Building Construction II - Project 1

1. THE TIMBER BUS SHELTER PROJECT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ASSIGNMENT

2. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2 (BLD 60703)
PROJECT 1 : SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION (TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER)
TUTOR: MR. EDWIN CHAN
GROUP MEMBERS:
NG KHENG SOON 0318946
LOONG BO LIN 0321469
SUKESHSHEF RAMACHANDRAM 0327162
TEO CHIA YEE 0324705
YEN WEI ZHENG 0320266
YONG MAN KIT 0319778

3. Content
01 Introduction
02. Design Development
02.1 Design concept
02.2 Proposed designs
02.3 Technical drawings
02.4 Design Consideration
03 Materials
04 Construction Details
05 Construction Process
06 Force Analysis
07 Conclusion
08 References
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4. INTRODUCTION

5. Introduction
This project is form by a group of five to six people, to construct a temporary bus shelter according to the max height
600mm, max base 400mm x 800mm which is able to accommodate 5-6 people with 1:5 scale.
The design of the bus shelter is a combination of pentagonal prism and ellipsoid.
Objective
1. To create an understanding of skeletal structure and its relevant structural components.
2. To understand how a skeletal structure reacts under loading.
3. To demonstrate a convincing understanding of how skeletal construction works.
4. To be able to manipulate skeletal construction to solve an oblique design problem.
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6. DESIGN DERIVATIVE

7. Design Concept
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FUNCTION
A bus stop is a designated place for
passengers to to board or alight from bus. It
provides shade and shelter from rain and sun.
It might also a place for people to take a
break.
Tropical climate
-Hot and humid
-Rainfall during certain period, thunderstorms
can occurs
Urban area
-Town
-One sided roadway
-5-8 people
-Height average: 175cm
CONCEPT
The design of the bus stop is based on the
climate, settings and user. Our design
highlights on the portability and its ease of
installation, as it is removeable and could be
reinstalled. Lightweight materials and
removable joints are applied in the whole
design.

8. Proposed Design
Option 1
Steel Structure - Half cylinder + Cuboid
This shelter design makes the seating part of its structure.
Reasons for rejection
The design is challenging to construct due to the bending,
organic design.
Steels are also more expensive and require higher
maintenance as compared to timber, making it less ideal
option for a temporary bus shelter.
Option 2
Timber Structure - Pentagonal prism + Ellipsoid
The structure of the proposed shelter design involves a lot of
flexing and bending of timber.
Reasons for rejection
The construction of the roof is too challenging to complete
manually.
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9. Proposed Design
Out of option 1 and 2, we decided to stick with the timber frame system with vertical columns and a pitched roof. We
continued to further explore the form as well as the structure’s load distribution abilities.
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10. Technical Drawings
Floor Plan Roof Plan
NTS
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NTS

11. Technical Drawings
Right ElevationLeft Elevation
NTS NTS
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12. Front Elevation Rear Elevation
NTS
Technical Drawings
NTS
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13. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

14. Weather Resistance
The materials are able to withstand the uplift of strong wind and rain falls. The extended part of the roof is to give
shades under the sun and to allow rain to run smoothly without entering the structure. [Ref. 2]
Gable roof allows the rainwater to fall along the
sides of the roof which leads rainwater to flow
outwards.
Three points are pinned on the roofs to make sure
the structure is able to stand still with lateral
forces brought by wind or rain.
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15. Access
The users may enter the bus shelter from either front or rear of the structure. It is designed to allow users enter easily
and give non-obstructed views of approaching buses.
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16. MATERIALS

17. Timber is a natural building material that offers superior performance and environmental advantages. It is a versatile,
sustainable, attractive and cost effective building material that combines beauty, performance and environmental
advantage.
// Environmental
- renewable, sustainable resource that store carbon dioxide
- the manufacture process of wood products requires smaller amounts of energy and it can be reused or recycled
- low embodied energy
//Design Advantages
- have aesthetic appeal
- versatile and can be used in various contemporary uses and applications
// Product Performance
- provides acoustic, thermal and strength performance
- in a fire situation, timber performs in a measurable, predictable way allowing designers the ability to create strong, durable, fire
resistant timber constructions
Timber As Building Material
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18. Material Selection
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Concrete foundation
Metal sheet roofing
Timber purlin
Timber roofing rafter
Timber ridge beam
Timber kingpost
Timber roof joist
Timber roof beam
Timber column
Plywood decking
Timber decking beam
Timber decking rim joist
Timber strut

19. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

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Dovetail scarf joint
-used for the construction
of the roof joist, this
strong joint secures its
form.
Gaps between plywood
decking to prevent
buckling
Mortise and tenon joint
-simple but strong joint
allows wooden joists to
lock it in place
Ground rim joist/beam with
L brackets and screws
which carry the fraction of
the load.
Joint & Details
Nailing
-simple nailing secures
non-structural wooden
decking unto floor joists

21. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

22. Model Making Progression
Wooden joist are
measured and marked
for assembly.
Joists are cut into
correct sizes and filed
for neatness.
Joists are nailed and
secured using L
brackets.
Decking is secured and
nailed onto the
superstructure.
Formwork is created
and tested.
FLOOR
FOUNDATION
Cement and sand mix
are added with water to
form concrete.
Concrete is poured in
and left to set for 2
days.
The formwork is then
pried open and the
concrete footing is
complete.
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Wood decking is nailed
to the joist structure.

23. Model Making Progression
ROOF
Joists are constructed
and nailed to build the
main frame.
SEAT
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Kingpost are attached
to the joists with L
brackets.
Rafters are added by
using metal plates.
The main skeletal
structure is assembled
and bolted together.
The roofing sheets are
then added onto the roof
rafters.
A bench is constructed
using wood.
It is attached to the
column by using L
brackets.
It provides a sitting area for the bus
shelter.

24. TEST RESULT

25. Forces Studies
Load Distribution
There are two different forces found in our temporary bus shelter : [Ref. 1]
a)Dead loads
Roof top and the columns are the stationary loads. Dead loads is the force transferred to the structure throughout
the lifespan.
Roof top is primarily due to self weight of the structure which is fixed permanently and it has weight of different
materials.
b)Live loads
The bench is known as a moving load in the structure. Although it is installed by the columns but it’s easy to uninstall
and change the position of the installation. The decking is designed to carry live loads or concentrated loads
whichever produce greater stresses in the part.
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26. Forces Diagram
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Dead loads Live loads
Diagram 7.1
Right elevation view with arrows representing
loads
Diagram 7.2
Rear elevation view with arrows representing loads
Diagram 7.1 and 7.3 show the elevation of the bus stop with the directions of the loads of the structure

27. Test Result
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In real, the bus stop should withstand a number of 5 people in
the structure, which is the average 60kg per person, in total
300kg, so the structure should be stable and can withstand
heavy loads.
Structure status: Completed
Test subject: 600ml water
Unit: 6
Weight: 600g
Analysis: Structure seems stable and able to withstand heavy
loads as well as stand upright.

28. CONCLUSION

29. Conclusion
This project had given us an anxiety into the fundamental understanding of skeleton structure and its relevant
structural components. Throughout this project, we had gained a fair amount of knowledge on the ability to apply the
skeleton construction and its joints to actual construction.
As this project focuses more on the skeletal construction as compared to the design aesthetics, we decided to set a
theme for our bus shelter to suit the given requirements. Our designs evolved and progressed a fair amount of times,
as we noticed several weaknesses and limitation along the way. We also took the convenience of the temporary bus
shelter into consideration, which included the ease of assembling and disassembling the bus shelter.
The seating for the users of the temporary bus shelter was placed according to the human anthropometry research
and studies. The drainage of rainfall and ventilation were also considered.
Merging cosmetics and construction, we produced a bus shelter that renders the potential of the fabrication of both
appearance and load and force construction apposite.
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30. REFERENCES

31. References
Sheerly, Ivor H. 1995, Building Technology. 5th edition. Basingstoke, Hants: MacMillan
Zannos, Alexander. 1987, Form and Structure in Architecture: The Role of Statistical Function. Von Nostrand Reinhold Company,
New York
@. (2010). TYPES OF LOADS ON STRUCTURE. Retrieved October 03, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/structural-
engg/analysis/types-of-loads-on-structure/1698/
By Brice Cochran in Masonry/Concrete to Timber, Post and Beam Joints, Steel to Wood Connections, Timber Frame Joints 0. (n.d.).
Timber Frame Joints - Timber Frame HQ. Retrieved October 03, 2016, from http://timberframehq.com/construction-details/joints/
Advantages and Disadvantages of Gable Roofs. (2015). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from
http://www.milohomes.com/advantages -and-disadvantages-of-gable-roofs/
Geoff's Woodwork . (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/joints.htm
Publications, I. O. (n.d.). How to Build a Timber Frame - DIY - MOTHER EARTH NEWS. Retrieved October 03, 2016, from http://www.
motherearthnews.com/diy/buildings/timber-frame-zv0z1512zsgre
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