Basic structure

Submitted By - Sumaiya Islam (152081002)
Tazrima Parvin Tonima (152081001)
Course Title- Design Studio 5
Course Code- ARCH 351
Submitted To - Ar. Mehreen Hossain
Lecturer, Architecture Department

Index
• Structure
• Structure Types
• Structural development in architectural history
• Loads on structure
• Column beam structural system
• Foundation
• Footing
• Types of column
• Construction of column
• Types of beam
• Construction of beam
• Orientation of member
• Load transfer in wall
• Conventional approach Span
• Structure in staircase
• Punch
• Thumb rules
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Building examples
• Case study
• Construction Video
• Shell structure
• Types of shell
• Folded plate
• Vaults
• Dome
• Arch
• Curved roof
• Material
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Case study
• Examples
• Conclusion

Structure
A structure is a system of inter connected elements
to carry loads safely to under ground earth.
• Structures have defined boundaries within which
each element is physically or functionally connected
to the other elements.
• In structure elements themselves and their
interrelationships are taken to be either fixed
(permanent) or changing only occasionally or slowly.
The basic frame work and skeleton provide for both
erection and stability of any structure consist of two
portion:
1. Sub-structure
2. Super-structure

Structural Types
Basically in building structures there are 2
types of structures:
(1) load bearing structure.
(2) framed structure
A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall
that bears a load resting upon it by
conducting its weight to a foundation
structure.
Framed structures are the structures having
the combination of beam, column and slab to
resist the lateral and gravity loads.
LOAD BEARING
MASONRY
CONSTRUCTION
FRAMED STRUCTURE

Structural Development in Architectural History
Time period: (3000-2750) BC
Stone henge:
Structural system : Post slab
Time period: (3200 BC 14 AD)
Egyptian Architecture:
Structural
System: post lintel/post slab.
Massive walls
and lintels was supported by flat roof.

Time period: (600-30)BC
Greek Architecture:
Stone was the main construction materials.
Trabiated structural system.
Establishment of post lintel system.
Time period: (300BC-365AD)
Roman Architecture:
They developed the post and lintel system.
Structural system was post slab and post lintel with
ornamentation of arches.

Time period: (313-800AD)
Early Christian:
Material : Handmaid rubble, concrete brick or stone.
Construction system: archuated and trabeated
Time period: (330-1453AD)
Byzantine architecture:
Material: limestone and sand mortar.
Construction system was wall slab.

Time period: (12th-16th century)
Gothic architecture:
Structural system was mainly post-lintel.
Use of tall structure
Time period: (14th-17th century)
Renaissance architecture:
Symmetrical arrangement in free standing wall and support.
The wall thickness was lessened

Time period: (21st century)
Present architecture:

Loads on structure
A building structure must be able to support two types of
load.
1. Static load.
2. Dynamic load.
Static load: Assumed to be constant in nature.
Its two type.
1. Dead load
2. Live load
• Live loads may be fully or partially in place or present
at all. They may change in location.
• Dead load is a constant load in a structure that is due
to the weight of the members, the supported
structure, and permanent attachments or
accessories.

Loads on structure
Dynamic load : Can be applied to a
structure suddenly and vary in magnitude
and location.
Lateral load : Most lateral loads are live
loads. Typical lateral loads would be a
wind load against a facade, an
earthquake, the earth pressure against a
basement wall.
 Wind Load
 Earthquake Load
Dynamic Load

COLUMN-BEAM STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
In Architecture post and lintel structural system is a simple
construction technique also called column and beam,
horizontal member is supported by two vertical posts at
either end. All structural opening have evolved from this.

LOAD BEARING SYSTEM OF POST LINTEL
Load Dead load and Live load
Lintel
Columns
Footings
Ground

Foundation
The foundation is the part of a structure that is usually placed below the surface of the ground
& that transmits the load to the underlying soil or rock.

COLUMN
Column is a vertical structural member
It transmits the load from ceiling/roof slab and beam, including its
self weight to the foundation.

Types of column
Classification on the basis of shape
• Rectangular column
• Square column
• Circular column
• L -section
• T -section
Classification on the basis
of Reinforcement
• Tied column
• Spiral column
• Composite column
• Pipe column/ Concrete fill
column

Construction of column
Material used in columns
• Cement
• Coarse aggregate
• Fine aggregate
• Steel bar
• Water
• Shuttering
Column Construction process
Constructing RCC (Reinforced
Cement Concrete) Column
involves following four stages of
works.
• Column layout work.
• Column reinforcement work.
• Column formwork.
• Pouring concrete into column.

Column layout
work
• In this stage of works the location of columns are
determined practically in field. It is done by laying
rope according to grids shown in the drawing and
then mark the location of columns related to rope.
Column
reinforcement work
After marking the column locations, we then
start to place reinforcement as instructed in
the structural drawing. This is normally
described in the drawing like - (C1-12#16
mm⌀ and stirrup-10 mm⌀ @ 4" c/c)

Column
formwork
Column formwork is a term used for
structures that are used to support forms
or molds for poured concrete columns. It
can be as simple as a reinforced
cardboard tube for small cylindrical
columns or very complex forms
constructed from many pieces of wood
and metal
Pouring concrete
into column
For small quantity of concrete volume we normally
depend on machine-mix concrete and for large
concrete quantity we order ready-mix concrete.
Because, if you use moving pump with ready-mix
concrete and if you want not to exceed 5 feet
height range for dropping concrete that would be
difficult

Curing
• Concrete which is moist cured for 7 days is about 50% stronger than uncured
concrete

Beam
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting
against bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of
the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a
bending moment.
• If there are two columns, they are placed on either side of the beam.
• If there is one column, it is placed in the middle of the beam so each side is balanced.

Types Of Beam
According to
Reinforcement
• Single reinforcement beam
• Double reinforcement beam

Types Of Beam
According to support

Construction Of Beam
Form work Reinforcement in beam
• A min. of 0.2% bar is to be
provided for the
compression in order to
take care of the deflection.
• Extra tops are used in the
support joints.
Steel formwork Wood formwork

Stirrup
• Used to resist shear and diagonal tension
stresses in a beam
• Shall be minimum size of 8mm ∅ in case of
lateral load resistance
Hooks
• Alternate hook is provided
• The hooks shall be bent to 135º
• Stirrup distribution is dense near support

Casting and Curing
• Casting and Curing are done simultaneously
for beam and slab.
• Casting of lower part is done earlier.
Removal of Formwork
• Side of formwork is removed after 3 days.
• Bottom part is removed after 21-28 days.

COLUMN-BEAM (SLAB) STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
There are two types of slab use in Column- Beam structural system.
• One-way slab A one-way slab is essentially a rectangular beam of comparative large ratio of
width depth. And steel use to short direction of slab.
• Two way slab Most rectangular reinforced concrete slab are supported on all four side by
beam , girders or walls.
One way slab Two way slab

Wall
• Wall must be placed over a beam.
• As wall does not carry any load opening can be
created anywhere of the wall,100% opening in
wall surface is possible.

Load transferring system
Conventional approach
• Assume load transfer in One-Way or Two-Way manner
• Assume beams to support the slabs in similar ways as
walls
• Design slabs as edge supported on beams
• Transfer load to beams and design beams for slab load

Span
• An overhang where one floor
extends beyond and over a
foundation wall.
• Can be possible even more than
30-50%(economic)
• Span is limited,17’-22’ is
economical. Beam is
proportional to span of slab.
Such as span40’ than the
width40’’

Structure in staircase
In the post lintel structure
there used three types
of stair section.
1. Beam
hanging from landing
level.
2. Beam
inverted on landing level.
3. Beam
hanging from same as
slab level.

THUMB RULES
Three thumb rules of column to be
followed are as follows:
•Size of the Columns
•Distance between Columns
•Alignment of columns

Thumb rule no.1- Size of the columns:
• The size of the columns depends on the total load on the columns.
• Minimum size of the column should not be less than 9”x9”.
• 9”x9” columns are to be used for a single storey structure with M15
grade of concrete.
• In case, 9”x9” column size is to be used for 1 and half storey
structure, then it is advised to use M20 grade concrete.
• A safe and structurally sound column size for a 1 and half storey
structure should not be less than 12”x9” using M15 grade concrete.
• This should be in your most preferred and practical options list.

THUMB RULE NO.2: DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
COLUMNS
• Try to maintain equal distance between the centers of two columns.
• Always plan a column layout on a grid.
• The distance between two columns of size 9”x9” should not be more than
4m centre to centre of column.
• If larger barrier free distances are required then going for larger column size
is to be used.
• The size of the columns increase because of two factors:
Increase in the distance between two columns (This increases the dimensions of the
columns as well the depth of the beam.)
Height of the building (Increase in the number of floors is directly proportional to the
dimensions of the columns.

Thumb rule no.3 : Alignment of Column
• A rectangular grid is to be made for
placing the columns.
• This helps in avoiding mistakes and
placing in columns can be done in the
right way.
• The columns can preferably be
arranged in two different fashions:
In a straight line with the help of a grid
In a circular fashion for circular
buildings.

THUMB RULES
Two thumb rules of beam to be followed are as follows:
• Span of RCC beam
• Size of the Beam
Span for Reinforced concrete beams and Cantilever
slabs
Here we usually design beam spans up to 20-22 ft
(approx.) and cantilever slabs spans up to 6-8 ft (approx.)
without any special considerations.
Beam thickness
Clear span of column & the beam thickness is convert to
inches for column span length. For an example column
span clear 20’-0” so for this region beam thickness 20” for
this span.

ADVANTAGES
AESTHETICS
Sometimes the heavy or rigid masses are treated
politely by using the framework of the post-lintel
which gives an extra ordinary looks.
SPAN & SPACE
Larger span (column to column distance) of
building is possible.
ECONOMIC
The maintenance cost of this system remains
lower than the other structural system for its long
lasting characteristics.

ADVANTAGES
CLIMATE
Considering the climate this system is more suitable for our country.
The control of openings admits the little amount of heat in the building.
For the free flowing plan light and ventilation can easily insert the
building.
ENVIRONMENT
This structural system having less self-loads which reduces the risk of
danger of earthquake.
It can resist the buckling or bending effect of the building from the
strong wind flow.
 It has the capability of fire resistance for the construction material
(R.C.C.).

ADVANTAGES
OPENNINGS
In post-lintel system 50% area of the external facade is remaining for the
openings of the building.
For this there is a control over use of openings.
SUSTAINABILITY
This system has less possibility of failure than the other structural system
FLOOR SLAB
Floor slab is a slab supported on ground generally distribute load to the ground
uniformly.
It also increases the bearing capacity of soil as the load distributes combined.

ADVANTAGES
SOLID-VOID RATIO
By using the framework of post-lintel system we can make a
sense full solid-void ratio which illuminate the monotonous
effect.
CANTILEVER OR OVERHANG
The portion of any structure that is over hanged without any
support termed as cantilever.
Sometimes cantilever construction is economical and looks
aesthetically attractive which may become a useful part of that
structure.

 Extreme variation of solid is not possible.
 Opening should be place considering the post.
 Stair must start with respect to a beam.
 Building height increases for the beam to get clear Space.
 Also duct for air conditioning are used under beam, so floor
height increases which is not acceptable for height.
 In this structural system construction process takes a long time
for the casting of beam and slab
 In post-lintel system ducting process is not so easier compared to
Post -slab.
DISADVANTAGES

 This system more costly (30%more)than wall slab system
but economic range can be kept in a lower gird when the
span is limited 15’ to 25’.
 Uninterrupted vast space can not be created without using
vault dome or waffle.
 Sometimes this problem creates visual disturbance, which
is avoided, in flat slab.
 The construction cost of this system is slightly high for the
time consuming costing of beam and slab and the use of
R.C.C
DISADVANTAGES

BeamColumnStructuralBuildings
Dhaka University Library
Outside Facade Inside

Under Construction Building

Nagar Bhaban

Exterior expression Interior expression
Douglas House
Richard Meier

Smith House
Richard Meier

Koshino House
Tadao Ando

Shodhan House
Le Corbusier
Exterior expression
Interior
expression

Case study
South 5053
Apartments
by
Shatotto

Structural system
• Beam column
Material
• R.C.C and terracotta brick infill

Site and surroundings
• The site facing two roads on the south and the west
ensures the maximum day light round the year as well as
intense wind flow during summer.
• since both the blocks are getting western daylight each
day, protruded verandas and gardens evolved in the
design to safeguard the window glasses to not let the
heat seep inside the apartment.

• The building has two blocks one for the
land owner and other for the developer
company.
In addition, to avoid the afternoon low
stretched sun to enter inside the room,
gardens placed in such a way in every level
as to panel the sun and craft the building go
green naturally.

Situated in
Agargaon,Dhaka,Bangladesh
In its outer form, the museum
resembles a massive concrete
war ship.
From ground up, visitors need to
take a majestic set of stairs to
enter the museum from the front.
Side entrances are reserved for
special occasions as well as for
school visits.

Punches in
Wall
This is a symbol of
remembrance and visitors
can pay their respect by
maintaining one minute of
silence.
poetically depict the
continuation of
human and natural
forces of the nation
towards its journey
through the ages

Case study
Unit D’habitation
by
Le corbusier

Project name: Unite D’habitation
Architect : Le Corbusier
Location : France
Area: 130sq ft
Project year : 1952

Structural System
• Beam Column Structure
Materials
• Reinforced concrete and glass
• The facade is protected by canopies are
prefabricated elements of this material

Exterior expression
Circulation

Construction Video of Beam-Column
R.C.C Villa

Introduction
Shells can be defined as
curved structures capable of
transmitting loads in more than
two directions to supports.
Loads applied to shell
surfaces are carried to the
ground by the development of
compressive, tensile, and
shear stresses acting in the in-
plane direction of the surface.

Shells
• Lattice and portal frame buildings consist of a
structural frame which supports slab, roof and wall
• Covering. This frame serves purely as the structural
support and provides protection against weather.
• The roof and wall covering add nothing to the
strength the rigidity of structural frame.
• A shell structure is a thin curved membrane or slab
usually of reinforced concrete that functions both as
structure and covering.
• The term “shell” is used to describe the structures
which possess strength and rigidity due to its thin,
Natural and curved form such as shell of egg, a nut,
human skull, and shell of tortoise.

SINGLE OR DOUBLE CURVATURE
SHELLS
• Single curvature shell: are curved on one linear axis and are a part of a cylinder or cone in the form of
barrel vaults and coned shells.
• Double curvature shell: are either part of a sphere, or a hyperboloid of revolution.
The terms single curvature and double curvature do not provide a precise geometric distinction between
the form of shell because a barrel vault is single curvature but so is a dome.
The terms single and double curvature are used to distinguish the comparative rigidity of the two forms
and complexity of centering necessary to construct the shell form.

According to Form s of Curvature Shells Structures are….

Folded Plate Shells
Cylindrical Barrel Vaults
Domes
Arches
are some type of shell structures…

Folded Plates• Shells and folded plates are different
than stacked units and frames.
• The thin diaphragm forming the shell is
created uniformly rather than being
assembled in discrete pieces.
• Most shell and plate building enclosures
are constructed from reinforced
concrete.
• The principle components in a folded
plate structure consist of :
1) the inclined plates
2) edge plates which must be used to
stiffen the wide plates
3) stiffeners to carry the loads to the
supports and to hold the plates in line
4) columns to support the structure in
the air.

Vaults
A vault may be defined as a single barrel shell, supported on its side by walls or
columns .

Dome Construction with long spans
• Constructions of spherical domes by
using inflated membranes as forms
have proven to be a viable solution to
many problems.
• The largest shells constructed are now
less than 300 feet in diameter.
• For very large spans, a grid
constructed with pans is necessary so
that the dome will be stiff enough and
still weigh less than a uniform depth.

Arches
• A shell arch has a longitudinal cross
section of a bar r el shell or a folded
plate, but is a circular arch or other
shape in profile.
• There is less concrete in the roof
than in the floor system, and the
reinforcing will be minimum.

Curved Roof
• Curved shell roofs can provide large
uninterrupted space in many building
types.

Materials
• Barrel shells of materials such as wood, steel and plastics are often found.
• The material most suited for construction of shell structure is concrete because it is a highly plastic
material when first mixed with water that can take up any shape on centering or inside formwork.
• Small sections of reinforcing bars can readily be bent to follow the curvature of shells.
• Once the cement has set and the concrete has hardened the R.C.C membrane or slab acts as a
strong, rigid shell which serves as both structure and covering to the building.

Famous shell structure in Dhaka
National
Memorial
Novo
Theatre

Shell Structural Buildings around the world
Heydar Aliyev
Center in
Baku,
Azerbaijan
by
Zaha Hadid
Nagoya Dome
by
Takenaka Corporation
Queen
Elizabeth II
Great
Court,
London
By
Norman
Foster

Advantages
1. Very light form of construction. To span 30.0 m shell thickness
required is 60mm
2. Dead load can be reduced economizing foundation and supporting
system
3. They further take advantage of the fact that arch shapes can span
longer
4. Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes
5. Esthetically it looks good over other forms of construction

Disadvantages
1. Shuttering problem
2. Greater accuracy in formwork is required
3. Good labor and supervision necessary
4. Rise of roof may be a disadvantage

Case Study
Sydney Opera
House
by
Jørn Utzon

• The Sydney opera house spans up to 164
feet.
• The arches are supported by over 350km of
tensioned steel cable.
• The shell thickness goes from 3 to 4
inches.
• All shells weight a total of 15 tons.
Interior
View

Construction
• This involved laying the foundations and
building a podium 82 feet (25 m) above sea
level. More than 39,239 cubic feet (30,000 m3)
of rock and soil were removed by excavators.
• The foundation was built atop a large rock that
sat in Sydney harbor. The second stage saw the
building of the shells, the podium structure, the
stage tower, and the necessary machinery.
• Cable beams were built and reinforced by steel
cables to release the stress of the weight.

Finish Material
• Actual clay,
• Brick, and stone veneer
• Granite or marble
• Cladding
• Exposed aggregate finish
• Sand blasted finish
• Form liner patterns
• The Sydney opera house uses white glazed granite tiles.
1,056,000 tiles were used to cover the massive structure

Conclusion
In the above presentation we learn two basic structural systems.
Both of them are very important to understand a building structure
as a an architect.

Basic structure

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