Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential micronutrients required by the body in small amounts. There are 13 types of vitamins that are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamins act as cofactors for enzymes and help regulate metabolic processes. While the body cannot produce most vitamins, they must be obtained through dietary intake or supplements. Maintaining adequate vitamin levels is important for overall health and preventing deficiency diseases.

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2. Vitamins
Classifiction


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 The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word
vita, means "life".
 These are class of organic compounds
categorized as essential nutrient.
 Everybody must eat a certain amount of
vitamins to stay healthy.

6.  Vitamins are chemicals found in very small
amounts in many different foods.
 Tiny quantities are enough for the needs of
the body.
 If people live on a very limited range of
foods they may not get their proper share of
vitamins.

7. Definition of vitamins
A complex organic compounds
required in catalytic amounts for the
proper functioning of living cells and
does not synthesized in amounts to
meet physiological needs.
The quantities required may range
from μgs/day (B12) to mgs/day (vit. C).

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“vitamins have been defined as
organic compounds which are
required in minute amounts to
maintain normal health of
organisms’.

9. Vitamers
The term vitamers represents the
chemically similar substances that
posses qualitatively similar vitamin
activity. Some good examples of
vitamers are given below

10. Retional, retinal and retinoic acid are
vitamers of vitamin A.
Pyridoxine, pyridoxal and
pyridoxamine are vitamers of vitamin
B6.

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A SHORT HISTORY OF VITAMINS
BY RON KENNEDY, M.D., SANTA ROSA, CALIFORNIA
 From about 1500 BC it was known
that various diseases could be treated
with specific foods.
 . In 1880 Christian Eijkman produced
vitamin-deficiency conditions in
animals on an experimental basis and
then reversed the condition with an
appropriate feeding regimen.

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 Frederick Hopkins's said in 1906 that foods
contain a small amount of "growth factors"
needed to sustain growth and life itself.
 The general category of "vitamins" was
defined as (1) substances found to be
absolutely necessary for life (i.e., vital) and
which (2) the body cannot synthesize on its
own.

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 In 1912 Cashmir Funk named these growth
factors "vitamines“because they were required
for life ("vita") and because he found that
thiamine isolated from rice husks contained
nitrogen (called an "amine" - i.e., containing a
nitrogen bound to three hydrogen atoms
-NH3).

15.  Funk's original term "vitamine" was changed
to "vitamin" when many scientists identified,
purified, and synthesized all of the vitamins
and discovered they did not all contain
nitrogen.

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 In the 1930s a scientific discovery
demonstrated the biochemical functions of the
vitamins and established the body's
requirements for them. From then on, they have
been commercially produced.

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 Vitamins were given letters to go with their
chemical names to simplify discussion about
them. Not many people know what to say
about "d-alpha tocopheryl succinate" but most
people have some idea of what "vitamin E" is
all about.

18.  When the "B" names were being handed out,
several substances were given "B" names,
which turned out not to be vitamins after all.
Therefore, you have heard of vitamins B1, B2,
B3, B5, B6, B8, B9, and B12 but not 4, 7, 10
and 11.

19. Vitamins do not contain
energy per se, but they help regulate
energy process in the body.
Vitamins have a variety of functions in
the body: some are co-factors in enzyme
activity, some are antioxidants
(prevent oxygen from doing damage in the
body) and one (vitamin D) is a pro-
hormone. 19

20. If insufficient amounts of vitamins are
available to the body because of a poor diet or
some medical condition (e.g. malabsorption of
nutrients), specific symptoms will appear and
can develop into a deficiency disease.

21. Vitamin deficiency diseases are
rare in the westernized society, but still
occur in some parts of the world.
Vitamins and minerals are measured in
milligrams (mg), micrograms (µg)
and international units (IU).

22. Most vitamins cannot be made by the
body, so have to be provided by the diet.
An exception is vitamin D which can be
obtained by the action of sunlight on the
skin.
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23. Small amounts of a B vitamin (niacin)
can be made from the essential amino
acid, tryptophan.
Vitamin K is formed by bacterial
action in the large intestine.

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CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS
FAT SOLUBLE
 A
 D
 E
 K
 B1- Thiamine
 B2 - Riboflavin
 B3 – Niacin
 B5 – pantothenic acid
 B6 –Pyridoxine
 B8 – biotin
 B 9-Folic acid
 B12 -CyanoCobalamin
 C vitamin (ascorbic
acid)
WATER
SOLUBLE

25. IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS
VITAMINS FUNCTION
B1, B2, B3, B5, B 6, B7, B9, B12, C, K COENZYME
B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7 METABOLISM OF ENERGY
YIELDING NUTRIENTS
B 6, B 9, B12 RED BLOOD CELL SYNTHESIS
B6, B9, B12 AMINO ACID METABOLISM
B 7, B 5, B 3 FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS
C , E ANTIOXODENT PROTECTION
B1, B6, B12 NERVE TRANSMISSION
A, D GENE EXPRESSION

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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
 They are soluble in fat.
 Bile salts are essential for there absorption.
 They are generally stored in liver.
 They are not excreted in urine.

27. The fat soluble vitamins
are stored in the body and their
deficiencies are relatively rare.
On the other hand, excessive intakes may
be toxic.
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28. The water soluble vitamins

are not stored to any significant extent in
the body.
Excess supplements of these vitamins are
usually excreted in the urine.

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Water soluble vitamins
 Water soluble vitamins are found in
yeast,grain,rice,vegetables, fish, and meat.
 These are essential co-enzymes required in
energy releasing mechanisms.
 They also act as co-enzymes for
metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and
fats.

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B complex vitamins
 B1- Thiamine
 B2 - Riboflavin
 B3 – Niacin
 B5 – pantothenic acid
 B6 –Pyridoxine
 B8 – biotin
 B9-Folic acid
 B12 -CyanoCobalamin
C vitamin (ascorbic acid)

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 Most B complex occurs in nature in the bound
form within the cells of vegetables or animal
tissues.
 The digestion for the liberation of vitamins and
its absorption is a result of breakdown of
cellular structures in the gut.
 Excretion of vitamins occurs in the kidney.

33.  Vitamins are organic components
in food that are neeed in very
small amounts for growth and for
maintaining good health.
 Vitamins are micronutrients
essential for daily functioning.
 Our body does not make
Nutrients on its own. Thus we
must obtain them from the foods
we eat, or via vitamin
supplements.
 Thirteen types of vitamins are
required for our body to stay
healthy.
Vitamins

34. CONCLUSION
Vitamins are required in trace amounts.
They do not directly provide energy.
They are not required by normal
otherwise healthy individuals
consuming a balanced diet, rather
should be reserved for those who are
under stressful conditions.

35. Acutely ill patients
Pregnant and lactating mothers
Chronic debilitating illness
During convalescence
Malnourished person
Undertaking certain drugs-
antimicrobials

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GOOD HEALTH

37. Kindly think over it and
you’ll find that only having
snacks kurkure and
chocolates are not enough.
we need to have proper diet
to live a healthy and happy
life.

38. THANK YOUTHANK YOU