The document describes the design process of a group of students in creating a temporary bus shelter. It details their initial design which utilized wood but failed. They redesigned the shelter with a skeletal structure using steel brackets, bolts, and a concrete foundation. Key elements of the successful design include a pitched roof for rainwater, columns arranged at a 25 degree angle for stability, and horizontal V-bracing between the columns. Load testing showed the arch-shaped bracing successfully distributed compression and tension forces to withstand weather conditions.

2. 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION 3
2.0 DESIGN PROCESS 4 – 10
3.0 MATERIALS 11 – 12
4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 13
5.0 ANALYSIS 14 – 16
6.0 SUMMARY 17
7.0 REFERENCES 18
8.0 APPENDIX 19 – 23
Mr. Mohamed Rizal
Chan Jia Xin 0319565
Chia Cheng Wei 0322091
Lee Xiang Loon 0322090
Lee Hui Qin 0322991
Ng Ee Shiung 0314228
Ong Seng Peng 0319016

3. • Skeletal construction: Temporary bus shelter
• Experiencing and understanding skeletal construction is important
as it is one of the most widely used structures for building support.
As a designer we should know how skeletal structure works.
• The objectives of this project are as follows:
1. To create an understanding of skeletal structure and its
relevant structural components.
2. To understand how a skeletal structure reacts under
loading.
3. To demonstrate a convincing understanding of how skeletal
construction works.
4. To be able to manipulate skeletal construction to solve an
oblique design problem.
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4. Initial Design
• At the start inspiration from tropical bus stops in South East Asia which
mainly utilize wood as their main material of construction.
• Our design must resist natural disasters such as thunderstorms, strong
winds, flooding, and earthquakes.
• Another consideration is that it must be easily assembled.
Failed Design
• Several ways were done on making the structure stand but failed before
finding a solution. Some of the reasons for failure includes:
1. Using bolts and nuts on small planks of wood breaks the wood
when drilling because the wood cannot without the stress.
4

5. Rain
Wind
Inspired from
parachutes
The shapes of
semicircle and
rectangle
Columns slanted to
25° angle
Hub connectors attach to
concrete pad footing
Rain still reachable
to seats
Roof is extended to get
a better shelter
Sandwiched
bracings
Column distance is extended
to enhance stability
Bracing for roof is proposed to cope
with wind force
Too conventional, experiment with new ideas
1 2
• Initially, the design idea for the shape of the bus shelter was
to have single columns as the main support for the roof to
create an aesthetically pleasing design.
• In order to provide stability for the main columns, a bracing
was added. The horizontal V-brace gives balance to the
other columns that branched out from the main columns.
• The other two columns were separated from the main
columns and grounded to improve the compression and
tension forces of the bus shelter by directing the forces
towards the ground.
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6. • New concept
3 4
Flat surface of roof allows rainwater
to fall off with ease
Angled allows weight to
be directed towards the
specific columns to
improve weight
distribution
Large surface area to provide
more shade and shelter from
rain
Middle section directs forces from both sides
to be transferred to the columns
Flat roof reduces
wind drag and
increases
capacity for a
bus shelter
• The roof of the bus shelter was flattened and angled to
provide a bigger opening and is easier to build, which is the
purpose of a temporary bus shelter.
• The roof was further developed to provide a flat horizontal
segment behind the pitched roof. The purpose was to
increase the boundary of the bus shelter for users. Another
advantage is that the flat orientation reduces the wind drag
during strong winds.
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7. 5
Bracing + Design
Incorporates arch pattern with bracing to
further improve force distribution and
robust structure
• To further stabilize the structure, an arch design was used
for the center that connects the main columns and roof. The
arch transfers the forces down to the columns from the
center.
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8. Design and Function of Columns
1. The longer column
– Supports the pitched roof
– Assists in weight distribution
2. The use of three columns
– Supports both the pitched roof and flat roof, and the middle that
joins them together
– Even weight distribution for the weight of both roofs
3. Pitched roof
– Allows rainwater to flow through
– Aids in convection of air flow to release hot air easily
4. Flat roof
– Reduces air pressure, streamlines the air flow
– Lengthens the back-end of the bus shelter for additional space
8
1
2
3
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9. Horizontal V-Bracing
• 1 joint connects the short column while 2 joints connect the longer
column to balance out the weight distribution of the structure.
• This is due to more weight from the pitched roof.
Foundation
• Utilizing strip foundation because the main load bearing structure is from
the multiple columns that cover the boundary of the structure.
• Concrete is used as the main material for foundation stability because of
its:
– Weight
– Rigidity
– Relatively cheap cost
– Resistance against compression weight
– Flexible installation
• Flooring is timber because it is easy to assemble, resistance towards
vibration caused by earthquakes and aesthetically pleasing.
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10. Arch-shaped Pattern Structure
• As an aesthetically pleasing replacement from the traditional roof trusses
for pitched roofs
• To allow even distribution of tension in the frames
• To sustain various stresses: triangulation of cantilevered beams
• This position creates arches and crosses which serves as braces for the
plans: lateral longitudinal and roofing, no cross bucks or bracing panels
required because nothing to restrain it
Polycarbonate Roofing
• Lightweight
• Cheap alternative to glass
• Recyclable
• Waterproof
• Easy to assemble
• High impact resistance
• Heat resistance equal to glass (up to 147 °C)
• Diffuses light to reduce heat
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11. Plywood
• Leftover timber materials retrieved from a local factory
• Environmentally friendly and recyclable material
• Dry construction, faster completion period
• Resistant to shock and vibration
Plastic
• Recycled from a waste deposal of a local factory
• Flexible material with versatile uses
• Imperviousness to water.
• Good alternative to glass as a transparent material
Concrete
• Has relatively high compression strength, good for using as base for
foundation.
• As a type of mineral, the compounds of which it is composed are
extremely stable.
• Concrete structures are built with an expected lifetime of approximately
100 years
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12. Bolts and Nuts
• Easy method of connecting members on the site
• Portable and easy to transport
• Relatively high strength for its size
• Small size allows for precision joint works at tight areas of the structure
• M5 x 30mm size
Nails
• Used as a fastener for construction
• Easy to use and comes in many sizes
• Cost efficient for the strength it provides
Bird’s Mouth Joint
• A right-angled notch cut on the underside of a roof rafter to fit over
beams
• Simple, fast and efficient
Steel Corner Brackets
• Provide added stability in corners of columns and beams
• Strengthens a certain angle of the structure
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13. 13
• Preparing the concrete strip
foundation for the main
columns.
• Attaching the columns with timber
flooring. Joining the columns on both
sides together with the horizontal V-
bracing with bolts and nuts.
• Assembling the arch structure
independently from the main structure
with blocks and nails.
• Assembling a bench on the timber
flooring with steel brackets and
screws.
• Layering the roof of the arch
structure with polycarbonate panels.
Joining the roof to their joists with
nails.

14. Load Test
• The load test was conducted by testing the lateral forces. This was done
by moving the structure sideways and putting objects of different weights
on top of the roof for a period of 20 minutes to test the structure’s
endurance.
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15. Compression and Tension Forces
• In the diagrams, the blue and orange arrows indicate compression and
tension forces respectively.
• On the roof, compressive force is acted inwards while the tension force
spreads outwards along the arch-like structure and thus, creating an
equilibrium force.
• This arch-like structure forms a dense web to allow even distribution of
the tensions in the frame.
• The two frontal columns are angled more to channel the compressive
force from the pitched roof to the ground and also prevents the structure
from being collapsed.
• The horizontal V-bracings are used to create tension forces towards the
back columns to allow balanced compressive forces acting to the ground.
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Compressive force
Tension force

16. Load Distribution
• From the load test, objects of different weights were placed on top of the structure to prove the bracings of the arch-shaped
structure will
• The bracing exerts a force on the roof to prevent it from collapsing.
• The rafters and columns are aligned regularly and the twirling bracings are shifted progressively to sustain the various stresses.
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Compressive force
Tension force

17. Upon the completion of this Building Construction 2 Project 1, we
are satisfied with the results of our progress as our design for the
bus shelter has been a success. The things we learned are the
building techniques and thought process when picking the right
materials to create a proper structure.
In this module, we found that proper systematic rules to
constructing a structure ensures a proper stable result as we
created a bus shelter that withstood stringent load, weathering and
different stability tests. The task of using recyclable materials forced
us to rethink of logistics and construction towards the environment.
The condition of being a temporary shelter pushed us to rethink the
complexity and construction times of the structure. Overall, it was
an eye opening experience and a glimpse of building construction in
the real world.
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18. • American Institute of Steel Construction. (2015). Structure of the Everyday: Structural Steel Connections. Retrieved May 1, 2016, from Purdue
University: https://engineering.purdue.edu/~jliu/courses/CE470/PPT_PDF/AISC_ConnectionsJL.pdf
• Asphalte, M. (2015, May 26). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Polycarbonate Roofing. Retrieved May 1, 2016, from Morgan Asphalte
Co. Ltd: http://www.morganasphalte.co.uk/news/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-polycarbonate-roofing/
• Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building Construction Illustrated. New York: Wiley.
• Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2010). Building Construction Handbook (8th ed.). Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Lipford, D. (2016). Advantages of Plastic Roofing for Your Home | Today's Homeowner. Retrieved May 1, 2016, from Today's Homeowner with
Danny Lipford: http://www.todayshomeowner.com/video/advantages-of-plastic-roofing-for-your-home/
• Merritt, F., & Ricketts, J. (2000). Building Design and Construction Handbook. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• Neufert, E., Neufert, P., & Kister, J. (2012). Architects' Data. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
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19. 19
Roof Plan
Scale 1:20
A
A

20. 20
Plan
Scale 1:20

21. 21
Front Elevation
Scale 1:20

22. 22
Back Elevation
Scale 1:20

23. 23
Section A-A
Scale 1:20
Left Elevation
Scale 1:20

24. 24