Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
Phytopharmaceuticals: Occurrence, isolation and characteristic features (chemical nature, uses in pharmacy, medicinal and health benefits) of Quercetin
Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptxSaloniSen3
Carotenoids, the colored pigments ranging from light yellow through orange to deep red, are biosynthesized by all photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, higher plants and also by some non-photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. The characteristic colors of many birds, insects, and marine invertebrates are also due to the presence of carotenoids, which originate from the diet. Animals are not able to synthesize carotenoids and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. More than 600 carotenoids are characterized structurally and the list is increasing continuously as newer compounds are being discovered. Commercially, carotenoids are used as colorants for human food and nutritional supplements, as feed additives to enhance the pigmentation of fish and eggs, as pharmaceutical products, and in the agriculture and cosmetic industry (Bramley,2003).
The major function of these isoprenoid molecules in plants is in photosynthesis wherein they protect the photosynthetic apparatus from excess light. They are also intermediates in the biosynthesis of abscissic acid and other apocarotenoids.
In recent years there has been considerable interest in the dietary carotenoids due to their provitamin A activity (Olson and Hayaishi, 1965; Nagao et al., 1997), high antioxidant potential (Sies and Stahl, 2003), and their ability to prevent the onset of certain cancers (Giovannuci, 1999; Gann et al., 1999) as well as age-related macular degeneration (Landrum and Bone, 2001).
The beneficial role of carotenoids in maintaining human health, their important role in plant photo protection, their versatile usage as food and feed supplements, and their applications in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries make them potential candidates for enhancement and manipulation. Over
the past three decades advances in molecular genetics and biotechnological approaches have led to the understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis and its manipulation in microorganisms and higher plants. Even though the structural genes of carotenoid biosynthesis have been identified and cloned, the regulation of
carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is poorly understood. Therefore, the type and amount of carotenoids to be accumulated by transformation is still unpredicted. The current paper reviews the advances made in carotenoid biosynthesis and its regulation. It also gives information about the metabolic engineering attempted in various microbes and higher plants with future research directions.
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
Phytopharmaceuticals: Occurrence, isolation and characteristic features (chemical nature, uses in pharmacy, medicinal and health benefits) of Quercetin
Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptxSaloniSen3
Carotenoids, the colored pigments ranging from light yellow through orange to deep red, are biosynthesized by all photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, higher plants and also by some non-photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. The characteristic colors of many birds, insects, and marine invertebrates are also due to the presence of carotenoids, which originate from the diet. Animals are not able to synthesize carotenoids and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. More than 600 carotenoids are characterized structurally and the list is increasing continuously as newer compounds are being discovered. Commercially, carotenoids are used as colorants for human food and nutritional supplements, as feed additives to enhance the pigmentation of fish and eggs, as pharmaceutical products, and in the agriculture and cosmetic industry (Bramley,2003).
The major function of these isoprenoid molecules in plants is in photosynthesis wherein they protect the photosynthetic apparatus from excess light. They are also intermediates in the biosynthesis of abscissic acid and other apocarotenoids.
In recent years there has been considerable interest in the dietary carotenoids due to their provitamin A activity (Olson and Hayaishi, 1965; Nagao et al., 1997), high antioxidant potential (Sies and Stahl, 2003), and their ability to prevent the onset of certain cancers (Giovannuci, 1999; Gann et al., 1999) as well as age-related macular degeneration (Landrum and Bone, 2001).
The beneficial role of carotenoids in maintaining human health, their important role in plant photo protection, their versatile usage as food and feed supplements, and their applications in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries make them potential candidates for enhancement and manipulation. Over
the past three decades advances in molecular genetics and biotechnological approaches have led to the understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis and its manipulation in microorganisms and higher plants. Even though the structural genes of carotenoid biosynthesis have been identified and cloned, the regulation of
carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is poorly understood. Therefore, the type and amount of carotenoids to be accumulated by transformation is still unpredicted. The current paper reviews the advances made in carotenoid biosynthesis and its regulation. It also gives information about the metabolic engineering attempted in various microbes and higher plants with future research directions.
Insulin plant is a relatively new entrant to Kerala and India. Insulin plant has not got a Malayalam name yet, except the occasional use of insulin chedy or insulin chedi, where chedy means a plant. The catchphrase of this plant is a leaf a day keeps diabetes away.The plant is characterized by large fleshy looking leaves. It grows very quickly. Propagation is by stem cutting. It grows in slightly shady areas.Diabetes patients are advised to chew down a leaf in the morning and one in the evening for a month. Allopathic doctors too recommend it and it is found to be effective in bringing blood sugar levels under completely under control. There is also dried and ground powder of the leaves now available in the market.
* With FBS below 200, take ONE leaf daily before breakfast and drink a glass of water
* With FBS above 200, take TWO leaves in the morning and TWO at night on a daily basis.
Protective Effect of Leaves of Ficus carica Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Indu...UKJPB Journal
The outcomes of histological study revealed that there was significant reversal of histological functional of liver. In conclusion, the findings of this study validated that the Ficus carica can improve CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.
Nutraceuticals , Herbal Drug Technology-6th Semester.pptxRahul Dev
Types of Nutraceutical products available in the market. Health benefits and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable bowel syndrome and various Gastro intestinal diseases.
Biotechnology being multidisciplinary subject has applications in different areas. Marine Biotechnology is the field dealing with the uses of marine organisms for human use.
Efficacy of Anti-Melanogenic and Anti-Ageing Properties of Glutathione with A...IJSRP Journal
Widespread concerns regarding the rise in prevalence of skin cancer and the adverse effects of both acute and chronic photo-damage due to exposure to UV rays, has led to various modes of treatment. The latest development in this regard is the findings about Glutathione and Polypodium dry extract as potential treatment components for skin conditions. Glutathione plays pivotal role in protecting cells against oxidative stressinduced cellular damage and in detoxifying Xenobiotics and drug metabolism. The added photo-protective effects of oral Polypodium with its antioxidant, immunoregulatory and antiinflammatory properties aid also in prevention of chronic skin damage, photoaging, and skin cancer led by UV exposure. Its decreased levels are associated with the common features of aging as well as of a wide range of pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders.
WHO guidelines on herbal drug monitoringKaustav Dey
This presentation points out the various guidelines laid out by World health organization for safe & effective way of monitoring of Herbal Medicine in a pharmacovigilance setting
Solubility enhancement technique of BCS Class II drug by Solvent EvaporatiomKaustav Dey
I am very happy to share with you my B.Pharm Final semester Presentation. The topic of the presentation was “SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE OF BCS CLASS II DRUG BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE – FORMULATION & EVALUATION" which i have done under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Goutam Kumar Jena. It was a great experience to deliver this topic infront of the expert jury. I would also like thank all my teammates especially Agniv Masanta for his efforts. I hope everyone of you will like presentation and the research and efforts behind it.Thank you for giving your precious time. #research #science #thankyou #experience #share
Artificial intelligence in field of pharmacyKaustav Dey
AI is a program designed to produce outcome in a manner similar to human intelligence,logic and reasoning.This can be used in field of Pharmacy for betterment of humankind, to save lives,money and time
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Rutin
1.
2. Contents
Introduction
Occurrence
Extraction & Isolation
Chemistry
Properties
Development of Rutin as Phytopharmaceuticals
Functional properties & Mechanism of Action
Medicinal and Health Benefits
3. Introduction
Discovered in 1842 and it has been used in medicine to treat
vascular disorders related to capillary permeability and fragility.
The concentrations of rutin reported in grapes and buckwheat are
the highest among the other plant species.
Among the flavonoids, rutin belongs to the flavonols and it is the
glycoside form of quercetin.
Rutin has significant antioxidant, chelating, and antimicrobial
properties, and therefore many beneficial health effects.
4. Introduction
Therefore, can be incorporated into functional foods or used in
nutraceuticals and medicinal products.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of rutin have been
extensively studied in neurodegenerative disorders and brain
pathologies in which rutin has demonstrated a potential
neuroprotective role.
5. Introduction
Rutin is also called vitamin P, which originally described the group
of flavonoids.
P stands for “permeability” (penetrability), because flavonoids are able
to contribute to reducing the permeability of blood vessels.
There is not enough scientific data to provide a recommended dose of
rutin. The appropriate dose for you may depend on factors including
age, gender, and medical history.
The usual recommendation is 250 mg two times a day. Adults using
rutin to treat osteoarthritis may be advised to take 250 mg three times
per day, or every 12 hours.
6. Occurrence
It was first reported in Ruta graveolens L. (Common Rue)
(Family - Rutaceae) which gave its name to this compound.
Rutin has been found in the extracts obtained from the skin
of different grape (Vitis vinifera L.) (Family - Vitaceae)
varieties .
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) (Family - Polygonaceae)
is one of the most important commercial sources of rutin.
However, rutin is not found in cereals and pseudocereals.
Vitis vinifera L. (common grape vine)
Buckwheat
7. Occurrence
It is present in parts of capers, onions, green asparagus, and sea
buckthorn, among others.
The content in leaves of St. John’s wort and capers is high and
ranges from 2.4 mg/100 g to 2.7 mg/100g, respectively.
Some environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation may
have also an impact on rutin content
8.
9. Extraction & Isolation
There are different extraction methods for plant-based rutin, using
different techniques such as ultrasound, microwave,
mechanochemical, infrared, and pressure-assisted methods.
There is also a high variability in the efficiency of rutin extraction due to
different factors such as the raw material, extraction temperature,
process duration, and solvent-to-sample ratio .
Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoidal structure, by
using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, 2-(3,4-
10. Identification
Phytochemical studies can reveal the presence of flavonoidal structure,
by using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, 2-(3,4-
dihydroxyphenyl)- 5,7-dihydroxy-3-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-
glucopyranosyloxy]-4H-chromen-4-one i.e., rutin is identified.
11. Use Soxhlet apparatus
for extraction with
250ml of 80% ethanol
Filter the extract and
concentrate by
evaporation under
vacuum to about 10
ml
Mix with 25ml
distilled water
Extract with petroleum
ether (50ml X 3) and
then again with
chloroform (50ml X 3) .
After extraction ,
collect the aqueous
layer and leave it to
stand in a cold place
for 72 hours
A yellow precipitate
will separate out
Filter the precipitate
and wash with mixture
of chloroform : ethyl
acetate : ethanol
(50:25:25)
Dissolve the
undissolved part in
hot methanol and
filter
Evaporate the filtrate
to dryness to give
yellow powder
RUTIN
13. Chemistry
Chemical name - quercetin-3-O-rutinoside
It is a flavonol glycoside that is also known as
vitamin P.
The phenolic part of the molecule is linked to
sugar (this is the hydrophilic part of the
molecule), increasing the solubility of the
molecule in water.
14. Chemistry
This characteristic is associated with the
presence in their structures of hydroxyl
groups bound to aromatic rings.
Rutin also exhibits metal chelating properties,
inhibiting metal-ion-induced peroxidations.
Quantitative analysis of rutin can be made by
chromatographic methods, mainly high-
performance, thin-layer chromatography and
high-performance liquid chromatography.
15. Physical & Chemical Properties
Morphology - yellow crystalline powder.
Melting Point- 125 °C
Solubility - 0.125 mg/mL in pyridine
Soluble in alkali but only slightly soluble in water.
Rutin is Dextrorotatory in neutral and acidic solvent and
levorotatory in alkaline solvents.
Rutin on hydrolysis yields quercetin, rhamnose and glucose.
16. Development of Rutin as Phytopharmaceuticals
The low water solubility of rutin (0.125 g/L) represents a limitation to
its incorporation into food supplements or phytopharmaceuticals.
The stability of rutin to processing conditions, and its possible
interactions with other food components, is also important.
Rutin has in vitro antioxidant properties.
Rutin to the development of phytopharmaceuticals has a
disadvantage associated with its low solubility in water, affecting its
bioavailability and absorption.
17. Development of Rutin as Phytopharmaceuticals
Therefore, nowadays, different techniques have been investigated that
allow the development of phytopharmaceuticals with rutin and at the
same time improve their delivery in the intestinal tract and therapeutic
efficacy, such as the encapsulation of rutin by nanostructured lipid
carriers designed with phosphatidylcholine to form phytosomes that
overcome the low water solubility of rutin.
18. Functional Properties & Mechanism of Action
Health benefits of rutin can be influenced by its quantity and its
bioavailability for absorption
Normally, the daily intake of rutin varies between 1.5 and 70 mg/kg
depending on the nutritional habit of an individual
Rutin is hardly absorbed by intestinal membranes
Rutin is extensively metabolized at the large intestine where it delivers
quercetin, suggesting that quercetin or rutin metabolites in the colon are
the responsible for quercetin-mediated pharmacological effects.
19. Benefits & Uses
Rutin is a dietary flavonoid which has many
therapeutic properties, mainly attributed to its
potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
activities
Prevent neurodegenerative disorders,
cardiovascular diseases, and skin cancer
21. Neuroprotective Effect of Rutin
Neuroprotective effect of this flavonoid is one of the most studied
because of the increasing prevalence of neurological disorders and
brain pathologies in the world’s population.
The brain is very susceptible to oxidative damage and its low levels
of antioxidant protection convert flavonoids, such as rutin, into
potential pharmacological agents due to their antioxidant properties.
Moreover, inflammation and glial cell activation have been related
with the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders and rutin has
also important anti-inflammatory effects.
22. Neuroprotective Effect of Rutin
The neuroprotective potential of rutin in terms of its previously mentioned
properties has been evaluated using different animal models and cell
types.
In several Alzheimer’s disease models, it has been demonstrated that rutin
can prevent cognitive impairment by reducing neuroinflammation and
also inhibiting β-amyloid and cytotoxicity by attenuation of oxidative
stress reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β production in microglia, and by
inhibition of β-secretase enzyme activity.
23. Role of Rutin Mechanism of action Main findings in studies
Antimicrobial
effects
• Inhibits DNA gyrase
• Prevents cytoplasmic
membrane function
• Inhibits energy
metabolism
• In combination of rutin with
morin, quercetin, kaempherol,
myricetin and fisetin against S.
enteritidis, the antibacterial
action gets enhance,
significantly
Anti-arthritic
activity
• Inhibits nitric oxide
production from
macrophages and T-
cells proliferation
• The dual effects of rutin (e.g.,
anti-arthritic and anti-
candidal) is useful as an all-in-
one treatment for septic
arthritis.
24. Role of
Rutin
Mechanism of
Action
Main findings in studies
Antioxidant
activity
• Neutralizes free
radicals
• Chelates transition
metals
• The antioxidant capacity of rutin is
depended on its concentration.
• The inhibitory effect of rutin on the
lipid peroxidation increases with an
increase in its concentration.
Anticancer
activity
• Inhibits cell
proliferation
• Removes reactive
oxygen species
• The tumor size and number of
papillomas significantly decreases
by rutin treatment.
• Level of lipid peroxidase reduces
significantly by rutin treatment
25. Role of
Rutin
Mechanism of action Main findings in studies
Anti-
inflammatory
activity
• Inhibits eicosanoid
biosynthesis, COX,
lipoxygenase and PLA2
activities
• The significant dose
dependent inhibitory effect
of rutin is there
Anti-diabetic
activity
• Enhances the release
of insulin from islets of
langerhans, decreases
in the expression of
resistin, increases in
the expression of PPAR
gene
• Decrease in the fasting
plasma glucose, as well as
increase in insulin levels in
diabetic group after a period
of 45 days' oral
administration of rutin is
there
26. Role of Rutin Mechanism of action Main findings in studies
Anti-allergic
activity
• Inhibits mast cell
activation through
the inhibition of Ca2+
influx, histamine,
leukotrienes and
prostaglandins
release
• By rutin treatment, a
significant increase in mast
cells occurs.
• The reduction of ROS levels in
antigen ± IgE activated mast
cells occurs.
• Histamine released from mast
cells is also inhibited by rutin
27. References
1. Alam, F., Badruddeen, Kharya, A. K., Juber, A., & Khan, M. I. (2020). Naringin: Sources,
Chemistry, Toxicity, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacological Evidences, Molecular Docking
and Cell line Study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 13(5).
https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00447.3
2. David, A. V. A., Arulmoli, R., & Parasuraman, S. (2016). Overviews of Biological Importance
of Quercetin: A Bioactive Flavonoid. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(20), 84.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194044
3. Frutos, M. J., Rincón-Frutos, L., & Valero-Cases, E. (2019). Rutin. Nonvitamin and Nonmineral
Nutritional Supplements, 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812491-8.00015-1
4. Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L. J. D., & Singla, A. K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of
the citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytotherapy Research, 15(8).
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1074
5. Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: An overview. In Journal of
Nutritional Science (Vol. 5). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41