Vitamins are nutrients that our bodies cannot produce on their own and must be obtained through foods or supplements. They are essential for good health and many bodily functions. Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and the B vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored in the body, so must be consumed regularly. Fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K are stored in body fat and tissues. Vitamins play important roles in growth, development, energy production and disease prevention. Deficiencies can lead to various health conditions.
Definition of Rickets &Osteomalacia.
Etiology of Rickets & Osteomalacia
Rickets :
is defective mineralization of bones before epiphyseal closure (at growth plate) due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, phosphorus or calcium ,potentially leading to fractures and deformity.
Osteomalacia :
is a similar condition occurring in adults, generally due to impaired mineralization of the bone matrix. Due to a deficiency of vitamin D.
Etiology:
Vit D deficiency :
low intake plus inadequate sunlight exposure
malabsorption
Abnormal Vit D metabolism:
Impaired 25 OH Vitamin D production (Liver diseases)
Impaired 1,25 OH2 Vitamin D production (chronic renal failure or vitamin D-resistant rickets type I ).
Vitamin D receptor defects (vitaminD-resistant rickets type II)
Low calcium intake
Hypophosphatemia :
Low intake.
Inherited or acquired defects in renal tubular phosphate reabsorption.
Tumors that secrete phosphaturic substance.
Rickets and Osteomalacia are impaired memorization of the bone.
Causes of Rickets and Osteomalacia :
Vit D deficiency
Low calcium intake
Abnormal Vit D metabolism
Hypophosphatemia
Definition of Rickets &Osteomalacia.
Etiology of Rickets & Osteomalacia
Rickets :
is defective mineralization of bones before epiphyseal closure (at growth plate) due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, phosphorus or calcium ,potentially leading to fractures and deformity.
Osteomalacia :
is a similar condition occurring in adults, generally due to impaired mineralization of the bone matrix. Due to a deficiency of vitamin D.
Etiology:
Vit D deficiency :
low intake plus inadequate sunlight exposure
malabsorption
Abnormal Vit D metabolism:
Impaired 25 OH Vitamin D production (Liver diseases)
Impaired 1,25 OH2 Vitamin D production (chronic renal failure or vitamin D-resistant rickets type I ).
Vitamin D receptor defects (vitaminD-resistant rickets type II)
Low calcium intake
Hypophosphatemia :
Low intake.
Inherited or acquired defects in renal tubular phosphate reabsorption.
Tumors that secrete phosphaturic substance.
Rickets and Osteomalacia are impaired memorization of the bone.
Causes of Rickets and Osteomalacia :
Vit D deficiency
Low calcium intake
Abnormal Vit D metabolism
Hypophosphatemia
Thiamine is also called as vitamin B1, Aneurine (it can relieve neuritis), or antiberberi
factor.
• In 1900, Christian Eijkman produced beriberi in chicken by feeding polished rice (Nobel
Prize, 1929).
• Adolf Windaus (Nobel Prize, 1928) elucidated the structure of the vitamin.
Structure of Thiamine:
Biosynthesis:
Deficiency Manifestations of Thiamine
Thiamine, also known as thiamin or vitamin B₁, is a vitamin found in food and manufactured as a dietary supplement and medication. Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish
Thiamine is also called as vitamin B1, Aneurine (it can relieve neuritis), or antiberberi
factor.
• In 1900, Christian Eijkman produced beriberi in chicken by feeding polished rice (Nobel
Prize, 1929).
• Adolf Windaus (Nobel Prize, 1928) elucidated the structure of the vitamin.
Structure of Thiamine:
Biosynthesis:
Deficiency Manifestations of Thiamine
Thiamine, also known as thiamin or vitamin B₁, is a vitamin found in food and manufactured as a dietary supplement and medication. Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish
are nonenergy producing organic compounds essential in minute amount for normal human metabolism and for the help of body.
Vitamins are micronutrients, which are very much essential for growth and for metabolism.
The importance of vitamins as drug in primarily in the prevention and treatment of deficiency diseases.
A Comprehensive Introduction to Vitamins and its chemistry, source, RDA, classification, deficiency states and biological importance. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic.
Vitamins are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body.
Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in human tissues. Their excess is excreted with urine.
Significant amounts of fat soluble vitamins can be stored in adipose tissue and the liver.
Synthetic vitamins are identical to natural vitamins.
Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs.
A vitamin that can dissolve in water. Vitamins are nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy and work the way it should. Water-soluble vitamins are carried to the body's tissues but are not stored in the body.
Vitamins are frequently classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances.. minerals that dissolve in fat, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K, have a tendency to build up in the body. Water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins, such as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate, must dissolve in water in order to be absorbed by the body. the body and cannot be stored. Any water-soluble minerals that the body does not use are mostly excreted in the urine. People require trace amounts of organic substances called vitamins. Every one plays a unique part in preserving health and body function. Some people may require supplements to improve their supply, depending on their lifestyle and overall health..
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
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CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
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The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. WHATARE
VITAMINS ?
Nutrients that our body does not make on its own. Thus we must
obtain them from the foods we eat, or via vitamin supplements.
They are essential for providing good health and are necessary for
many life functions.
Everybody must eat a certain amount of vitamins to stay healthy.
Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many
different foods.
3. CHARACTERISTICS
Vitamins are required in small quantities in the diet because they
cannot be synthesized by the body.
Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in human tissues. Their
excess is excreted with urine.
Significant amounts of fat soluble vitamins can be stored in adipose
tissue and the liver.
Synthetic vitamins are identical to natural vitamins.
Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain
essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues,
and organs.
4. FUNCTIONS
Vitamins are helpful for the health and life of the body in the
following respects:
(a) They build up the resistance of the body against diseases.
(b) Prevent and cure various diseases caused by deficiency.
(c) Help the digestion and utilization of mineral salts and
Carbohydrates in the body.
(d) Stimulate and give strength to digestive and nervous system.
(e) Help health protection.
(f) Help maintenance of proper health and normal growth
9. WATER
SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
Vitamins that dissolve in water. Because our body is a watery
environment, these vitamins can move through our body pretty
easily, and they can also be flushed out by the kidneys.
These are not stored in the body, so you need to have them more
frequently.
Water soluble vitamins are found in a wide range of foods
including fruits, vegetables, potatoes, grains, milk and dairy
products.
They can be destroyed by heat or being exposed to air.
Water-soluble vitamins include the B-complex vitamins and
vitamin C.
12. VITAMINC
It is also called ascorbic acid and antibiotic vitamin.
It is powerful antioxidant
Synthesized by most animals (not by human).
It is highly soluble in water and most easily destroyed.
Human needs this vitamin daily in their diet because body stores
only small amount ofVitaminC.
14. FUNCTIONS
Protects you body from free radicals
Helps form connective tissue that hold your bones, muscles, and
tissues together (collagen)
Aids in the healing of wounds
Aids the body in absorbing iron from plant sources
Helps to keep your gums healthy
Helps your body to fight infections
Aids in the prevention of heart disease
Helps prevent some forms of cancer
Converts cholesterol to bile acids
15. DEFICIENCY
In adults deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy. But it rarely occurs
in normal people.The symptoms of scurvy are
(a) Hemorrhages in various tissues particularly in inside of thigh,
calf and forearm muscles. It may be due to capillary fragility.
(b) General weakness and anemia.
(c) Swollen joints, swollen gums and loose tooth.
(d) Susceptible for infections.
(e) Delayed wound healing.
(f) Bone fragility and osteoporosis.
16.
17. TREATMENT
This is to replace the vitamin C that is lacking in you. This can be
achieved by taking vitamin C supplements and eating diet rich in
vitamin C.
19. THIAMINE
B 1
It is also calledAnti Beri-Beri factor,Anti Neuritic factor, and also
Aneurin.
It is colorless basic organic compound composed of a sulfated
pyramiding ring.
All living organisms use thiamine, but it is synthesized only in
bacteria, fungi, and plants.
Contains sulfur and nitrogen group
Destroyed by alkaline and heat
22. THIAMINE
DEFICIENCY
Adult beriberi:
Early signs of beri beri are insomnia, headache, dizziness, loss of
appetite, muscle weakness, numbness and pricking sensation in
lower limbs and fatigue.
23. BERI-BERI
If not treated it leads to
(a) Wet beri beri. In which cardiovascular system is affected and it is
characterized by edema. Edema appears in lower limbs, trunk,
face and serous cavities. Blood pressure becomes abnormal.
Heart becomes weak and death occurs due to heart failure.
(b) Dry beri beri. In which central nervous system is affected. In
addition to early signs severe muscle wasting occurs. As a result
individual is unable to walk and becomes bed ridden. Death may
occur if not treated.
Infantile beri beri. In infants thiamine deficiency causes infantile beri
beri. It occurs in infants between 2-10 months of age.
24. RIBOFLAVIN
It is also called as beauty vitamin.
It is yellowish green fluorescent compound soluble in water.
The word riboflavin is derived from 2 sources ribose – means many
ribose sugar found in several vitamins flavin – yellow.
It is widely involved in oxidationreduction reaction.
32. DEFICIENCY
Niacin deficiency causes pellagra in which skin, gastrointestinal
tract and nervous system are affected.
Dermatitis, Diarrhoea and Dementia are characteristic symptoms of
pellagra.
33. TREATMENT 50 mg BD for a week in injection form followed by oral dose 100
mg bd for 3 weeks.
34. PANTOTHENIC
B 5
Vitamin B5 is also known as Pantothenic Acid, is a water-soluble
vitamin. It was discovered by Roger J.Williams in 1919.
Tissue extracts from a variety of biological materials provide a
growth factor for yeast this growth factor identified as
pantothenic acid
This word derived from greek word pantos meaning everywhere.
Essential for metabolism of CHO, fat, protein
36. FUNCTIONS
Vitamin B5 plays an important role in helping release energy from
sugars, starches, and fats.
Vitamin B5 is important for releasing energy stored as fat, it is
equally important for the creation of fat. Two basic types of fats -
fatty acids and cholesterol - both require the CoA form of B5 for
their synthesis.
Sometimes it is important for the body to make small chemical
changes in the shape of cell proteins, thus vitamin B5 is used in
this case.
They are essential for the cell metabolism.
They are very helpful in the cholesterol metabolism.
Accelerates wound healing.
It is also used as anti-stress factor.
Allergies, headaches, arthritis, psoriasis, insomnia, asthma, and
infections have all been treated with some effectiveness using
vitamin B5.
37. DEFICIENCY It cause burning feet, abdominal cramps, restlessness and fatigue in
humans
38. PYRIDOXINE
B 6
Vitamin B6 refers to a group of chemically very similar compounds
which can be interconverted in biological systems.
Vitamin B6 is part of the vitamin B complex group, and its active
form, Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) serves as a cofactor in many
enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism.
It is white crystalline substance soluble in water and alcohol.
40. FUNCTIONS
Make antibodies: Antibodies are needed to fight many diseases.
Maintain normal nerve function
Make haemoglobin: Haemoglobin carries oxygen in the red blood
cells to the tissues. A vitamin B6 deficiency can cause a form of
anaemia.
Break down proteins: The more protein you eat, the more vitamin
B6 you need.
Keep blood sugar (glucose) in normal ranges
Assists in the balancing of Sodium and Potassium levels.
Promotes RBC production.
Production of Serotonin, Dopamine, Noradrenaline and Adrenaline
41. DEFICIENCY
It is rare in human adults.
In children vitamin B6 deficiency causes epileptic form convulsions
(seizures) due to decreased formation of neuro transmitters like
GABA, serotonin and catecholamines.
42. CYANOCOBALAMIN
B 12
Vitamin B12 is complex organomatrix compound called as
cobalamin which is cobalt containing porphyrin. It is freely soluble
in water.
43. DIETARY
SOURCES Vitamin B12 is mostly found in animal products such as meat,
shellfish, milk, cheese, and eggs. Clams, Oysters, Mussels, Caviar
(Fish Eggs), Octopus, Crab and Lobster r the great source of B12
44. FUNCTIONS
Red Blood Cells – it is essential for production of RBCs
Nervous – It improves concentration, memory, & balance.
It is important for metabolism of fat, carbohydrate ,proteins, folic
acid.
It promotes growth and increases apatite.
45. DEFICIENCY
ANEMIA: it leads to megaloblastic or pernicious anemia.
Demyelination & irreversible nerve cell death.
46. BIOTIN
B 7
It is a part of B complex group of vitamins. Biotin is required to
metabolize carbohydrates, fats and amino acids like all B vitamins.
It is a water-soluble vitamin. It means the body does not store it.
However, in the intestine biotin can made.
48. FUNCTIONS
Sufficient intake of vitamin B7 (biotin) is important as it helps the
body to-
convert food into glucose, which is used to produce energy
produce fatty acids and amino acids (the building blocks of
protein)
activate protein/amino acid metabolism in the hair roots and
fingernail cells.
49. DEFICIENCY Biotin deficiency is rare in humans because it is present in most of
the common foods.
57. DEFICIENCY
Night blindness
In early stages, the affected individual is not able to see clearly in
dim light or night due to block in the resynthesis of rhodopsin.
In the later stage of deficiency the affected individual cannot see
or read in dim light.
Thus loss of night vision (night blindness) is the major initial
symptom ofVitamin A deficiency.
Night blindness in adults or in preschool children is common in
countries where intake of vitamin A is low.
Growth of bone and formation of tooth are defective.Thick and
long bones are formed.
Nerve growth also affected. Degeneration of myelin sheath occurs.
58. DEFICIENCY
Keratinisation of mucous secreting epithelial cells (hyperkeratosis)
lining respiratory tract and reproductive tract occurs. Mucous
secretion by salivary and lacrymal glands is also affected.
Deposition of keratin in skin (xeroderma) gives rise to
characteristic toad skin appearance.
Reproductive disorders like testicular degeneration, resorption of
foetus or foetal malformation are observed.
Degenerative changes in kidneys
60. VITAMIN D
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids (a type of
steroid with a "broken" ring) found in liver and fish oils, or
obtained by irradiating provitamin D with ultraviolet light and are
responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron,
magnesium, phosphate and zinc. It is also called SUNSHINE
VITAMIN.
61. FORMS
It is available in 2 forms
Ergocalciferol D2 is obtained artificially by
irradiation of ergo-sterol and is called
ergocalciferol.
Cholecalciferol D3 is made from 7-dehydro-
cholesterol in the skin of animals and
humans.
64. ABSORPTION
TRANSPORT
STORAGE
• Dietary vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 are absorbed in the small
intestine in presence of bile salts.
• Absorbed Vit D is incorporated into chylomicrons and enters
circulation via lymph.
•Vitamin D is stored in liver and adipose tissue.
65. DEFICIENCY
1. Rickets: In children vitamin D deficiency causes rickets, results
in soft bones. This leads to deformities in skull, chest, spine, legs
and pelvis.
2. Osteomalacia: Vitamin D deficiency causes osteomalacia in
adults. It is seen in pregnant women and women with
inappropriate diet. Skeletal pain is early sign. Deformities of ribs,
spine, pelvis and legs are seen.
3. Osteoporosis:
Vitamin D deficiency causes osteoporosis in old people.
Photolysis of provitamins dcreases with age. This and together
with decreased sex hormone production may lead to
deficiency.
Symptoms are bone pain and porous bones. Bone fractures are
common
66. TREATMENT Large dose of vitamin D, i.e. 1000-5000 IU daily for 1 month,
followed by 800 IU daily for 6 months.
68. VITAMIN E
Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds that include both
tocopherols and tocotrienols. They are naturally occurring anti-
oxidant.
It is also called anti-aging factor.
It is yellow oily liquid freely soluble in fat solvent.
71. ABSORPTION
STORAGE
Vitamin E like other fat soluble vitamins is absorbed along with fat
in intestines. It is stored in the liver, muscles and body fat.
72. DEFICIENCY
It causes following disorders:
Vitamin E deficiency is very rare problem that results in
damage to nerves.
It also causes reproductive failure.
Its severe deficiency increases hemolysis or red blood cells.
It may lead to muscular dystrophy.
74. VITAMIN K
Vitamin K refers to a group of structurally similar, fat soluble
vitamins the human body needs for complete synthesis of certain
proteins that are required for blood coagulation, and also certain
proteins that the body uses to manipulate binding of calcium in
bone and other tissues.
Vitamin K is naturally produced by the bacteria in the intestines.
It is essential for production of a type of protein called prothrombin
& other factor involve in blood clotting mechanism. Hence it is
known as anti – hemorrhagic vitamin.
75. Vitamin K
includes two
natural vitamins :
Vitamin K1
(phylloquinone)
Vitamin K2
(menaquinones)
Obtained from green leafy
vegetables
Obtained from meats,
cheese and eggs
78. ABSORPTION
AND
TRANSPORT
Vitamin K is absorbed along with fat in the diet. Bile is essential for
its absorption. The absorbed vitamin K passes through the
lymphatic system to the general circulation. Liver stores
appreciable amounts.
79. DEFICIENCY
1. Haemorrhage in the new born is most common vitamin K
deficiency symptom. uncontrolled bleeding through nose
(epitaxis) and gastrointestinal tract is likely to occur. However it
can be treated successfully with intra muscular injections of
vitamin K.
2. In adults vitamin K deficiency rarely occurs. However prolonged
use of antibiotics may cause vitamin K deficiency due to
elimination of intestinal flora.