wetting Action:
Canvas disk is used, is one inch in diameter is floated on the surface of a solution and the time required for it to sink is measured accurately.
Quality Control Tests
d)Viscosity:
Is determined using Brookefield Viscometer.
100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker and spindle is dipped in it for about 5min and then reading is taken.
Quality Control
Emollients are non-cosmetic moisturisers which come in the form of creams, ointments, lotions and gels. Emollients help skin to feel more comfortable and less itchy. They keep the skin moist and flexible, helping to prevent cracks.
COSMETICS CLASSIFICATION By Tannu SainiTannuSaini4
Classification of Cosmetics -
Can be classified based on widely used body parts as:
Skin cosmetics
Hair cosmetics
Face cosmetics
Eye make ups
Lip decorators & carers
Nail cosmetics
Through this presentation viewers will be able to define Cosmetics, Classify cosmetics on different basis, Explain about various Facial Cosmetics, Such As Face powder, Cold Cream, Vanishing Cream, Cleansing Cream, Lipstick, Various Eye make-up preparations.
Shampoo
Human Hair Structure
Introduction
Shampoo is a hair care product that is used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair.
Introduction
Ideal Properties
Functions of Shampoo
Classification
Classification
Based on Appearance:
Powder Shampoos
Liquid Shampoos or Lotion
Gel Shampoos or Solid Cream
Classification
Classification
II. Based on Use or Function:
Conditioning Shampoos
Antidandruff and Therapeutic
Baby
Balancing
Clarifying
Classification
III. Based on Origin:
Compositions
Shampoos are typically composed of 10 to 30 ingredients.
Several types of ingredients are particularly important, including “Surfactants" that aid in cleansing and lathering.
“Conditioners" and “Active ingredients" that affect the hair and scalp.
“Additives" that stabilize the product.
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Manufacturing Process
Some pearlising agents are waxy solids at ambient temperature and require melting in a drum oven or similar before use.
Demineralised water is most commonly used in order to minimise contamination of the product.
No further processing is required after blending, and the product may be packed off directly from the mixing vessel.
Manufacturing Process
For preparing liquid shampoo,
Triethanalamine lauvyl sulfate,
stearic acid are heated to about 650C.
Water & preservatives are also heated to 650C.
Both the solutions are mixed together and then cooled.
Perfumes are added after that. The shampoo thus prepared is bottled by automatic bottle filling machine.
Quality Control Tests
a)Foam Stability
Cylinder shake method was used for determining foaming ability.
50ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250ml graduated cylinder and cover the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated. Foam should retain for atleast 5mins.
Foam Stability = V2-V1
Quality Control Tests
b)Skin – irritation Test:
Draize test in Rabbits where a patch test technique is used on the intact skin of Albino Rabbits.
A set of 6Rabbits used for testing each material.
Shampoos should be tested only for a short duration thatis,not more than(NMT)4hours as these products come in contact with skin only for a short duration.
These preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8 to 10%.
Quality Control Tests
c)Wetting Action:
Canvas disk is used, is one inch in diameter is floated on the surface of a solution and the time required for it to sink is measured accurately.
Quality Control Tests
d)Viscosity:
Is determined using Brookefield Viscometer.
100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker and spindle is dipped in it for about 5min and then reading is taken.
Quality Control
Emollients are non-cosmetic moisturisers which come in the form of creams, ointments, lotions and gels. Emollients help skin to feel more comfortable and less itchy. They keep the skin moist and flexible, helping to prevent cracks.
COSMETICS CLASSIFICATION By Tannu SainiTannuSaini4
Classification of Cosmetics -
Can be classified based on widely used body parts as:
Skin cosmetics
Hair cosmetics
Face cosmetics
Eye make ups
Lip decorators & carers
Nail cosmetics
Through this presentation viewers will be able to define Cosmetics, Classify cosmetics on different basis, Explain about various Facial Cosmetics, Such As Face powder, Cold Cream, Vanishing Cream, Cleansing Cream, Lipstick, Various Eye make-up preparations.
Formulation & evalution of hair dye.pptxAvinashBorad1
topic :-
what is hair dye?
types of hair dye
formulation ingredients of hair dye.
method of preparation of hair dye.
Hair dye uses and health implications
in this it is described that what is hair tonic and hair conditioner.
types and formulation of each
evalution of hair dye.
Chemistry and formulation of para phenylenediamine based hair dye.ruchisuryawanshi1234
Para phenylenediamine is the chemical substance mostly used in preparation of permanent hair dye products.
Para phenylenediamine interact with penetrating the cuticle and bonding with the hair protein.
Safety considerations while using PPD hair dye.
Studies on textile printing on cotton fabric with Various ThickenerVijay Prakash
Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest examples include Cylinder seals and other objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of woodblock printing came from China dating to before 220 A.D. Later developments in printing include the movable type, first developed by Bi Sheng in China. The printing press, a more efficient printing process for western languages with their more limited alphabets, was developed by Johannes Gutenberg in the fifteenth century.
Modern printing is done typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is also frequently done on metals, plastics, cloth and composite materials. On paper it is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing.
Printing spread early to Korea and Japan, which also used Chinese logograms, but the technique was also used in Turpan and Vietnam using a number of other scripts. This technique then spread to Persia and Russia. This technique was transmitted to Europe from China, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. However, Arabs never used this to print the Quran because of the limit of Islam doctrine.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
Hair dyes
1. Hair Dyes
Dr. Prashant L. Pingale
Associate Professor,
Dept. of Pharmaceutics,
GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharm. Edu. and Research,
Nashik-422005
2. History of Hair colors
• Early Egyptians used the first hair color.
• First culture to color hair
• Used:
– Henna- Red hues
– Chamomile- Blonde Hues
– Sage- Brown Hues
3. • Red hair was popular due to:
Queen Elizabeth’s red hair.
Women would:
– Apply mixture of black sulfur, alum,
and honey and sit in the sun until the
hair has turned a golden.
4. • Late 1800’s
Paraphenlylenediame
– Chemical base for hair color
– Mixed with metallic salts for color
• Metallic salts are a combination of copper, lead,
silver, and other metals with a weak acid
5. Early 20th Century
• Popular for actresses to
color their hair.
• It wasn’t until the middle
of the century that a
common woman dying her
hair was accepted.
6. Reasons for hair color
• To change the natural color of the hair,
• To color the grey hair,
• To change the color of the hair temporarily
for a particular occasion
7. Ideal characteristics of hair colors
• Color hair without reducing natural gloss
• Not change the texture of hairs
• Not injure hair shaft
• Non-irritant & free from sensitization
• Not have systemic toxicity
• Color of dyed hair: stable to physical factors
• No effect of shampoos, brilliantines, setting lotions on the
dyed hair.
• Stable in the formulation sold in market
8. RAW MATERIALS
• Differ from manufacturer to manufacturer.
• In general, hair dyes include dyes,
– modifiers,
– antioxidants,
– alkali,
– soaps,
– ammonia,
– wetting agents,
– fragrance,
• A variety of other chemicals used in small amounts that impart special
qualities to hair (such as softening the texture) or give a desired action to
the dye (such as making it more or less permanent).
• Dye chemicals are usually amino compounds.
9. RAW MATERIALS
• Other chemicals used in hair dyes act as modifiers, which
stabilize the dye pigments or otherwise act to modify the
shade.
• The modifiers may bring out color tones, such as green or
purple, which complement the dye pigment. e.g. resorcinol
• Antioxidants protect the dye from oxidizing with air. Most
commonly used is sodium sulfite.
• Alkali are added to change the pH of the dye formula,
because the dyes work best in a highly alkaline composition.
Ammonium hydroxide is a common alkali.
10. Types of hair colors
• Temporary hair color
• Semi permanent hair color
• Permanent hair color
11. Temporary hair color
• Temporary hair color is available in various product forms including
rinses, shampoos, gels, sprays, foams.
• This type of hair color is typically used to give brighter, more vibrant
shades or colors such as orange or red, that may be difficult to achieve
with semi-permanent and permanent hair color.
• While temporary hair color products hold a lesser market than semi-
permanent and permanent agents, they have value in that they can be
easily and quickly removed without bleaching or application of a
different coloring product.
• These colorants do not penetrate into cortex or medulla.
• As such the dye is easily removed with shampoo so known as temporary
hair color
12. Semi permanent hair color
• Differ form color shampoo with respect to time
• Give stronger & more permanent coloration to hair
• Some colors are removed in 4-8 shampooings.
• Dyes used are:
– Ntirophenyledenediamine,
– Nitroaminopheols,
– Aminoanthraquinones.
• Mixture is prepared before preparing color shades.
• Should be studied on white wool or hair.
• Semi hair color has no Ammonia.
13. Permanent color
• All "permanent" haircolor products and lighteners contain both a
developer, or oxidizing agent, and an alkalizing ingredient as part of
their ammonia or an ammonia substitute.
• The purpose of this is to:
– raise the cuticle of the hair fiber so the tint can penetrate,
– facilitate the formation of tints within the hair fiber,
– bring about the lightening action of peroxide.
• When the tint (color) containing the alkalizing ingredient is combined
with the developer (usually hydrogen peroxide), the peroxide becomes
alkaline and diffuses through the hair fiber, entering the cortex, where
the melanin is located.
• The lightening occurs when the alkaline peroxide breaks up the melanin
and replaces it with new color.
14. • Permanent hair-coloring products consist of two components
that are packaged separately and mixed together immediately
before application.
• One package contains a solution of hydrogen peroxide
(usually 6%) in water or a lotion base.
• The other package usually contains an ammonia solution of
dye intermediates and preformed dyes—called couplers.
15. • Now a days, plant materials are used e.g. henna leaves
• Infusions, decoctions of plant materials are used.
• The paste of powder of henna leaves prepared in hot water
• After cooling it is applied with stiff brush & allow to dry.
• Henna contains lawsone (2- hydroxy- 1,4- napthoquinone)
16. • Advantages of henna:
– Non-toxic,
– Non sensitizing to skin
• But laborious work to prepare henna paste
• Following composition is generally used nowadays:
Powdered henna 89%
Pyrogallic acid 6%
CuSO4 5%
• Concentration of pyrogallic acid responsible for color
20. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Checking ingredients
• Before a batch of hair dye is made, the ingredients
must be certified.
• Certification may be done by the manufacturer in-
house.
• In many cases, the ingredients arrive from a reputable
vendor who has provided a CoA and this satisfies the
manufacturer's requirements
21. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Weighing
• Next a worker weighs out the ingredients for the batch.
• For some ingredients, only a small amount is necessary in the
batch.
• But if a very large batch is being made, and several ingredients
are needed in large amounts, these may be piped in from
storage tanks.
22. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Pre-mixing
• In some hair dye formulas, the dye chemicals are pre-mixed
in hot water.
• The dye chemicals are dumped in a tank, and water which
has been already heated to 158°F(70°C) is pumped in.
• Other ingredients or solvents may also be added to the pre-
mix.
• The pre-mix is agitated for approximately 20 minutes
23. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Mixing
• The pre-mix is then added to a larger tank, containing the
other ingredients of the hair dye.
• In a small batch, the tanks used may hold about 1,600 lbs
(725 kg), and they are portable.
• A worker wheels the pre-mix tank to the second mix tank
and pours the ingredients in.
• For a very large batch, the tanks may hold 10 times as
much as the portable tanks, and in this case they are
connected by pipes.
25. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Mixing
• In a formula in which no pre-mixing is required, after checking and
weighing, the ingredients go directly to the mixing step.
• The ingredients are simply mixed in the tank until the proper
consistency is reached.
• If a heated pre-mix is used, the second mix solution must be allowed to
cool.
• The ingredients that follow the pre-mix may be additional solvents,
surfactants, and alkalizers.
• If the formula includes alcohol, it is no added until the mix reaches
40°C, so that it does not evaporate.
• Fragrances too are often added at the end of the mix.
26. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Packaging
• From the filling area, the bottles are taken to the packaging line.
• At the packaging line, the hair dye bottle is put in a box, together
with any other elements such as a bottle of developer or special
finishing shampoo, instruction sheet, and gloves and cap, or any
other tools provided for the consumer.
• After the package is complete, it is put in a shipping carton.
• The full cartons are then taken to the warehouse to await
distribution.
29. Test for developer
• pH (2 to 4)
• Assay for H2O2 (max. 12 m/m)
– Assay % = VN1/N2M x 34.02
• Residue on evaporation (max. 0.2 m/v)
– % by mass = m/V x 100