This document provides an overview of concrete and masonry construction for architecture students. It discusses the basic components and properties of concrete, including aggregates, paste, and the hydration process. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of concrete. Additionally, it outlines different types of building foundations including shallow foundations like spread footings, strip footings, mat foundations, and grillage foundations. It also discusses deep foundations such as pile foundations and pier foundations. The document concludes by examining different types of concrete floor and roof structures as well as masonry walls, bonds, and lintels.

1. BIA1021
Concrete & Masonry Construction
for
Bachelor of Science of Architecture
Session 2023/24, Semester 1

2. Introduction
• Most buildings have concrete and/or masonry components.
• The ability to use concrete and masonry materials is an essential skill for
construction and, repair and maintenance of buildings.
• Concrete is “a mixture of stone aggregates, sand, Portland cement, and water
that hardens as it dries.”
• Concrete does not dry, it goes through a chemical reaction called hydration.
• Concrete can be formulated with very specific performance characteristics in
mind and include lightweight, heavyweight, porous, fiber-reinforced, mass,
high-performance and cellular concretes.

3. Concrete Mixture
• Concrete: a mixture of aggregate and Portland cement paste.
• Aggregate: usually sand, gravel and/or crushed stone.
• Paste: Portland cement and water
• Process: the paste binds the aggregates into a rocklike mass as the paste
hardens because of the chemical reaction (hydration) of the Portland cement
and water.
• Basic concrete mix: • Air 6% • Portland cement 11% • Coarse aggregate 41% •
Fine aggregate 26% • Water 16%

4. Advantages
• Advantages
• Fireproof
• Insect & rodent proof
• Decay resistant
• Storm resistant
• Wear resistant
• Waterproof (water resistant)
• Strong
• Attractive
• UV resistant
• Doesn’t require expensive equipment.
• Available locally
• Low original and maintenance costs
• Sanitary and easy to keep clean
• Recyclable

5. Disadvantages
• Labor intensive
• Requires moving a lot of weight
• Requires forms
• Dense material
• Special skills required to place and finish

6. Sub-structure
• The substructure, or "underbuilding," is the part of the building that is built up
from the foundations to the ground floor.
Super-structure
• The superstructure of a building is the section of the structure that is created
above the ground level and that is meant to serve the function of the
structure's purpose.
Building Structural Concept

7. Building Construction Typology-Process

8. Substructure Components
Building Substructure has the following two components :
• a. Foundation
• b. Plinth Beam
Function of Foundation
• a. It provides stability to the structure as a whole.
• b. It distributes the loads from the superstructure to the soil beneath.
• c. It anchors the superstructure safely into the earth.

9. Functions of Foundation
• To provide stability to the entire structure.
• To prevent the differential settlements.
• To transfer the loads from the superstructure to the soil beneath.
There are two types of foundation:
• Shallow foundation
• Deep foundation

10. Shallow Foundation
The features of a shallow foundation are as follows:
• Depth is less or sometimes equal to its width.
• It is placed immediately beneath the lowest part of the superstructures.
• It is spread more horizontally than vertically.
• It transfers the loads to subsoil at a shallow depth, close to the ground level.

11. Types of shallow foundation
There are four types of shallow foundations:
1. Spread footing
2. Strip footing
3. Mat foundation
4. Grillage foundation

12. Spread Footing
This footing is also known as pad foundation.
The base is wider than the top to distribute the load from
the superstructure over a large area.
This type of foundation is suitable for walls and masonry
columns.

13. Strip Footing
Strip footing is the independent footing of two columns connected by a beam.

14. Mat footing / Raft footing
Whenever the load on the column is extensive (multi-
story column) or when the strength of the soil is low, the
foundations overlap each other.
In such a situation, it is beneficial to provide common
footing to several columns.
This footing is called mat footing or raft footing.
Load distribution is uniform in this footing.

15. Grillage Footing
Most high-rise buildings are constructed with steel
columns encased in concrete. Such columns carry a
heavy load and require special foundations for spreading
the entire load to a larger soil area.
So grillage foundation is one such special foundation that
is used where the load of the structure is excessive, the
bearing capacity of the soil is poor, and a deep foundation
is not possible.

16. Deep Foundation
There are two types of deep foundations:
1. Pile Foundation
2. Pier Foundation

17. Pile Foundation
• A pile foundation is a long cylinder usually made of steel or concrete and
sometimes timber.
• It driven deep into the ground to act as a base or support to the structure built
on it.
• Pile foundations transfer the load through skin friction or end bearing
mechanism.
• Pile foundations are mainly used for large structures when the upper soil layer
is weak and does not have the sufficient bearing capacity to withstand the
imposed load.

18. Pile Foundation
When to use the pile foundation
• When load extent is high & non-
uniform.
• When the groundwater table is
high.
• When the soil has a very low load-
bearing capacity.

19. Pier Foundation
A collection of large diameter cylindrical columns to
support the superstructure and transfer large super-
imposed loads to the firm strata below.
It is also known as “post foundation.”
They are watertight structures made of steel, wood,
or reinforced concrete and sunken into the ground.

20. Plinth Beam
• A plinth beam is generally constructed in
areas more prone to earthquakes.
• It reduces the length of columns by
reducing their slenderness.
• A plinth beam is a horizontal structural
element that interconnects columns,
preventing buckling of columns.

21. Plinth Beam
Functions of Plinth Beam
• Prevents the differential settlements in foundation.
• Transfers the load coming from the superstructure to the foundation.
• Check and prevents the ingress of moisture.
• Acts as ties to interconnect columns.

22. Plinth Beam
Advantages of Plinth Beam
• To sustain the masonry load at ground floor level.
• Plinth beams aim to withstand the dead weight of the masonry wall
Disadvantages of Plinth Beam
• Increases Cost.
• Need more reinforcement and concrete.

23. Concrete Floor Structures
• Concrete slabs are plate structures that are reinforced to span either one
or both directions of a structural bay.
• 6 common types of concrete slab:
i. One-Way Slab
ii. One-Way Joist Slab
iii. Two-Way Slab and Beam
iv. Two-Way Waffle Slab
v. Two-Way Flat Plate
vi. Two-Way Flat Slab

24. Concrete Floor - One-Way Slab
A one-way slab is uniformly thick, reinforced in one
direction, and cast integrally with parallel supporting
beams.
• Suitable for light to moderate loads over relatively
short spans of 6' to 18' (1830mm to 5490mm)
• Slab is supported on two sides by beams or
loadbearing walls; beams, in turn, may be supported
by girders or columns.

25. Concrete Floor - One-Way Joist Slab
A joist or ribbed slab is cast integrally with a series of
closely
spaced joists, which in turn are supported by a parallel set
of
beams. Designed as a series of T-beams, joist slabs are
more

26. Concrete Floor - Two-Way Slab and Beam
Two-way slab and beam construction is effective for
medium spans and heavy loads, or when a high
resistance to lateral forces is required. For economy,
however, two-way slabs are usually constructed as
flat slabs and plates without beams.
A two-way slab of uniform thickness may be reinforced in
two directions and cast integrally with supporting beams
and columns on all four sides of square or nearly square
bays.

27. Concrete Floor - Two-Way Waffle Slab
A waffle slab is a two-way concrete slab reinforced by
ribs in two directions. Waffle slabs are able to carry
heavier loads and span longer distances than flat
slabs.

28. Concrete Floor - Two-Way Flat Plate
A flat plate is a concrete slab of uniform
thickness reinforced in two or more directions
and supported directly by columns without
beams or girders.
Simplicity of forming, lower floor-to-floor
heights, and some flexibility in column
placement make flat plates practical for
apartment and hotel construction.

29. Concrete Floor - Two-Way Flat Slab
A flat slab is a flat plate thickened at its
column supports to increase its shear
strength and moment-resisting capacity.

30. MASONRY WALLS
• Masonry walls consist of modular building
blocks bonded together with mortar to form
walls that are durable, fire resistant, and
structurally efficient in compression.
• The most common types of masonry units are
bricks, which are heat hardened clay units,
and concrete blocks, which are chemically
hardened units.
• Masonry walls may be constructed as solid
walls, cavity walls, or veneered walls.
• Masonry walls may be unreinforced or
reinforced.

31. UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

32. UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

33. UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

34. REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

35. REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS

36. MASONRY LINTELS

37. MASONRY LINTELS

38. MASONRY BONDING

39. MASONRY BONDING

40. ROOF SYSTEMS
• The roof system functions as the primary
sheltering element for the interior
spaces of a building.
• The form and slope of a roof must be
compatible with the type of roofing—
shingles, tiles, or a continuous
membrane—used to shed rainwater and
melting snow to a system of drains,
gutters, and downspouts.
• The construction of a roof should also
control the passage of moisture vapor,
the infiltration of air, and the flow of
heat and solar radiation as well as resist
to fire.

41. ROOF SYSTEMS
• Like floor systems, a roof must be
structured to span across space and
carry its own weight as well as the
weight of any attached equipment and
accumulated rain and snow.
• Flat roofs used as decks are also
subject to live occupancy loads.
• The form of a roof structure—whether
flat or pitched, gabled or hipped, broad
and sheltering, or rhythmically
articulated—has a major impact on
the image of a building.

42. FLAT ROOFS

43. REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF SLABS

44. REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF SLABS

45. PRECAST CONCRETE ROOF SYSTEMS

46. PRECAST CONCRETE ROOF SYSTEMS

47. Thank You!