Injections must be sterile, isotonic solutions or suspensions of drugs meant for introduction into the body via needle. Solutions contain dissolved drugs while suspensions contain insoluble particles dispersed in liquid. Both contain excipients like antioxidants, antimicrobials, buffers, and substances for adjusting tonicity or viscosity. Diazepam 5mg/ml and Amikacin 250mg/ml injections are examples provided, with details on active ingredients, excipients, uses, side effects and preparation methods involving strict aseptic techniques.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
A detailed study on every aspects of parenteral :- introduction, preformulation factors, essential requirements, vehicles and additives, isotonicity, production procedure, facilities, and controls, container and closure selection and finally the quality control evaluation of parenterals.
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
A detailed study on every aspects of parenteral :- introduction, preformulation factors, essential requirements, vehicles and additives, isotonicity, production procedure, facilities, and controls, container and closure selection and finally the quality control evaluation of parenterals.
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Pharmaceutical aerosols have been playing a crucial role in the health and wellbeing of millions of people throughout the world for many years. These products include pressurized metered dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, sublingual’s, skin sprays (coolants, anaesthetics, etc.) and dental sprays. The technology’s continual advancement, the ease of use, and the more desirable pulmonary-rather-than-needle delivery for systemic drugs has increased the attraction for the pharmaceutical aerosol in recent years.
Many of the tests required for the evaluation of MDIs are similar to those used for other dosage forms. These include description, identification, and assay of the active ingredient; microbial limits; moisture content; net weight, degradation products and impurities (if any); extractable; and any other tests deemed appropriate for the active ingredient.
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Quality Control Tests Of Capsules dosage form.
1. Weight Variation Test
2. Content Uniformity Test
3. Dissolution Test
4. Disintegration Test
5. Leak Test
I Omkar B. Tipugade , M-Pharm, Sem 4th , Department of Pharmaceutics , Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon. Today I published the hard gelatin & Soft Gelatin Capsule in brief .
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
The extraction of morphine from the poppy plant involves several steps. Here is a general outline of the process:
1. Cultivation and Harvesting: Poppy plants (Papaver somniferum) are cultivated and grown in suitable conditions. The plants are typically harvested when the seeds have matured and the capsules contain the highest amount of alkaloids, including morphine.
2. Incision and Latex Collection: The capsules of the poppy plant are carefully incised to create small cuts or "scores." The latex, which contains morphine, begins to ooze out of the cuts. This process is known as latex collection.
3. Scraping and Collection: The latex that has oozed out of the incisions is carefully scraped off the surface of the capsules using a specialized tool. This collected latex contains various alkaloids, including morphine.
4. Alkaloid Extraction: The collected latex is mixed with a solvent, such as ethanol or methanol, to dissolve the alkaloids. This mixture is typically stirred or shaken to ensure thorough extraction. The solvent acts as a carrier for the morphine and other alkaloids.
5. Filtration: The mixture is then filtered to separate the liquid (containing the dissolved alkaloids) from any solid plant matter or impurities. This can be done using filter paper or other filtration methods.
6. Concentration: The filtered liquid, containing the dissolved alkaloids, is subjected to evaporation or other concentration techniques to remove the solvent and obtain a more concentrated alkaloid solution.
7. Purification: The concentrated alkaloid solution may undergo further purification steps to isolate and separate morphine from other alkaloids. This can involve techniques such as chromatography or crystallization.
8. Drying and Solidification: The purified morphine is typically dried to remove any remaining moisture. It is then processed into a solid form, such as a powder or crystalline substance.
It is important to note that the extraction of morphine from the poppy plant is a highly regulated process and is typically carried out by licensed pharmaceutical companies under strict legal controls.
For more detailed information and step-by-step procedures, you can refer to the following information links:
1. "Extraction of Morphine from Opium Poppy": This research article provides a detailed protocol for the extraction of morphine from the poppy plant using various solvents and purification techniques. [Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26798156/]
2. "Opium Poppy Cultivation and Opium Production": This document by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides an overview of opium poppy cultivation, harvesting, and processing, including the extraction of morphine. [Link: https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Opium_Poppy_Cultivation_and_Opium_Production.pdf]
Please note that the extraction and use of morphine are highly regulated due to its potential for misuse and addiction. It is essentihkkklllllllllllllllllll and ethical guidelines
Pharmaceutical aerosols have been playing a crucial role in the health and wellbeing of millions of people throughout the world for many years. These products include pressurized metered dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, sublingual’s, skin sprays (coolants, anaesthetics, etc.) and dental sprays. The technology’s continual advancement, the ease of use, and the more desirable pulmonary-rather-than-needle delivery for systemic drugs has increased the attraction for the pharmaceutical aerosol in recent years.
Many of the tests required for the evaluation of MDIs are similar to those used for other dosage forms. These include description, identification, and assay of the active ingredient; microbial limits; moisture content; net weight, degradation products and impurities (if any); extractable; and any other tests deemed appropriate for the active ingredient.
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Quality Control Tests Of Capsules dosage form.
1. Weight Variation Test
2. Content Uniformity Test
3. Dissolution Test
4. Disintegration Test
5. Leak Test
I Omkar B. Tipugade , M-Pharm, Sem 4th , Department of Pharmaceutics , Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon. Today I published the hard gelatin & Soft Gelatin Capsule in brief .
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
The extraction of morphine from the poppy plant involves several steps. Here is a general outline of the process:
1. Cultivation and Harvesting: Poppy plants (Papaver somniferum) are cultivated and grown in suitable conditions. The plants are typically harvested when the seeds have matured and the capsules contain the highest amount of alkaloids, including morphine.
2. Incision and Latex Collection: The capsules of the poppy plant are carefully incised to create small cuts or "scores." The latex, which contains morphine, begins to ooze out of the cuts. This process is known as latex collection.
3. Scraping and Collection: The latex that has oozed out of the incisions is carefully scraped off the surface of the capsules using a specialized tool. This collected latex contains various alkaloids, including morphine.
4. Alkaloid Extraction: The collected latex is mixed with a solvent, such as ethanol or methanol, to dissolve the alkaloids. This mixture is typically stirred or shaken to ensure thorough extraction. The solvent acts as a carrier for the morphine and other alkaloids.
5. Filtration: The mixture is then filtered to separate the liquid (containing the dissolved alkaloids) from any solid plant matter or impurities. This can be done using filter paper or other filtration methods.
6. Concentration: The filtered liquid, containing the dissolved alkaloids, is subjected to evaporation or other concentration techniques to remove the solvent and obtain a more concentrated alkaloid solution.
7. Purification: The concentrated alkaloid solution may undergo further purification steps to isolate and separate morphine from other alkaloids. This can involve techniques such as chromatography or crystallization.
8. Drying and Solidification: The purified morphine is typically dried to remove any remaining moisture. It is then processed into a solid form, such as a powder or crystalline substance.
It is important to note that the extraction of morphine from the poppy plant is a highly regulated process and is typically carried out by licensed pharmaceutical companies under strict legal controls.
For more detailed information and step-by-step procedures, you can refer to the following information links:
1. "Extraction of Morphine from Opium Poppy": This research article provides a detailed protocol for the extraction of morphine from the poppy plant using various solvents and purification techniques. [Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26798156/]
2. "Opium Poppy Cultivation and Opium Production": This document by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides an overview of opium poppy cultivation, harvesting, and processing, including the extraction of morphine. [Link: https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Opium_Poppy_Cultivation_and_Opium_Production.pdf]
Please note that the extraction and use of morphine are highly regulated due to its potential for misuse and addiction. It is essentihkkklllllllllllllllllll and ethical guidelines
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
Legal and official requirement of container, packaging Dheeraj Saini
Here we discuss, the following subject topics
1. Official and legal requirements of container
2. Types of packing
3. Material used in packing or container
4. Label
5. Labelling techniques
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. INTRODUCTION
Injection are the sterile solution or suspensions
of drugs in aqueous or oily vehicle meant for
introduction into the body by means of an
injectable needle under or through one or more
layers of the skin or mucous membrane.
Injections should be sterile, isotonic and free
from foreign particles, such as dust, fibres etc.
3. Formulation of injections (Solution
and suspension) :
Solution : A range of excipients may be
included in parenteral solutions, including
antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, buffers,
chelating agents, inert gases, and substances
for adjusting tonicity. Antioxidants maintain
product stability by being preferentially oxidized
over the shelf life of the product.
Antimicrobial preservatives inhibit the growth of
any microbes that are accidentally introduced
while doses are being withdrawn from multiple-
dose bottles and act as adjuncts in aseptic
processing of products
4. Suspension :
A suspension for injection consists of
insoluble solid particles dispersed in a liquid
medium, with the solid particles accounting
for0.5-30% of the suspension. The vehicle
may be aqueous, oil, or both.
Caking of injectable suspensions is minimized
through the production of flocculated systems,
comprising clusters of particles (flocs) held
together in a loose open structure.
5. Excipients in injectable suspensions include
antimicrobial preservatives, surfactants,
dispersing or suspending agents, and buffers.
Surfactants wet the suspended powders and
provide acceptable syringe ability while
suspending agents modify the viscosity of the
formulation.
7. Method of Preparation:
This formulation should be prepared
according to strict aseptic compounding
technique in a laminar airflow hood in a
clean room or via isolation barrier
technology by a compounding
pharmacist validated in aseptic
compounding. This is a high-risk
preparation.
8. Diazepam injection USP is a sterile
solution of diazepam in a suitable
medium. It has a pH between 6.2 and
6.9, contains not more than 11.6 USP
Endotoxin Units per mg of diazepam,
and has an osmolality of about 7,775
mOsm/kg.1 Because of the cosolvent
system used to solubilize the diazepam,
care should be taken when diluting this
injection.
9. Propylene glycol :
Propylene glycol (C3H8O2) occurs as a clear,
colorless, viscous, practically odorless liquid
with a sweet taste, somewhat resembling
glycerin. It has a specific gravity of 1.038
g/mL, and it is miscible with 95% ethanol,
glycerin, and water.5
10. Ethyl alcohol :
Ethyl alcohol, ethanol, grain alcohol,
C2H5OH, MW 46.07) is a clear, colorless,
mobile, volatile liquid with a slight,
characteristic odor and a burning taste.
Alcohol USP refers to 95% ethanol, and
dehydrated alcohol refers to 99.5% alcohol.
Its specific gravity is between 0.812 and
0.816, and its boiling point is 78.15°C.
Alcohol is miscible with glycerin and water.
11. Sodium benzoate :
Sodium benzoate (C7H5NaO2, MW 144.11)
occurs as a white granular or crystalline,
slightly hygroscopic powder. It is generally
odorless and has an unpleasant sweet and
salty taste. Sodium benzoate is soluble 1 g
in 1.8 mL of water and 75 mL of 95%
ethanol. It is used as an antimicrobial
preservative.
12. Benzoic acid :
Benzoic acid (C7H6O2, MW 122.12)
occurs as white crystals, scales, or
needles with a slight odor. It is somewhat
volatile at warmer temperatures, slightly
soluble in water, and freely soluble in
alcohol.
13. Benzyl alcohol :
Benzyl alcohol (C7H8O, MW 108.14) is an
antimicrobial preservative, disinfectant, and
solvent that occurs as a clear, colorless, oily
liquid that has a faint, aromatic odor and a
sharp, burning taste. Benzyl alcohol has a
specific gravity of about 1.045. It is soluble 1
g in 25 mL of water at 25°C and is miscible
with ethanol.
14. Uses :
Diazepam injection is used to treat anxiety
disorders, alcohol withdrawal symptoms,
or muscle spasms. Diazepam injection is
also used to treat a seizure emergency
called status epilepticus. Diazepam
injection is sometimes used as a sedative
to help you relax before having surgery or
other medical procedure.
15. Common side effects of diazepam
injection include:
drowsiness,
dizziness,
nausea,
poor coordination,
unsteadiness,
headache,
sleep disturbances,
low blood pressure,
17. Method of Preparation:
This formulation should be prepared
according to strict aseptic compounding
technique in a laminar airflow hood in a clean
room or via isolation barrier technology by a
compounding pharmacist validated in aseptic
compounding. This is a high-risk preparation.
18. Amikacin sulfate (Amikin, C22H43N5O13.2H2SO4,
MW 781.76) occurs as a white, crystalline powder
that is freely soluble in water. It contains the
equivalent of not less than 674 mcg and not more
than 786 mcg amikacin per mg, calculated on the
dried basis. On drying, it loses not more than
13.0% of its weight. It is important to check the
label of the bulk amikacin sulfate powder to
determine the equivalent amount to be used.
Amikacin sulfate should be preserved in a tight
container. The injection is colorless to light straw-
colored and has a pH ranging from 3.5 to 5.5.
19. Sodium citrate :
Sodium citrate (trisodium citrate, C6H5Na3O7, MW 258.07,
anhydrous; dihydrate, MW 294.10) occurs as colorless
crystals or as a white, crystalline powder. The hydrous form
is freely soluble in water (1 g in 1.5 mL), highly soluble in
boiling water (1 g in 0.6 mL), and insoluble in alcohol.
Sodium citrate is stable and can be sterilized by
autoclaving. When sodium citrate is stored in a glass
container for a period of time, separation of small, solid
particles may occur. The bulk material should be stored in
an airtight container in a cool, dry place. Each gram of
dihydrate represents approximately 10.2 mmol sodium and
3.4 mmol citrate; each gram of anhydrous represents about
11.6 mmol sodium and 3.9 mmol citrate.
20. Sodium bisulfite :
Sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogen sulfite,
NaHSO3, MW 104.07) occurs as a white,
crystalline powder. It is soluble 1 in 3.5 parts of
water and in 70 parts of 95% alcohol. Most
substances sold as sodium bisulfite contain
significant but variable amounts of sodium
metabisulfite; sodium metabisulfite is less
hygroscopic and more stable during storage and
shipment. Sodium bisulfite generally is used as
an antioxidant in solutions of intermediate pH
21. Sulfuric acid :
Sulfuric acid (oil of vitriol, H2SO4, MW 98.08)
occurs as a clear, colorless, oily liquid that is
miscible with water and alcohol with the
generation of heat. It is highly caustic and
corrosive. Sulfuric acid has an SG of about 1.84
and is used as an acidifying agent. It is
hygroscopic and contains not less than 95%
and not more than 98% of H2SO4 by weight, the
remainder being water. Sulfuric acid is a
powerful oxidizer; it may ignite or explode upon
contact with numerous materials.
22. Uses :
Amikacin 250mg Injection is an antibiotic
used to prevent or treat a wide variety of
bacterial infections. These may include
infections of the urinary tract, bones, and
joints, lungs (eg. pneumonia), brain, blood,
among others. It is also used in hospitalized
patients to prevent infections.
23. Side effects of Amikacin
Injection :
Increased blood urea.
Injection site reactions (pain, swelling,
redness).
24. Reference :
1.) U.S. Pharmacopeia 34/NF 29. Rockville, MD:
U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc;
2011:330-336,336-373,1009,2533-2536.
2.) McEvoy GK, ed. ASHP Drug Information
2011. Bethesda, MD: American Society of
Health-Systems Pharmacists; 2011:2620-2623.
3.) Niazi SK. Handbook of Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing Formulations, Volume 6—Sterile
Products. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press;
2004:73.
4.) USP Pharmacists’ Pharmacopeia. 2nd ed.
Rockville, MD: US Pharmacopeial Convention,
Inc; 2008:775-779,779-831,1463.