Vitamin E toxicity
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Vitamin E toxicity is rare. Doses up to 400 IU per day are considered safe, and doses up to 3200 IU have not consistently caused ill effects. However, doses over 1000 IU per day have been associated with side effects like headache, fatigue, and nausea in some cases. At very high levels, vitamin E may interfere with the functions of other fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A, D, and K by inhibiting their metabolism.
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Vitamin A toxicity
Vitamin A toxicity occurs when large overdoses exceed the liver's storage capacity. Symptoms of acute toxicity include nausea, vomiting, and headaches, while chronic toxicity manifests as dry lips, skin lesions, and conjunctivitis. High vitamin A intake during pregnancy may also cause birth defects affecting fetal development. The body has natural protective mechanisms against vitamin A toxicity under normal circumstances.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It is an important antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the body during oxidation. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. A deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, and neurological problems due to increased lipid peroxidation in tissues.
Vitamin E
This document provides information on vitamin E, including its structure, functions, recommended dietary allowance, absorption, and deficiency manifestations. It notes that vitamin E was first isolated in 1936 and named tocopherol. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. It acts as an antioxidant, protects cell membranes, and works with selenium. The recommended daily intake is 15 mg or 33 IU. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia and retrolental fibroplasia in premature babies.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient that functions as an antioxidant. It is required in the diet since humans cannot produce it internally. Vitamin C deficiency can result in scurvy, with symptoms of bleeding gums, slow wound healing, and bone pain. Cooking, storage, and processing can reduce vitamin C content in foods. Good dietary sources include amla, guava, and citrus fruits. The recommended daily intake is 40 mg for adults.
Vitamin e
Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 by Herbert Evans and Katherine Bishop. It acts as an antioxidant in the body and is important for immune and cell functions. Deficiency can cause anemia, poor balance, and muscle weakness. Symptoms of deficiency include shaky movements, aging spots on the skin, and sight problems. Deficiency is rare and mainly affects those over 55 years old in the U.S. Deficiency can be treated with a balanced diet, weekly injections, or supplements and resolved within a few weeks in children. Current research is exploring vitamin E's potential role in memory disorders and the elderly.
Vitamin E deficiency
Vitamin E deficiency can result from insufficient dietary intake or impaired absorption of the vitamin. Selenium and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) affect vitamin E needs, with selenium sparing vitamin E needs and higher PUFA intake increasing vitamin E needs. Other nutrient deficiencies, malabsorption conditions, and genetic mutations can also lead to vitamin E deficiency. Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency impact the neuromuscular, vascular and reproductive systems and result from oxidative damage to cell membranes.
Vitamin K toxicity
Vitamin K toxicity can occur from high doses of menadione, but not from phylloquinone or menaquinones. Menadione can cause hemolytic anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and jaundice at toxic doses several orders of magnitude above normal physiological levels. The mechanism of menadione toxicity involves its monovalent reduction to a semiquinone radical during oxidative stress reactions that deplete glutathione levels.
Vitamin b12
Presentation about vitamine b12,sympotoms of hypovitaminosis b12.
Side effects,treatment of hypovitamine,complications,diagonosis,
Recommended
Vitamin A toxicity
Vitamin A toxicity occurs when large overdoses exceed the liver's storage capacity. Symptoms of acute toxicity include nausea, vomiting, and headaches, while chronic toxicity manifests as dry lips, skin lesions, and conjunctivitis. High vitamin A intake during pregnancy may also cause birth defects affecting fetal development. The body has natural protective mechanisms against vitamin A toxicity under normal circumstances.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It is an important antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the body during oxidation. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. A deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, and neurological problems due to increased lipid peroxidation in tissues.
Vitamin E
This document provides information on vitamin E, including its structure, functions, recommended dietary allowance, absorption, and deficiency manifestations. It notes that vitamin E was first isolated in 1936 and named tocopherol. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. It acts as an antioxidant, protects cell membranes, and works with selenium. The recommended daily intake is 15 mg or 33 IU. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia and retrolental fibroplasia in premature babies.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient that functions as an antioxidant. It is required in the diet since humans cannot produce it internally. Vitamin C deficiency can result in scurvy, with symptoms of bleeding gums, slow wound healing, and bone pain. Cooking, storage, and processing can reduce vitamin C content in foods. Good dietary sources include amla, guava, and citrus fruits. The recommended daily intake is 40 mg for adults.
Vitamin e
Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 by Herbert Evans and Katherine Bishop. It acts as an antioxidant in the body and is important for immune and cell functions. Deficiency can cause anemia, poor balance, and muscle weakness. Symptoms of deficiency include shaky movements, aging spots on the skin, and sight problems. Deficiency is rare and mainly affects those over 55 years old in the U.S. Deficiency can be treated with a balanced diet, weekly injections, or supplements and resolved within a few weeks in children. Current research is exploring vitamin E's potential role in memory disorders and the elderly.
Vitamin E deficiency
Vitamin E deficiency can result from insufficient dietary intake or impaired absorption of the vitamin. Selenium and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) affect vitamin E needs, with selenium sparing vitamin E needs and higher PUFA intake increasing vitamin E needs. Other nutrient deficiencies, malabsorption conditions, and genetic mutations can also lead to vitamin E deficiency. Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency impact the neuromuscular, vascular and reproductive systems and result from oxidative damage to cell membranes.
Vitamin K toxicity
Vitamin K toxicity can occur from high doses of menadione, but not from phylloquinone or menaquinones. Menadione can cause hemolytic anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and jaundice at toxic doses several orders of magnitude above normal physiological levels. The mechanism of menadione toxicity involves its monovalent reduction to a semiquinone radical during oxidative stress reactions that deplete glutathione levels.
Vitamin b12
Presentation about vitamine b12,sympotoms of hypovitaminosis b12.
Side effects,treatment of hypovitamine,complications,diagonosis,
Vitamin d
Vitamin D deficiency causes the bone disease rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults. It is characterized by skeletal abnormalities and soft, weak bones. Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption from the gut and deposition in bones. It is produced in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and undergoes conversions in the liver and kidney to become active. Deficiency can be caused by lack of vitamin D in diet, sunlight exposure, kidney/liver disorders, or genetic factors. Symptoms depend on age and severity but include bone deformities, fractures, and radiological changes like widened growth plates. Treatment involves daily high dose vitamin D and calcium supplements.
Vitamin c
This document provides information about vitamin C, including its food sources, functions, recommended dietary allowances, deficiency, research, and references. It summarizes that vitamin C is an essential water-soluble vitamin obtained through foods like fruits and vegetables as humans cannot synthesize it themselves. The document outlines vitamin C's roles in collagen synthesis, immune function, and as an antioxidant for protecting against free radical damage. It also details signs of deficiency like scurvy and groups at higher risk like smokers.
Vitamin e
Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds that function as antioxidants. It has several important biological functions, including as an antioxidant that protects cell membranes and as a regulator of enzymes and gene expression. The main dietary sources of vitamin E include various oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables. While vitamin E deficiency can cause neurological and muscular issues, the recommended daily intake helps prevent deficiency.
Micro minerals
This document discusses human nutrition as it relates to iodine, fluoride, and magnesium. It provides information on the functions, sources, recommended daily amounts, and effects of deficiencies and toxicities for each mineral. Iodine is needed to make thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Sources include seafood, bread, and iodized salt. A deficiency can cause goiter or cretinism. Fluoride strengthens teeth and bones. It is found in drinking water and too much can cause dental or skeletal fluorosis. Magnesium is involved in many enzyme systems and is found in vegetables, grains, and dairy. Deficiencies or toxicities of any of these minerals can impact health.
A presentation on pantothenic acid or b5
1. Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in energy production and metabolism.
2. It is widely found in foods like meat, eggs, legumes, and whole grains. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A which is involved in important processes in the body.
3. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare due to its abundance in foods, but may cause burning sensations in hands and feet, fatigue, and muscle cramps. The recommended daily intake is 2-7 mg depending on age.
VITAMIN B6 PYRIDOXINE
Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It functions as a coenzyme in many biochemical reactions involved in amino acid metabolism. Deficiency can cause neurological symptoms like depression, confusion, and seizures as well as anemia. Toxicity from high doses over 200mg/day can cause nerve damage.
Vitamin D: The Sunshine vitamin
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is produced in the body after exposure to sunlight. It has two major forms, vitamin D3 and D2. Vitamin D acts as a hormone by binding to vitamin D receptors in tissues like bone and intestine. It helps regulate calcium and phosphate absorption and bone remodeling. Deficiencies can lead to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, deformed bones and fractures. Sources include sunlight, fatty fish, and fortified foods. Toxicity from excess vitamin D causes hypercalcemia.
VITAMIN E (MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY) BY P.RAVI SANKAR. [INTRODUCTION,STRUCTURES O...
VITAMIN E (MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY) BY P.RAVI SANKAR. [INTRODUCTION,STRUCTURES OF TOCOPHEROLS,CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN E,RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE,DIETARY SOURCES ANS SUPPLEMENTS, PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE RO IMPORTANCE,USES OF VITAMIN E, SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE EFFECTS, VITAMIN E PREPARATIONS
Vitamin e
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Vitamin e by javeria
This document discusses vitamin E, including its structure, sources, roles in the body, health benefits, and deficiencies. Some key points:
- Vitamin E plays a role in maintaining health of tissues and can protect lungs from pollution. Major sources include sunflower seeds, almonds, and avocados.
- It has benefits such as reducing risks of cataracts, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and respiratory infections. High doses may improve insulin resistance and blood sugar control.
- Deficiency can occur in premature infants and those with fat malabsorption issues. Symptoms include anemia. Overdosing on high levels may cause side effects like nausea and interfere with absorption of vitamins A and K.
Vitamin c
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
Micronutrients in health and diseases
Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth. Deficiency can cause night blindness and susceptibility to infection. Treatment involves oral vitamin A supplements. Toxicity from excessive intake is rare but can cause headaches and bone pain.
Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone health. Deficiency causes rickets in children, characterized by bowed legs. Treatment involves vitamin D supplements and exposure to sunlight. Toxicity from high intake can raise calcium levels and cause nausea.
Thiamine (B1) deficiency, known as beriberi, affects nerve function and heart health. It is treated with thiamine supplements administered orally or intravenously.
Vitamin d metabolism
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that resembles sterols and functions like a hormone. It is synthesized in the body after exposure to UV rays or obtained from food sources like fortified milk, cheese, yogurt and cereals. Vitamin D exists in two forms, ergocalciferol (D2) which is plant-based and cholecalciferol (D3) which is animal-based. Both forms are inactive provitamins that undergo hydroxylation in the liver and kidneys to produce the biologically active form, calcitriol, which regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the body by acting on the intestine, bone and kidneys. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in Africa and South Asia. It can cause blindness and increases the risk of death from infections in children. The first signs are night blindness and dryness of the conjunctiva. More severe deficiency can lead to Bitot's spots, corneal ulceration and keratomalacia which can cause scarring and permanent blindness. Increasing intake of foods rich in preformed vitamin A such as liver, eggs, dairy or carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables can help prevent and treat vitamin A deficiency.
Vitamin D basics
This document discusses vitamin D deficiency in India. It provides the following key points:
1. More than 80% of adults in India do not get enough vitamin D, despite India's sunny climate, due to factors like skin pigmentation and low dietary intake.
2. The most common disorders caused by vitamin D deficiency in India are osteomalacia and rickets, which are bone diseases characterized by softening of the bones.
3. Good food sources of vitamin D include cod liver oil, fatty fish like salmon and tuna, and fortified foods like milk, cereal and orange juice. However, dietary intake of vitamin D is still low for most Indians.
Vitamin E
This document provides information on vitamin E, including its chemistry, sources, pharmacological properties, therapeutic uses, contraindications, interactions, deficiency symptoms, side effects, and hypervitaminosis. Some key sources of vitamin E include sunflower seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts, and pine nuts. Vitamin E has properties such as preventing oxidative stress and supporting healthy skin. Therapeutic uses include conditions like angina, acne, Alzheimer's, and cancer. High doses may prolong bleeding time, while deficiency can cause digestive issues and neuropathy.
BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
Vitamin K .
Vitamin K exists in three forms - vitamin K1, K2, and K3. It functions as a coenzyme in the liver to enable the carboxylation of blood clotting factors and proteins involved in bone mineralization. A daily recommended intake of 70-140 μg is needed to support blood coagulation and bone health, with deficiency leading to increased bleeding risks.
MOLYBDENUM METABOLISM
Molybdenum is a component of enzymes like xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase. Good dietary sources include liver, kidney, meat, milk, whole grains, legumes, and leafy vegetables. The recommended daily intake is 200 micrograms. Molybdenum is readily absorbed and incorporated into enzymes, where it serves as a cofactor. Deficiency is rare but causes xanthinuria and low uric acid levels, while excess molybdenum intake can impair growth and cause diarrhea or anemia.
Pantothenic acid deficiency and toxicity
Pantothenic acid deficiency can result in metabolic impairments and affect the skin, liver, adrenals and nervous system. Signs of deficiency include dermatitis, hair color changes, appetite loss, and neurological symptoms. Deficiencies are rare and usually occur during times of poor nutrition or vitamin intake. Toxicity from pantothenic acid is also negligible, with even high doses of 10g per day only causing mild gastrointestinal issues.
Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency can result from inadequate sunlight exposure, low dietary intake, or impairments in vitamin D metabolism. It causes rickets in children as their bones fail to properly mineralize, while in adults it causes osteomalacia marked by bone pain and fractures. Risk factors include liver or digestive diseases, certain drugs, and genetic mutations impacting vitamin D metabolism. Osteoporosis involves low bone density and increased fracture risk related to aging and declining estrogen levels along with impaired vitamin D function.
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency can be primary, due to lack of vitamin A in the diet, or secondary, due to impaired absorption or utilization of vitamin A. Clinical signs of deficiency include night blindness and xerophthalmia, initially presenting as dry eyes and progressing to corneal ulceration and keratomalacia if untreated. Laboratory tests of serum retinol and RBP levels can diagnose deficiency, defined as levels less than 0.70 μM. Treatment involves large oral doses of vitamin A supplements to replenish liver stores.
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Vitamin d
Vitamin D deficiency causes the bone disease rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults. It is characterized by skeletal abnormalities and soft, weak bones. Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption from the gut and deposition in bones. It is produced in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and undergoes conversions in the liver and kidney to become active. Deficiency can be caused by lack of vitamin D in diet, sunlight exposure, kidney/liver disorders, or genetic factors. Symptoms depend on age and severity but include bone deformities, fractures, and radiological changes like widened growth plates. Treatment involves daily high dose vitamin D and calcium supplements.
Vitamin c
This document provides information about vitamin C, including its food sources, functions, recommended dietary allowances, deficiency, research, and references. It summarizes that vitamin C is an essential water-soluble vitamin obtained through foods like fruits and vegetables as humans cannot synthesize it themselves. The document outlines vitamin C's roles in collagen synthesis, immune function, and as an antioxidant for protecting against free radical damage. It also details signs of deficiency like scurvy and groups at higher risk like smokers.
Vitamin e
Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds that function as antioxidants. It has several important biological functions, including as an antioxidant that protects cell membranes and as a regulator of enzymes and gene expression. The main dietary sources of vitamin E include various oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables. While vitamin E deficiency can cause neurological and muscular issues, the recommended daily intake helps prevent deficiency.
Micro minerals
This document discusses human nutrition as it relates to iodine, fluoride, and magnesium. It provides information on the functions, sources, recommended daily amounts, and effects of deficiencies and toxicities for each mineral. Iodine is needed to make thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Sources include seafood, bread, and iodized salt. A deficiency can cause goiter or cretinism. Fluoride strengthens teeth and bones. It is found in drinking water and too much can cause dental or skeletal fluorosis. Magnesium is involved in many enzyme systems and is found in vegetables, grains, and dairy. Deficiencies or toxicities of any of these minerals can impact health.
A presentation on pantothenic acid or b5
1. Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in energy production and metabolism.
2. It is widely found in foods like meat, eggs, legumes, and whole grains. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A which is involved in important processes in the body.
3. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare due to its abundance in foods, but may cause burning sensations in hands and feet, fatigue, and muscle cramps. The recommended daily intake is 2-7 mg depending on age.
VITAMIN B6 PYRIDOXINE
Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It functions as a coenzyme in many biochemical reactions involved in amino acid metabolism. Deficiency can cause neurological symptoms like depression, confusion, and seizures as well as anemia. Toxicity from high doses over 200mg/day can cause nerve damage.
Vitamin D: The Sunshine vitamin
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is produced in the body after exposure to sunlight. It has two major forms, vitamin D3 and D2. Vitamin D acts as a hormone by binding to vitamin D receptors in tissues like bone and intestine. It helps regulate calcium and phosphate absorption and bone remodeling. Deficiencies can lead to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, deformed bones and fractures. Sources include sunlight, fatty fish, and fortified foods. Toxicity from excess vitamin D causes hypercalcemia.
VITAMIN E (MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY) BY P.RAVI SANKAR. [INTRODUCTION,STRUCTURES O...
VITAMIN E (MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY) BY P.RAVI SANKAR. [INTRODUCTION,STRUCTURES OF TOCOPHEROLS,CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN E,RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE,DIETARY SOURCES ANS SUPPLEMENTS, PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE RO IMPORTANCE,USES OF VITAMIN E, SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE EFFECTS, VITAMIN E PREPARATIONS
Vitamin e
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Vitamin e by javeria
This document discusses vitamin E, including its structure, sources, roles in the body, health benefits, and deficiencies. Some key points:
- Vitamin E plays a role in maintaining health of tissues and can protect lungs from pollution. Major sources include sunflower seeds, almonds, and avocados.
- It has benefits such as reducing risks of cataracts, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and respiratory infections. High doses may improve insulin resistance and blood sugar control.
- Deficiency can occur in premature infants and those with fat malabsorption issues. Symptoms include anemia. Overdosing on high levels may cause side effects like nausea and interfere with absorption of vitamins A and K.
Vitamin c
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
Micronutrients in health and diseases
Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth. Deficiency can cause night blindness and susceptibility to infection. Treatment involves oral vitamin A supplements. Toxicity from excessive intake is rare but can cause headaches and bone pain.
Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone health. Deficiency causes rickets in children, characterized by bowed legs. Treatment involves vitamin D supplements and exposure to sunlight. Toxicity from high intake can raise calcium levels and cause nausea.
Thiamine (B1) deficiency, known as beriberi, affects nerve function and heart health. It is treated with thiamine supplements administered orally or intravenously.
Vitamin d metabolism
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that resembles sterols and functions like a hormone. It is synthesized in the body after exposure to UV rays or obtained from food sources like fortified milk, cheese, yogurt and cereals. Vitamin D exists in two forms, ergocalciferol (D2) which is plant-based and cholecalciferol (D3) which is animal-based. Both forms are inactive provitamins that undergo hydroxylation in the liver and kidneys to produce the biologically active form, calcitriol, which regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the body by acting on the intestine, bone and kidneys. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in Africa and South Asia. It can cause blindness and increases the risk of death from infections in children. The first signs are night blindness and dryness of the conjunctiva. More severe deficiency can lead to Bitot's spots, corneal ulceration and keratomalacia which can cause scarring and permanent blindness. Increasing intake of foods rich in preformed vitamin A such as liver, eggs, dairy or carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables can help prevent and treat vitamin A deficiency.
Vitamin D basics
This document discusses vitamin D deficiency in India. It provides the following key points:
1. More than 80% of adults in India do not get enough vitamin D, despite India's sunny climate, due to factors like skin pigmentation and low dietary intake.
2. The most common disorders caused by vitamin D deficiency in India are osteomalacia and rickets, which are bone diseases characterized by softening of the bones.
3. Good food sources of vitamin D include cod liver oil, fatty fish like salmon and tuna, and fortified foods like milk, cereal and orange juice. However, dietary intake of vitamin D is still low for most Indians.
Vitamin E
This document provides information on vitamin E, including its chemistry, sources, pharmacological properties, therapeutic uses, contraindications, interactions, deficiency symptoms, side effects, and hypervitaminosis. Some key sources of vitamin E include sunflower seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts, and pine nuts. Vitamin E has properties such as preventing oxidative stress and supporting healthy skin. Therapeutic uses include conditions like angina, acne, Alzheimer's, and cancer. High doses may prolong bleeding time, while deficiency can cause digestive issues and neuropathy.
BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
Vitamin K .
Vitamin K exists in three forms - vitamin K1, K2, and K3. It functions as a coenzyme in the liver to enable the carboxylation of blood clotting factors and proteins involved in bone mineralization. A daily recommended intake of 70-140 μg is needed to support blood coagulation and bone health, with deficiency leading to increased bleeding risks.
MOLYBDENUM METABOLISM
Molybdenum is a component of enzymes like xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase. Good dietary sources include liver, kidney, meat, milk, whole grains, legumes, and leafy vegetables. The recommended daily intake is 200 micrograms. Molybdenum is readily absorbed and incorporated into enzymes, where it serves as a cofactor. Deficiency is rare but causes xanthinuria and low uric acid levels, while excess molybdenum intake can impair growth and cause diarrhea or anemia.
Pantothenic acid deficiency and toxicity
Pantothenic acid deficiency can result in metabolic impairments and affect the skin, liver, adrenals and nervous system. Signs of deficiency include dermatitis, hair color changes, appetite loss, and neurological symptoms. Deficiencies are rare and usually occur during times of poor nutrition or vitamin intake. Toxicity from pantothenic acid is also negligible, with even high doses of 10g per day only causing mild gastrointestinal issues.
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Similar to Vitamin E toxicity
Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency can result from inadequate sunlight exposure, low dietary intake, or impairments in vitamin D metabolism. It causes rickets in children as their bones fail to properly mineralize, while in adults it causes osteomalacia marked by bone pain and fractures. Risk factors include liver or digestive diseases, certain drugs, and genetic mutations impacting vitamin D metabolism. Osteoporosis involves low bone density and increased fracture risk related to aging and declining estrogen levels along with impaired vitamin D function.
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency can be primary, due to lack of vitamin A in the diet, or secondary, due to impaired absorption or utilization of vitamin A. Clinical signs of deficiency include night blindness and xerophthalmia, initially presenting as dry eyes and progressing to corneal ulceration and keratomalacia if untreated. Laboratory tests of serum retinol and RBP levels can diagnose deficiency, defined as levels less than 0.70 μM. Treatment involves large oral doses of vitamin A supplements to replenish liver stores.
Significance and sources of vitamin E
Vitamin E has an important role in cell metabolism and its deficiency can affect multiple organ systems. It works with other nutrients and factors like selenium and vitamin C to protect against reactive oxygen species. The most biologically potent form is alpha-tocopherol, found naturally in plant oils and green plants. While animal tissues contain low amounts, the highest levels are in fatty tissues. Dietary sources of vitamin E include vegetable oils, seeds, and cereal grains, with wheat germ oil providing the most.
Vitamin E
This 7-page document discusses vitamin E. It begins by defining vitamins and describing vitamin E's structure and functions. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from damage and may help prevent diseases. The document outlines the biosynthesis pathway of vitamin E and its mechanism of action as an antioxidant, for immunomodulation, and antiplatelet effects. Potential advantages are described, but high doses of vitamin E supplements are linked to increased health risks. Rare diseases can result from a vitamin E deficiency.
Vitamin K deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency can cause a coagulopathy characterized by hemorrhage and prolonged clotting times. Neonates are especially at risk of vitamin K deficiency due to poor placental transport of vitamin K, a sterile intestinal tract, inadequate hepatic biosynthesis of clotting factors, and human milk being a poor source of vitamin K. Without proper vitamin K intake or supplementation, neonates can develop hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, presenting as bleeding in the brain, skin or gastrointestinal tract.
Pyridoxine deficiency and toxicity
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency can cause neurological and dermatological symptoms that are reversible with pyridoxine administration. Elderly individuals and infants consuming less than 100 mg of pyridoxine per day are at greater risk of deficiency. High doses of pyridoxine are effective in treating certain genetic disorders like homocystinuria and pyridoxine-responsive seizures. However, long-term high intake of pyridoxine can potentially cause neuropathy.
Thiamin deficiency and toxicity
Thiamin deficiency can cause several diseases including beriberi, which presents as either dry (neuritic) beriberi characterized by peripheral neuropathy or wet (edematous) beriberi characterized by edema, tachycardia and heart failure. Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to thiamin deficiency and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome presenting as confusion, ataxia and memory impairment. While thiamin deficiency is rare in industrialized nations, some evidence links it to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Certain genetic disorders like Thiamine-Responsive Megaloblastic Anemia are also tied to thiamin transport defects. Toxicity from thiamin is rarely
Health Benefits Associated with Vitamin E
Despite recently published negative press, there are many health benefits associated with Vitamin E supplementation.
Our presentation covers many of the benefits associated with Vitamin E and how you can go about starting your own Vitamin E supplement line!
Significance and sources of vitamin K
Vitamin K is important for blood clotting and bone formation. It is synthesized by plants and bacteria, with the main forms being phylloquinone (from plants) and menaquinones (from bacteria). Humans obtain vitamin K primarily through dietary sources like green leafy vegetables, which contain phylloquinone, as well as from bacterial synthesis in the gut. However, vitamin K absorption can be limited, with only about 10% being absorbed from boiled spinach.
Vitamin deficiency E,B,C,K
Vitamin K is an essential vitamin involved in blood clotting. It exists in three forms: vitamin K1 from plants, vitamin K2 from bacteria, and vitamin K3 which is converted to K1. Deficiency can result from lack of intestinal bacteria, fat malabsorption, or drugs that interfere with clotting. Symptoms include bleeding from minor injuries. Treatment involves oral or injectable vitamin K supplementation.
Vitamin C deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency can be caused by low dietary intake or conditions where the body needs more vitamin C than is produced. Signs of deficiency include decreased appetite, growth, immunity and more. Classic scurvy in adults occurs after 45-80 days without vitamin C and involves bleeding gums and impaired wound healing. In children, scurvy is called Moeller-Barlow disease and involves joint pain and bone issues. While most people get enough vitamin C from a normal diet, some propose higher "pharmacologic" doses may help prevent or treat conditions like colds and cancer.
Quasi vitamins, non provitamin a carotenoids
This document discusses non-provitamin A carotenoids, which are pigments produced by plants. It outlines the major carotenoids, including lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and canthaxanthin. These carotenoids are absorbed through the intestine and may have health benefits, such as lycopene being associated with reduced lung and prostate cancer risk and lutein/zeaxanthin protecting against age-related macular degeneration.
Vitamin A, significance
According to the document:
- In 1994, nearly 14 million preschool children suffered from vitamin A deficiency which caused eye disease, though this number has declined to around 4.4 million currently.
- Vitamin A deficiency causes approximately one million child deaths per year and is a major cause of childhood blindness in developing nations.
- Good food sources of vitamin A include beef liver, eggs, dairy products like butter and cheese, brightly colored vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes and peppers.
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This research paper examines the long-term causal relationship between the quality of education and technological readiness. It focuses on Northern Europe, where the quality of education is strongly supported by government policies and/or a high level of intellectual independence, distinguishable from that in the US and Continental Europe (Acemoglu, 2012).
Information technology is increasingly becoming a requirement for the success of modern education. From the point of enrolment in educational institutions up to the point of exit, various technologies are implemented to enhance the smooth running of educational processes such as registration, classroom/online teaching, administration and so on. The implementation of technology in education is aimed at improving the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of education delivery. Technology, in this regard, covers various teaching and learning aids that are established on the bedrock of an information technology infrastructure (Peña-López, 2016)
. Correspondingly, education combines all available resources to ensure the effective delivery or transfer of knowledge from a teacher to a learner. The end product of education, as suggested by many scholars in education, is “a change in the behavior of the learner” (Mayer-Mihalski & DeLuca, 2014). As education is a key determinant of the social, technological, economic, and political development of any nation, in order to improve and expand access to technology schools are making efforts to increase allocation of technological resources and thus improve the quality of education
Innovation in education can be a major driver behind more equally distributed income among a country’s population. Innovations to improve educational quality can provide long-term benefits in terms of creating a more equal society, which in turn can generate widespread innovative and creative thinking. According to a 2016 OECD report, innovation in educational systems can add value in different ways. First, it can improve learning outcomes and educational processes; for example, personalized learning can be created for each student. Second, education is a means of improving equity and equality; in this sense, innovation can enhance equity in access to education and promote equality in learning outcomes. Third, the educational sector in general introduces changes in response to societal needs. In this context, efficient educational systems should adopt teaching and learning practices that help to foster skills for innovation.
The open educational system in Nordic countries encourages use of technology and a high quality of education. Schleicher (2012) states that good policy in relation to open educational resources can make technology usage more effective in education. According to Schleicher (2012), open platforms can connect teachers experiencing the same difficulties in education and encourage a more collaborative teaching culture, which, in turn, can foster innovation and acq
Different roles of fat soluble vitamins
This document provides information about various vitamins, including vitamins A, D, and E. It defines vitamins as organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition. Vitamins are divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble groups. Vitamin A plays roles in vision, bone development, cell growth and immunity. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium levels and supports bone and immune health. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cells from free radical damage.
Nutrition
This document discusses the relationship between nutrition and periodontal health. It begins with definitions of key terms like diet, nutrition, and malnutrition. It then covers the major classes of nutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It discusses how deficiencies in specific nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin D, and calcium can impact periodontal health. It also addresses how nutrition interacts with immunity and oral microorganisms, and can affect the epithelial barrier, wound healing, and periodontal repair processes. In summary, the document outlines the various ways in which nutrition plays a role in both supporting periodontal health and influencing the progression of periodontal disease.
Vitamins
A vitamin is an organic compound and an essential nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts
Fat-soluble Vitamin E & K for dental students
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids , dental seminar,
The comprehensive review on Fat Soluble Vitamins
This document provides a comprehensive review of fat-soluble vitamins. It discusses the history and classification of vitamins, including the distinction between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. The four fat-soluble vitamins - vitamins A, D, E, and K - are examined in depth, with sections on their structure, function, dietary sources, recommended intake levels, absorption and storage in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms. The review concludes with a discussion of the importance of obtaining fat-soluble vitamins from whole foods versus supplements.
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Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin is a potent neurotoxin found in marine animals like pufferfish. It blocks sodium channels, preventing action potentials and paralyzing neurons and muscles. Poisoning symptoms range from numbness to respiratory failure and death. The toxin is produced by various bacteria in marine life. While rare, poisoning is more common where pufferfish is regularly consumed. There is no antidote, so treatment focuses on supportive care and monitoring until the toxin is cleared from the body.
ECG S
1) The Sgarbossa criteria provide guidelines for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in patients with left bundle branch block (LBB) or ventricular paced rhythm on electrocardiogram (ECG), as these conditions can obscure ECG changes.
2) The original Sgarbossa criteria included three criteria involving concordant or discordant ST segment changes greater than 1mm. The modified criteria expanded this to include proportionally excessive discordant ST elevation.
3) Different types of STEMI are described based on the location of maximal ST elevation, including anterior, inferior, lateral, posterior, and right ventricular STEMI, each with characteristic ECG patterns.
ECG I
This document discusses interventricular conduction delay and raised intracranial pressure as seen on electrocardiograms (ECGs). It defines interventricular conduction delay and lists various causes including fascicular blocks, bundle branch blocks, ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation, electrolyte abnormalities, toxins, pre-excitation, and arrhythmogenic cardiac conditions. It then discusses raised intracranial pressure and the associated ECG findings of widespread T-wave inversions, QT prolongation, and bradycardia as part of the Cushing reflex, indicating imminent brainstem herniation. Massive intracranial hemorrhages such as subarachnoid hemorrhage are the most common causes
ECG H
The document discusses various electrolyte abnormalities and their ECG manifestations, including hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesia, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and hypothermia. For each condition, it provides the normal and abnormal ranges for the electrolyte levels and describes the associated ECG changes such as peaked T waves, QT prolongation, low QRS voltage, bradycardia, and arrhythmias. The document serves as a reference for clinicians to recognize ECG patterns caused by electrolyte and endocrine abnormalities.
ECG F
1) Fascicular ventricular tachycardia is the most common form of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating from the left ventricle. It typically presents in young patients without structural heart disease.
2) It has characteristic ECG features including a monomorphic ventricular rhythm with fusion complexes and AV dissociation. The QRS duration is between 100-140 ms with a short RS interval of 60-80 ms. It also shows a right bundle branch block pattern and axis deviation.
3) Posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia, which arises near the left posterior fascicle, shows a right bundle branch block pattern with left axis deviation. Anterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia arises
ECG E
The document discusses several electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and rhythms including ectopic atrial tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, electrical alternans seen in massive pericardial effusion which produces low QRS voltage, electrical alternans and tachycardia, escape rhythms like junctional escape rhythms where the pacemaker rate decreases down the conducting system, and ventricular escape rhythms. It also discusses the terminology of junctional rhythms and includes literature references.
ECG D
The document discusses De Winter's T waves, which are characterized by three key findings on ECG: upsloping ST depression in precordial leads, tall symmetric T waves in precordial leads, and ST elevation in aVR. It also summarizes the ECG patterns seen in dextrocardia, including right axis deviation, positive complexes in aVR, and dominant S waves in precordial leads. Finally, it outlines the ECG features of digoxin effect and toxicity, such as biphasic T waves, shortened QT, and the dysrhythmia of supraventricular tachycardia with a slow ventricular response seen in digoxin toxicity.
ECG C
Massive carbamazepine overdose of more than 50 mg/kg can cause cardiotoxicity due to sodium channel blockade, which may be detectable on ECG as subtle QRS widening or first-degree AV block. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilatation and reduced ejection fraction below 40%, commonly presenting with symptoms of biventricular failure. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can cause prominent P waves in inferior leads, exaggerated ST segments, low QRS voltage especially in V4-V6, and may show an SV1-SV2-SV3 pattern.
ECG B
- Benign early repolarization shows concave ST elevation less than 2 mm with no progression over time, most prominent in V2-V5. Notching at the J-point and concordant T-waves are also seen.
- Beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker toxicity can cause prolonged PR interval and bradycardia. Propranolol toxicity specifically causes QRS widening and positive R' wave in aVR. Sotalol toxicity causes QT prolongation and risk of Torsades de Pointes.
- Bifascicular block is a combination of right bundle branch block with either left anterior or posterior fascicular block, and can be caused by ischemia, hypertension or other
ECG A: AVNRT, AVRT
This document discusses atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). It states that AVNRT is the most common cause of palpitations in structurally normal hearts. It can occur spontaneously or be provoked. There are three main types - slow-fast AVNRT which is most common and shows no visible P waves, fast-slow AVNRT where P waves are visible after the QRS, and slow-slow AVNRT where P waves appear before the QRS. The tachycardia rate is typically between 140-280 beats per minute and is regular. AVNRT occurs due to a reentry circuit within the atrioventricular node.
ECG A: AV blocks
This document summarizes different types of atrioventricular (AV) blocks seen on electrocardiograms (ECGs). It describes first-degree AV block as a PR interval over 200ms. Second-degree AV block, Mobitz type I (Wenckebach phenomenon) shows progressive PR prolongation until a blocked pulse. Mobitz type II shows intermittent non-conducted pulses without PR prolongation. High-grade second-degree AV block has a P:QRS ratio of 3:1 or higher, with an extremely slow ventricular rate. Third-degree or complete heart block shows no relationship between atrial and ventricular rates. Causes include myocardial infarction, drugs, and conduction system disease. Treatment ranges from
ECG A: first part.
This document provides an overview of several cardiac arrhythmias and conditions including:
1. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR), which results when an ectopic ventricular pacemaker exceeds the sinus node rate. AIVR is seen post-myocardial infarction and features a regular rhythm between 50-110 bpm with three or more QRS complexes.
2. Atrial flutter, a supraventricular tachycardia caused by a reentry circuit in the right atrium with a rate of around 300 bpm. The ventricular rate is determined by AV conduction.
3. Atrial fibrillation, the most common sustained arrhythmia characterized by irregularly irregular rhythm without
Cardiorenal syndrome
1) Cardiorenal syndrome commonly occurs in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and is associated with poor outcomes. It involves a complex interaction between hemodynamic alterations and activation of neurohormonal systems that affects both the heart and kidneys.
2) There are five types of cardiorenal syndrome classified based on the inciting cardiac or renal event and the affected secondary organs. Type 1 is acute cardiorenal syndrome due to acute worsening of cardiac function leading to kidney injury.
3) Loop diuretics are the mainstay of treatment for congestion in heart failure but aggressive diuresis may worsen kidney function. Other therapies discussed include inotropic agents, vasopressin antagonists
Categorization of risks and benefits (food additives)
The document discusses various categories of risks associated with food, including foodborne hazards of microbial origin, nutritional hazards, environmental contaminants, naturally occurring toxicants, and food additives. It notes that foodborne diseases of microbial origin pose the greatest risks. Nutritional hazards can arise from deficiencies or excesses. Environmental contaminants can enter the food supply from industrial or natural sources. Naturally occurring toxicants are found in some foods. Food additives present minimal risks when consumed within permitted levels. The document also outlines categories of potential benefits from foods, including health benefits, supply benefits, hedonic benefits, and convenience benefits.
Benefits and risks of additives
This document discusses the benefits and risks of food additives. The benefits include making foods safer, more nutritious, and longer lasting through the use of preservatives and antioxidants. Additives also provide greater variety of foods and lower prices. However, there are also risks. There is a lack of data on the long term health effects of combinations of additives. Some additives are associated with "junk foods" that are low in nutrients. While direct toxic effects are unlikely at legal levels, some individuals may have hypersensitivity reactions. Some animal studies also indicate potential cancer and reproductive issues, but no direct evidence in humans. The risks must be weighed against the benefits on a case by case basis.
Types of food additives
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Effector phase in immune mediated drug hypersensitivity
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T cell stimulation by drugs
1. Small molecule drugs can become immunogenic by undergoing bioactivation into chemically reactive metabolites that covalently bind to proteins, forming hapten-carrier complexes.
2. These complexes are then processed and presented by antigen presenting cells to T cells, stimulating an adaptive immune response.
3. Whether a humoral or cellular immune response develops depends on which proteins are modified by the hapten and whether they are soluble or cell-bound.
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Vitamin E toxicity
- 1. Vitamin E toxicity Domina Petric, MD
- 2. Vitamin E toxicity Vitamin E is one of the least toxic of the vitamins. Daily doses as high as 400 IU can be considered harmless. Large oral doses as great as 3200 IU have not been found to have consistent ill effects. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 2
- 3. Vitamin E toxicity • At very high doses, however, vitamin E can antagonize the functions of other fat-soluble vitamins. • This can be antagonised with increased dietary supplements of the appropriate vitamins: vitamins D, A and K. • Isolated reports of negative effects in patients consuming up to 1000 IU of vitamin E per day included headache, fatigue, nausea, double vision, muscular weakness, mild creatinuria and gastrointestinal distress. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 3
- 4. Fat soluble vitamins April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 4 Vitamin AVitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin D Fat soluble vitamins
- 5. Vitamin E toxicity April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 5 DOUBLE VISION HEADACHE FATIGUE NAUSEA MUSCULAR WEAKNESS CREATINURIA GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS Vitamin E intoxication The least toxic of vitamins Individual cases Dose >1000 IU/day
- 6. Vitamin E toxicity • Potentially deleterious metabolic effects of high level vitamin E status include inhibitions of retinyl ester hydrolase and vitamin K- dependent carboxylations. • Patients of normal coagulation status given high doses of vitamin E (at least 1000 IU/day) showed decreased γ-carboxylation and decreased functionality of prothrombin. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 6
- 7. Vitamin E toxicity Tocopherylquinone has structural similarities to vitamin K and may act as an inhibitor of vitamin K metabolism. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 7
- 8. Conclusion Vitamin E is safe over a wide range of intakes that would extend to approximately 1600 IU/day for most healthy adults. April 11, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 8
- 9. Literature • Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. April 11, 2018 9