The document discusses key concepts related to buoyancy, pressure, density, and their relationship to flight. It defines density as mass per unit volume and explains how pressure increases with depth in fluids. Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force equals the weight of fluid displaced. Bernoulli's principle explains that fluid pressure decreases as speed increases. Airfoils create lift through Bernoulli's principle, with lower pressure above the wing and higher pressure below producing upward force.

1. Buoyancy & Flight

2. Review Newton’s Laws Explanation Summary First inertia Second When an object is acted on by an unbalanced force, it will accelerate in the direction of that force. Third action-reaction

3. Review What is pressure? Amount of force applied to a unit of area. What formula do we use to calculate pressure? P = F/A What units are used to measure pressure? pascals (Pa) What is Pascal’s Principle? A force applied to a fluid in a closed container will cause an increase in pressure, equally transmitted to all parts of the fluid. How does depth affect pressure? Pressure also increases with depth.

4. Density Density : How much mass is contained in a certain volume. Density = mass/volume or D = m v (Volume = length x width x depth) Units for density: g/mL (or g/cm 3 or g/cc) (1 milliliter = 1 cubic centimeter)

5. Calculating Density What is the density of a metal if a 4 gram sample has a volume of 10 cm 3 ? mass = 4 g volume = 10 cm 3 density = ? D = 4g  10 cm 3 density = 0.4 g/cm 3 D = 8 g  10 cm 3 density = 0.8 g/cm 3 D = m/v 4 g 8 g

6. Buoyancy Pressure in a fluid is exerted in all directions. Pressure increases with depth. What other forces act on a submerged object? Gravity! What affects the amount of gravitational force on an object? Mass! F g F g

7. Archimedes’ principle Archimedes’ Principle : the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Buoyant force: the force that a fluid exerts on an object (upthrust) acts in an upward direction against gravity makes objects feel lighter

8. Density and Buoyancy Water has a density of 1 g/mL at 25 degrees Celsius (temperature affects density because it changes volume) This means 1 mL of water has a mass of 1 gram Objects with densities less than 1g/mL will float. Objects with densities greater than 1g/mL will sink.

9. Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s principle: The pressure exerted by a moving fluid is less than the pressure of the surrounding fluid. Daniel Bernoulli was a mathematician who studied fluid mechanics (the motion of fluids). He found that the faster a fluid moves the less pressure it exerts .

11. Prairie Dog Burrows Air is forced up and over the raised mound, causing an area of low pressure. Fresh air flows through since fluids of higher pressure always move towards low pressure . Wouldn't work if both openings were level.

12. How would Bernouli's Principle help an architect design a weather-exposed house in the windy Columbia River Gorge?

13. How Airfoils Create Lift The air makes it over top and bottom in the same amount of time. (Remember speed=distance/time?) Air moves faster to get over the top curve. Faster fluids have less pressure (Bernoulli's principle) Slower air under wing pushes with greater force than the air above it, creating “lift” If the flying apparatus goes fast enough, the "lift" will be great enough to overcome the pull of gravity.

14. Wing Design