This document describes a student group project to construct a 1:20 scale model of a temporary bus shelter using skeletal construction. It includes the objectives, design development through sketches and mockups, technical drawings, construction process documentation with photos, descriptions of materials and structural joints used, analysis of loads and forces on the structure, and conclusions. The group's goal was to understand skeletal construction, manipulation of design, and implications of construction systems.

1. Building Construction II
Project 1-Temporary Bus Shelter
Group Members:
Low En Huey 0317889
Tan Jo Lynn 0318518
Teo Hong Wei 0322990
Tiong Jia Min 0323763
Yan Wai Chun 0319626
Tutor : Ms. Norita Johar
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2. C o n t e n t
I n t r o d u c t i o n 3
D e s i g n d e v e l o p m e n t 4 - 5
T e c h n i c a l d r a w i n g 6 - 8
C o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e s s 9 - 1 1
M a t e r i a l s 1 2
J o i n t s d e t a i l s 1 3 - 1 5
L o a d a n d f o r c e s 1 6 - 1 7
C o n c l u s i o n 1 8
R e f e r e n c e s 1 9
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3. I n t r o d u c t i o n
This subject allows student to experience and understand the importance of skeletal construction as it is one of the most widely
used structures for building support. In a group of five, we are to construct a temporary bus shelter that can accommodate 5-6
people using the scale of 1:20. The maximum base size of the bus shelter is 400mm x 800mm with the maximum height of
600mm. The bus shelter is elevated 50mm from the ground. We are encouraged to use recycled materials to construct the bus
shelter
O bj e c t i v e s
- To understand how a skeletal structure reacts under loading.
- To demonstrate a convincing understanding of how skeletal construction works.
- To be able to manipulate skeletal construction to solve an oblique design problem.
- Apply construction system in design.
- Recognise the implication o construction system in designs.
- Analyse the issues of strength, stiffness and stability of structures including modes of structural systems, forces, stress and
strain and laws of static.
L e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s
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4. D e s i g n d e v e l o p m e n t
S k e t c h e s
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5. D e s i g n d e v e l o p m e n t
M o c k u p 0 1
M o c k u p 0 2
M o c k u p 0 3
Random arrangement of
cross braces result in
uneven forces. Upper roof
has no perpendicular
support.
Adding seats and adjusted
bracings for even support
of the upper roof.
Carefully arranged cross
bracing and different
thickness of components
are used result in a more
stable structure.
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6. T E C H N I CA L D R AW I N G S
FRONT ELEVATION
SCALE 1:5
BACK ELEVATION
SCALE 1:5
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7. T E C H N I CA L D R AW I N G S
LEFT ELEVATION
SCALE 1:5
RIGHT ELEVATION
SCALE 1:5
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8. T E C H N I CA L D R AW I N G S
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE 1:5
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9. C o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e s s
Wood are measured to
correct dimensions to be cut.
Cutting wood to correct sizes . Ground beam are laid out
properly.
Floor joists are arranged
accordingly.
Floor joists are then nailed
to the ground beam.
The main column structures
are drilled to connect to the
ground beams.
Nuts and bolts are installed
at the joints.
Columns are set up.
Laying out the roof frame. Purlins are nailed to the roof
beams.
Screwing the tie plate to the
wood.
Installed tie plate.
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10. C o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e s s
Lower roof frame and floor
frame are completed.
Measuring the plywood
sheet to be cut properly.
Plywood sheet is precisely
cut at the corners.
Arranging the plywood sheet
on the floor frame.
Plywood sheet is completely
nailed to the floor frame.
Nailing the plywood to the
floor frame.
Setting up the diagonal wall
studs.
The studs are adjusted to
correct angle.
Walls studs are labelled for
installation.
The studs are glued to the
beam using wood glue.
Silver paper is used as an
representation of pin joint
base.
Setting up the bracings.
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11. C o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e s s
Holes on the tie plates are
made by nailing through
metal sheet.
DIY tie plates.
Setting up the upper roof
frame.
Main frame and the
secondary structures are
constructed.
Secondary structures are
completed.
The roof material is cut to
correct size and
T i e p l at e s c o n s t r u c t i o n
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12. M at e r i a ls
Representation : Corrugated Plastic Board
Actual : Poly-carbonate Roof
• Able to withstand force and virtually
unbreakable.
• High percentage of UV blockage.
• Light weight and easy installation.
Representation : Wood
Actual : Chengal Wood
• Very resistant to termite attack.
• Weather resistant.
• High strength.
Representation : Plywood Sheet
Actual : Pressured Treated Wood
• Insect resistance.
• Long lasting up to many years.
• Able to withstand scratches and dent.
f r a m e
f l o o r i n g
r o o f
12

13. J O I N T p h o t o s
1
2
3
5
4
1 4
6
2
6
3
5
7
7
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14. J o i n t d e ta i ls
1. P u r l i n s to r o o f b ea m s
Lap Joint is used to connect the
purlins to the roof beams. With
plenty of gluing surface, this
connection is strong enough to
withstand uplift of roof and able
to hold the roofing materials.
2. M i d po i n t o f d i ag o n a l s t u d s
Nuts and bolts are used to hold the middle part of the
crossed studs together to have a stronger joint between
the studs.
3. P i n j o i n t fo r s t u d s 4. B ea m to c o l u m n
Steel plates are inserted into the
studs for desired angles and the
steel base is screwed on the wall
plate to transfer forces.
Mortise on the roof beam
and the tenon of the
column is inserted to create
strong and stable
connection.
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15. J o i n t d e ta i ls
5 . B r ac i n g to ro o f b ea m
Mortise and tenon joint is used. Mortise is cut on the
beam and column for the diagonal bracing to slot into it.
6.G r o u n d b ea m to c o l u m n
7. FL O O R J O I S TS TO G RO U N D B EA M 8. Po s t a n d bas e c o n n ect i o n
Mortise and tenon joint is
used for the connection of
these components. Simple
and strong connection to
support the load of the floor.
Lap Joint allow the ground
beam to partially rest on the
column to transfer the load to
the ground.
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16. L o a d a n d f o r c e s
WIND
L at e r a l f o r c e d e s i g n
WIND
GROUND MOTION
To withstand lateral forces like wind and earthquakes,
bracing is added as secondary support.
- Connected by frictionless joints.
- Forces transferred down non-perpendicularly.
- Full potential of stress are reduced.
- Secure longitudinally.
- Flexible when loaded perpendicularly to their
longitudinal axis.
- Stress point assembled at center point. Single intersection.
- Provide lateral stability.
- Aids in strengthening joints.
- No side support thus increases tendency of structure.
- Take advantage of the material in their strongest manner.
D i a g o n a l b r a c i n g C r o s s b r a c i n g
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17. L o a d a n d f o r c e s
The common live loads for a bus shelter is the people
waiting and sitting in it. Other than that, the bus shelter
is able to withstand extra movable load like luggage and
extra items that people carry along.
L i v e l o a d d e s i g n
d e a d l o a d d e s i g n
Loads are transferred perpendicularly
to the ground. Furthermore, FREE
HANGING of roof was incorporated to
enhance the spatial experiences of the
design. Therefore, bracings and
secondary diagonal supports are
inserted to reduce full potential of load
support by the main vertical planes
(columns) and to support the load of
the horizontal planes (roof structures).
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18. C o n c l u s i o n
On median, each group worked for around at the Carpentry Workshop but we have carried out our tasks in the
workshop for about 5 days due to experiments executed for the production of joints and load sustainability testing. We used the
extra workshop schedules to combat our faults in the construction of our joints and we managed to catch up with the agenda on
the third and forth day of the construction in the workshop.
Upon completion, we have learnt the knowledge of applications of skeletal construction and different kind of joints
to actual construction and design. We have also understood the capability of a structure to withstand and react to the loads
exerted. Beside that, beyond recall, we were able to manipulate the construction to solve design problem and recognize the
implication of construction systems upon creation.
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19. R e f e r e n c e s
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 http://www.buildmagazine.org.nz/articles/show/distributing-lateral-loads-in-timber-framed-buildings/
 http://kisi.deu.edu.tr/ozgur.ozcelik/AR361/AR361_Lecture_1.pdf
 http://zhan.renren.com/structuresmaterials?gid=3602888498044603443&from=post&checked=true
 http://www.steelconstruction.info/Bracing_systems
 http://www.ripsdiy.co.za/woodjoins.shtml
 http://www.vermonttimberworks.com/learn/timber-frame-joinery/purlins-and-joists/
 http://timberframehq.com/construction-details/masonryconcrete-to-timber/
Photo Sources :
All members of this group.