This document discusses fluid mechanics and fluid properties. It defines a fluid as a nonsolid state of matter that can flow and change shape. Fluids have density, and buoyant force is defined as the upward force exerted by a liquid on an object immersed in it. Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force equals the weight of fluid displaced. Pressure is also discussed, along with Pascal's principle about pressure being transmitted equally in fluids.

1. Fluid MechanicsFluid Mechanics
Chapter 8Chapter 8

2. Fluids and BuoyantFluids and Buoyant
ForceForce
Section 1Section 1

3. Defining a FluidDefining a Fluid
AA fluidfluid is a nonsolid state of matter in which theis a nonsolid state of matter in which the
atoms or molecules are free to move past eachatoms or molecules are free to move past each
other, as in a gas or a liquid.other, as in a gas or a liquid.
Both liquids and gases are considered fluidsBoth liquids and gases are considered fluids
because they can flow and change shape.because they can flow and change shape.
Liquids have a definite volume; gases do not.Liquids have a definite volume; gases do not.

4. Density and Buoyant ForceDensity and Buoyant Force
The concentration of matter of an object isThe concentration of matter of an object is
called thecalled the mass densitymass density..
Mass density is measured as the mass perMass density is measured as the mass per
unit volume of a substance.unit volume of a substance.
ρ =
m
V
mass density =
mass
volume

5. Densities of Common SubstancesDensities of Common Substances

6. Density and Buoyant ForceDensity and Buoyant Force
TheThe buoyant forcebuoyant force is the upward forceis the upward force
exerted by a liquid on an object immersedexerted by a liquid on an object immersed
in or floating on the liquid.in or floating on the liquid.
Buoyant forces can keep objects afloat.Buoyant forces can keep objects afloat.

7. Buoyant Force and ArchimedesBuoyant Force and Archimedes’’
PrinciplePrinciple
The Brick, when added will cause the water toThe Brick, when added will cause the water to
be displaced and fill the smaller container.be displaced and fill the smaller container.
What will the volume be inside the smallerWhat will the volume be inside the smaller
container?container?
The same volume as the brick!The same volume as the brick!

8. Buoyant Force and ArchimedesBuoyant Force and Archimedes’’
PrinciplePrinciple
ArchimedesArchimedes’’ principle describes the magnitudeprinciple describes the magnitude
of a buoyant force.of a buoyant force.
ArchimedesArchimedes’’ principle:principle: Any object completely orAny object completely or
partially submerged in a fluid experiences anpartially submerged in a fluid experiences an
upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to theupward buoyant force equal in magnitude to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object.weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
FFBB == FFgg (displaced fluid)(displaced fluid) == mmffgg
magnitude of buoyant force = weight of fluid displacedmagnitude of buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced

9. Buoyant ForceBuoyant Force
The raft and cargoThe raft and cargo
are floatingare floating
because theirbecause their
weight andweight and
buoyant force arebuoyant force are
balanced.balanced.

10. Buoyant ForceBuoyant Force
Now imagine a small holeNow imagine a small hole
is put in the raft.is put in the raft.
The raft and cargo sinkThe raft and cargo sink
because their density isbecause their density is
greater than the density ofgreater than the density of
the water.the water.
As the volume of the raftAs the volume of the raft
decreases, the volume ofdecreases, the volume of
the water displaced by thethe water displaced by the
raft and cargo alsoraft and cargo also
decreases, as does thedecreases, as does the
magnitude of the buoyantmagnitude of the buoyant
force.force.

11. Buoyant ForceBuoyant Force
For a floating object, the buoyant force equals theFor a floating object, the buoyant force equals the
objectobject’’s weight.s weight.
The apparent weight of a submerged objectThe apparent weight of a submerged object
depends on the density of the object.depends on the density of the object.
For an object with densityFor an object with density ρρOO submerged in a fluidsubmerged in a fluid
of densityof density ρρff, the buoyant force, the buoyant force FFBB obeys theobeys the
following ratio:following ratio:
Fg
(object)
FB
=
ρO
ρf

12. ExampleExample
A bargain hunter purchasesA bargain hunter purchases
aa ““goldgold”” crown at a fleacrown at a flea
market. After she getsmarket. After she gets
home, she hangs the crownhome, she hangs the crown
from a scale and finds itsfrom a scale and finds its
weight to be 7.84 N. Sheweight to be 7.84 N. She
then weighs the crown whilethen weighs the crown while
it is immersed in water, andit is immersed in water, and
the scale reads 6.86 N. Isthe scale reads 6.86 N. Is
the crown made of purethe crown made of pure
gold? Explain.gold? Explain.

13. SolutionSolution
ρ
ρ
=
=
– apparent weightg B
g O
B f
F F
F
F
( )
ρ ρ
=
=
– apparent weightB g
g
O f
B
F F
F
F
Choose your equations:Choose your equations:
Rearrange your equations:Rearrange your equations:

14. SolutionSolution
Plug and Chug:Plug and Chug:
From the table in your book, the densityFrom the table in your book, the density
of gold is 19.3of gold is 19.3 ×× 101033
kg/mkg/m33
..
Because 8.0Because 8.0 ×× 101033
kg/mkg/m33
< 19.3< 19.3 ×× 101033
kg/mkg/m33
, the crown cannot be pure gold., the crown cannot be pure gold.
( )ρ ρ
ρ
=
= = ×
= ×
3 3
3 3
7.84 N – 6.86 N = 0.98 N
7.84 N
1.00 10 kg/m
0.98 N
8.0 10 kg/m
B
g
O f
B
O
F
F
F

15. Your Turn IYour Turn I
A piece of metal weighs 50.0 N in air and 36.0 NA piece of metal weighs 50.0 N in air and 36.0 N
in water and 41.0 N in an unknown liquid. Findin water and 41.0 N in an unknown liquid. Find
the densities of the following:the densities of the following:
The metalThe metal
The unknown liquidThe unknown liquid
A 2.8 kg rectangular air mattress is 2.00 m longA 2.8 kg rectangular air mattress is 2.00 m long
and 0.500 m wide and 0.100 m thick. Whatand 0.500 m wide and 0.100 m thick. What
mass can it support in water before sinking?mass can it support in water before sinking?
A ferry boat is 4.0 m wide and 6.0 m long. WhenA ferry boat is 4.0 m wide and 6.0 m long. When
a truck pulls onto it, the boat sinks 4.00 cm in thea truck pulls onto it, the boat sinks 4.00 cm in the
water. What is the weight of the truck?water. What is the weight of the truck?

16. PNBWPNBW
Page 279Page 279
Physics 1Physics 1--44
Honors 1Honors 1--55

17. Fluid PressureFluid Pressure
Section 2Section 2

18. PressurePressure
Deep sea divers wear atmospheric divingDeep sea divers wear atmospheric diving
suits to resist the forces exerted by thesuits to resist the forces exerted by the
water in the depths of the ocean.water in the depths of the ocean.
You experience this pressure when youYou experience this pressure when you
dive to the bottom of a pool, drive up adive to the bottom of a pool, drive up a
mountain, or fly in a plane.mountain, or fly in a plane.

19. PressurePressure
PressurePressure is the magnitude of the force on ais the magnitude of the force on a
surface per unit area.surface per unit area.
PascalPascal’’s principle states that pressure applied tos principle states that pressure applied to
a fluid in a closed container is transmitteda fluid in a closed container is transmitted
equally to every point of the fluid and to theequally to every point of the fluid and to the
walls of the container.walls of the container.
P =
F
A
pressure =
force
area

20. PressurePressure
The SI unit for pressure is theThe SI unit for pressure is the pascalpascal, Pa., Pa.
It is equal to 1 N/mIt is equal to 1 N/m22
..
The pressure at sea level is about 1.01 xThe pressure at sea level is about 1.01 x
101055
Pa.Pa.
This gives us another unit for pressure, theThis gives us another unit for pressure, the
atmosphere, where 1atmosphere, where 1 atmatm = 1.01 x 10= 1.01 x 1055
PaPa

21. PascalPascal’’s Principles Principle
When you pump a bike tire, you applyWhen you pump a bike tire, you apply
force on the pump that in turn exerts aforce on the pump that in turn exerts a
force on the air inside the tire.force on the air inside the tire.
The air responds by pushing not only onThe air responds by pushing not only on
the pump but also against the walls of thethe pump but also against the walls of the
tire.tire.
As a result, the pressure increases by anAs a result, the pressure increases by an
equal amount throughout the tire.equal amount throughout the tire.

22. PascalPascal’’s Principles Principle
A hydraulic lift usesA hydraulic lift uses
Pascal's principle.Pascal's principle.
A small force is appliedA small force is applied
(F(F11) to a small piston of) to a small piston of
area (Aarea (A11) and cause a) and cause a
pressure increase on thepressure increase on the
fluid.fluid.
This increase in pressureThis increase in pressure
((PPincinc) is transmitted to the) is transmitted to the
larger piston of area (Alarger piston of area (A22))
and the fluid exerts aand the fluid exerts a
force (Fforce (F22) on this piston.) on this piston.
F1
F2
A1
A2
2
2
1
1
A
F
A
F
Pinc ==
1
2
12
A
A
FF =

23. ExampleExample
The small piston of a hydraulic lift has anThe small piston of a hydraulic lift has an
area of 0.20 marea of 0.20 m22
. A car weighing 1.20 x 10. A car weighing 1.20 x 1044
N sits on a rack mounted on the largeN sits on a rack mounted on the large
piston. The large piston has an area ofpiston. The large piston has an area of
0.90 m0.90 m22
. How much force must be applied. How much force must be applied
to the small piston to support the car?to the small piston to support the car?

24. SolutionSolution
Plug and Chug:Plug and Chug:
FF11 = (1.20 x 10= (1.20 x 1044
N) (0.20 mN) (0.20 m22
/ 0.90 m/ 0.90 m22
))
FF11 = 2.7 x 10= 2.7 x 1033
NN
2
2
1
1
A
F
A
F
=
2
1
21
A
A
FF =

25. Your Turn IIYour Turn II
In a car lift, compressed air exerts a force on aIn a car lift, compressed air exerts a force on a
piston with a radius of 5.00 cm. This pressure ispiston with a radius of 5.00 cm. This pressure is
transmitted to a second piston with a radius oftransmitted to a second piston with a radius of
15.0 cm.15.0 cm.
How large of a force must the air exert to lift a 1.33 xHow large of a force must the air exert to lift a 1.33 x
101044 N car?N car?
A person rides up a lift to a mountain top, but theA person rides up a lift to a mountain top, but the
personperson’’s ears fail tos ears fail to ““poppop””. The radius of each. The radius of each
ear drum is 0.40 cm. The pressure of theear drum is 0.40 cm. The pressure of the
atmosphere drops from 10.10 x 10atmosphere drops from 10.10 x 1055 Pa at thePa at the
bottom to 0.998 x 10bottom to 0.998 x 1055 Pa at the top.Pa at the top.
What is the pressure difference between the inner andWhat is the pressure difference between the inner and
outer ear at the top of the mountain?outer ear at the top of the mountain?
What is the magnitude of the net force on eachWhat is the magnitude of the net force on each
eardrum?eardrum?

26. PressurePressure
Pressure varies with depth in a fluid.Pressure varies with depth in a fluid.
The pressure in a fluid increases withThe pressure in a fluid increases with
depth.depth.
( )
ρ= +
× ×
0
absolute pressure =
atmospheric pressure +
density free-fall acceleration depth
P P gh

27. PNBWPNBW
Page 283Page 283
Physics 1Physics 1--33
Honors 1Honors 1--44

28. Fluids in MotionFluids in Motion
Section 3Section 3

29. Fluid FlowFluid Flow
Moving fluids can exhibitMoving fluids can exhibit laminarlaminar (smooth)(smooth)
flow orflow or turbulentturbulent (irregular) flow.(irregular) flow.
Laminar
Flow Turbulent Flow

30. Fluid FlowFluid Flow
AnAn ideal fluidideal fluid is a fluid that has no internalis a fluid that has no internal
friction or viscosity and is incompressible.friction or viscosity and is incompressible.
The ideal fluid model simplifies fluidThe ideal fluid model simplifies fluid--flowflow
analysisanalysis

31. Fluid FlowFluid Flow
No real fluid has all the properties of anNo real fluid has all the properties of an
ideal fluid, it helps to explain the propertiesideal fluid, it helps to explain the properties
of real fluids.of real fluids.
Viscosity refers to the amount of internalViscosity refers to the amount of internal
friction within a fluid. High viscosity equalsfriction within a fluid. High viscosity equals
a slow flow.a slow flow.
Steady flow is when the pressure,Steady flow is when the pressure,
viscosity, and density at each point in theviscosity, and density at each point in the
fluid are constant.fluid are constant.

32. Principles of Fluid FlowPrinciples of Fluid Flow
The continuity equation results fromThe continuity equation results from
conservation of mass.conservation of mass.
Continuity equation:Continuity equation:
AA11vv11 == AA22vv22
AreaArea ×× speed in region 1 = areaspeed in region 1 = area ×× speed in region 2speed in region 2

33. Principles of Fluid FlowPrinciples of Fluid Flow
The speed of fluid flowThe speed of fluid flow
depends on crossdepends on cross--
sectional area.sectional area.
BernoulliBernoulli’’s principles principle
states that the pressurestates that the pressure
in a fluid decreases asin a fluid decreases as
the fluidthe fluid’’s velocitys velocity
increases.increases.

34. PNBWPNBW
Page 286Page 286
Physics 1Physics 1--33
Honors 1Honors 1--44