Building Construction Report

INTRODUCTIO
SITE & SAFETY
K
ION
CTURE
DOWS
ROOF
INTRODUCTION
SITE AND SAFETY
EXTERNAL WORK
FOUNDATION
SUPERSTRUCTURE
DOORS AND WINDOWS
ROOF
CONTENTS
1.1 SITE INTRODUCTION
2.1 SITE SAFETY
2.2 PLANTS MACHINERIES
3.1 SETTING OUT
3.2 EARTH WORK
3.3 SITE ACCOMODATION
4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE)
5.1 BEAM AND COULMN
5.2 SLAB
5.3 WALL
5.4 STAIRCASE
6.1 DOORS
6.2 WINDOWS
7.1 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (FROM SITE)
7.2 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (REFERENCE)
1
2-6
7-13
14-19
20-31
32-37
38-44

1.1 SITE INTRODUCTION
1
JEFFREYLEIWJUNYI0317951
DESA MAS, BANGI, SUNGAI MERAB
ARCHITECT: ARKITEK HABITAS
PROJECT : 41 UNITS DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE HOUSES AND
22 UNITS 3 STOREYS TERRACE HOUSES , LOT
3675, TANAH SIMPANAN MELAYU, KG, SG. MERAB,
MUKIM DENGKIL, DAERAH SEPANG, SELANGOR
DARUL EHSAN
TYPE :2 & 3 STOREY LINKED TERRACE HOUSE
BUILD UP
AREA : 8886 sq.ft
Ground floor 1st floor Ground floor 1st floor 2nd floor
Type A
land area 1400sq. Ft.
Type C
land area 1500sq. Ft.
Desa Mas Access:
Easy access to Bandar Baru
Bangi, Kajang, Putrajaya,
Cyberjaya, Bandar Seri Putra
Bukit Mahkota, Nilai, Salak Tinggi,
Serdang, Seri Kembangan,
Cheras, Puchong, Kuala Lumpur
& Shah Alam.

2. SITE AND SAFETY
BY: JEFFREY LEIW JUN YI 0317951

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY
Safety helmets
To prevent any major head injuries from fallen
objects
Reflective clothing
It has high reflective properties and easily
discernible in any background
Protective gloves
To provide protection for the hand during exposure
to potential hazards such as sharp objects,
abrasive surfaces and chemical contact
Safety boots
To provide protection from potential foot injuries
such as sharp objects, electrical hazards and
chemical spills
1. Safety Clothing 2. Safety Signboards
Workers are required to wear appropriately in construction site to be
protected from hazards during construction activities. Below are some
of the mandatory guidelines.
Signboards indicating site safety requirements are located at the
entrance of construction site to ensure workers and visitors are
aware of the risk and hazards.
Ladder Usage instruction
Crane Safety instruction
Site safety guidelines
3

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY
Organisation board
Required by the Majlis.
States important information about
the project and people in charge
Open Storage
Materials are placed around the site according
to its type and function.
Scaffolding
Temporary structure to support people and
material in construction. It is a modular
system of metal pipes or tubes.
Generators
Electric generators
are placed throughout
the site
4

2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES
Compactor
Used to flatten or reduce the size of
soil through compaction.
Levelling instrument
Used to measure and set ground
levels. The tool works by using a
bench mark or with an arbitrary point
with known height to measure
ground level.
Tilting drum mixer
Consist of a rotating
drum. It is used to
produce concrete with
out segregation of the
mix.
Excavator
A heavy construction
equipment consisting of a
boom, stick, bucket and
cab on a rotating platform.
It is used for digging pits,
lifting. Grading work,
excavating and loading
onto dump trucks.
Crane
Generally used for lifting heavy objects
and erect steel columns.
5

Concrete vibrator
-used on concrete pouring sites
-ensure that pour is even and free of air
bubbles
-essential on large load bearing projects
Paver
-lay asphalt on road, bridges, parking lots
-provides minor compaction before it is
compacted by a roller
-a material transfer unit allows for
constant material feed to the paver
without contact, providing a better even
surface
Air compressor
-needs to be robust, strong and reliable
-used in dusty environments
-oil injected
-powered by diesel engines
2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERIES
Drill hammers
-excel at ploughing through concrete
and other masonry
-to install electrical boxes and other
features to brick and block walls
-contain a hammer-like mechanism,
that rapidly pulses forward while the
drill bit is rotating
Dump truck
-used for carrying bulky materials
-4 wheeled vehicle with the load skip
in front of the driver
-payloads up to 10 tonnes
-multi-cylinder diesel engines
Tamping rammer
-strong impact force
-multipurpose use with flexibility
-used for confined area, trench work,
backfill and repairing work on asphalt
-suitable for compacting the roadbed
with lower water content
6

3. EXTERNAL WORK
BY: TAN SHEAU HUI 0319235

TANSHEAUHUI0319235
Identify work zones and construction phases by analyzing proposed cut/fill
work, location of proposed structures, site conditions, and site resources.
Identify and flag off areas to be protected, such as buffer zones near creeks or
sinkholes, drainage features, vegetated filter strips, mature trees, and so on.
Install construction entrance/exit and designate vehicle parking areas
Install up gradient diversion swales or berms.
Size and install sediment barriers (e.g., silt fences), sediment traps, sediment
basins, and outlet protection.
Install inlet protection dams, dikes, filters, screens, and such.
Construct drainage / runoff conveyance system; stabilize ditches and culvert
outlets
Begin clearing, grubbing, and grading
Stabilize bare areas after final grade is reached.
Construct roads, buildings, parking lots and install utilities.
Maintenance
Construction timetable
Silt fence/ Hoarding
Site office
Entrance/exit and parking lots
Exterior drainage system
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3.1.1 PHASE SCHEDULE
8

A clear deed to the land should be established. Each site has its
own history and its own procedure for establishing absolute
ownership before starting the construction project.
A plot plan is drawn by
the surveyors to locate
the property on a lot.
Sidewalks, utilities easements and
other things are taken into
consideration.
Utilities easements include the
right to use the space to
furnish electric power, phone
service and gas.
All available evidence
(monuments, fences, roadways)
that pertain to the subject property
are found and measurements
made. Driveways, waterbodies
and wells are located too.
Existing roadway
House lot
locations
are plotted
Plan should be certified by registered professional land surveyor
North point
is indicated
Road accesses in site with
directions indicated. Some
of them are reserved for
construction work
purpose.
Buildings
location and
boundaries
Site work is defined
after boundaries are
surveyed, set and
certified.
1 2
3
4
5
6
TANSHEAUHUI0319235
3.1.2 BOUNDARYAND LOT SURVEYING
9

TANSHEAUHUI0319235
There are two basic ways to clear the woody vegetation from a site:
1. Vegetation Removal
1. Fell whole trees with
roots.
2. Cut trees and then remove
stumps.
Preliminary Work
1. Remove shrubs and
undergrowth.
2. Tree ready to be cut.
2. Surface Soil Removal
1. Surface soil has the highest
concentration of roots and
decaying organic materials. This
soil is unstable as a construction
material and cannot be used for
the foundations of any dike or
structure.
2. Stake out site as a guide for
soil surface removal.
3. Excavate to the desired
depth and transport the
surface soil away from the
construction site.
4. Loosen the soil using a tractor.
3.2 EARTH WORK
Operations that remove vegetation—such as clearing and grubbing—and reshape the
Surface of the land through excavation or placement of fill material.
Remove the
surface soil
Shank
Surface soil
Shrubs
Tree to be cut
10

TANSHEAUHUI0319235
3. Cut and Fill
1. The topography map describes
the existing slopes of the land,
and allows us to draw site
elevations in our section cuts.
2. Section at 0ft is drawn out of
the plan to estimate the area to
be cut and filled in the site
5. On the other side, the land that
must be removed from the site
is marked to be cut and fill up
the holes of the cut part.
3. Elevation drawing out of the
section
4. In the elevation, the land that
must be added to the site is
marked to achieve the desired
land topography.
6. The desired land topography
would be achieved after the cut
and fill process. Construction
work could be started.
Terrace houses built on ground with existing slopes
are necessary to go though the process of cut and fill
before the construction work starts. This is to ensure
the land level and elevation are in desired condition.
During site preparation, existing slopes are measured
and levelled using the cut and fill technique. “Cut” is to
remove the excess land while “fill” is to fill the holes of
the land.
Tractor, a machinery used
for the cut and fill process.
cut
line of
slope
new
retaining
wall
new flat
surface
new
retaining
wall
fill
3.2 EARTH WORK
11

3.3 SITE ACCOMMODATION
TANSHEAUHUI0319235
Hoarding
A temporary structure of solid
construction, erected around the
perimeter of construction sites to
shield them from view and prevent
unauthorized access.
Information Site Board
A signboard with information
regarding site construction details
including project title, construction
type, construction company etc.
1. Temporary Facilities
Access and Exit
A steel plate structure acts as the
doorway at the entrance of site.
Colour differs from hoarding to be
easily noticed.
Material Storage
An open storage area for heavy
materials that are resistant to
outdoor condition and weather.
Waste Deposit
A huge waste bin to collect
garbage produced on site
before carried to be disposed.
Scaffolding
A temporary structure on the
outside of a building, made of
wooden planks and metal poles,
used by workers while building.
12

Temporary Dormitory
A temporary structure with basic
house facilities for workers to be
fully rested.
Temporary Office
A temporary structure for office
usage and also serves as
supervisor’s shelter and to locate
construction drawings.
Security House
A small structure for security
and safety guards for patrolling
purpose and to prevent
unauthorized visitors.
Portable Power
Generator
A steady power supply that
allows contractors to continue
working without disruption and
meet deadlines.
3.3 SITE ACCOMMODATION
2. Temporary Services
Water Supply System
A temporary water system for
builders and workers to clean
equipment during construction
period.
Transportation
Trucks are provided for
transportation including
materials, machinery and
occasionally workers. to and
from the site in daily usage.
13
TANSHEAUHUI0319235

4. FOUNDATION
BY: CHAN JIA XIN 0319565
PABLO IDRIS BIN BADRUL ILAHAN 0321895

Column
Pile Cap
Precast Concrete Pile
Rocks
End bearing
Load
Foundation from the site
Deep Foundation
Used to transfer the structural loads to a deeper soil strata and when the soils are subjected to scour.
Pile Foundation
• Used in area of soft and undisturbed soil
• Formed, cast to specified length and shape and cured before they are driven into the ground
Column
Pile Cap
Column
Column
Pile Cap Pile Cap
Precast
Concrete
Pile
Ground
level
Soft soil provides a
little or no support
Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located underneath the ground, it is used to support a building or structure
and transmits loads directly to the underlying soil or rock. A foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct
contact with the ground to which loads are transmitted.
4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION
15
CHANJIAXIN0319565

Pile foundation is a type of a deep foundation, where the spread foundation is also used but
where the hard strata is laying deep beneath pile foundation is used.
Lower Density
Medium Density
High Density
Weight and number of
structure determines the
number of piles, the
heavier structure need
more piles to support.
Leader pole used to guide
the hammer and pile into
position
Crane
Soft
compressible
soil
Precast pile
Winch
Hammer
Suitable for
• High rise construction, commercial and industrial applications.
• Steeper grounds
• Corrosive soil
Advantages
• High load capacities
• High corrosion resistance
Disadvantages
• Salt water may also adversely react with the concrete
• Difficult to handle unless prestressed
• High initial cost
Pile head
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CHANJIAXIN0319565

Reinforced
concrete
pile cap
Ground beam
Cluster of piles
Cage reinforcement ties
the piles to the pile cap
and ground beam
Concrete Pile Cap Arrangement
Reinforced concrete pile cap
arrangement with four piles
Starter bars protrude from the pile
reinforcement cage into the pile
cap
Triple pile cap
arrangement
Chilled
cast
iron
shoe
Double pile cap
arrangement
Mild steel
straps cast
into cast iron
shoe
Cover of
concrete
Reinforcement
Pressed
steel forks
Lifting
hole
Links
Helical
binding in
head
Straps cast
into shoe
Cast
iron
shoe
Section of precast reinforced concrete pile
17
CHANJIAXIN0319565

1. Drive
This is the beginning part
of the pile, located until
the maximum driven pile
point.
2. Weld
This is where there is
a conjunction
between each pile of
extension
3. Apply
Bitumen is applied in
between the joint as
a water proof coat to
prevent from rust
4. Drive
The extension pile is
inserted until the
maximum bump
5. Cut
Step where the
excessive extension
pile is removed
using a pile cutter
machine.
6. Excavate
The surrounding soil
of the pile cluster is
excavated by
approximately
350mm depth.
7. Pour
Pour adhesive and
repellent material to
the cement pots for
endurance and
stabilization.
8. Cast
The pile cap is
brought in situ
for endurance.
9. Load Test
The load test is carried
out by loading the
structure for a period.
The pile has to stand still.
PABLOIDRISBINBADRULILAHAN0321895
18

19
Foundation On Site
4.1 FOUNDATION (ON SITE)

5. SUPERSTRUCTURE
BY: LAI YIK XIN 0323388
SAW HWEI YING 0318093

Ground beam is constructed after column stump. A ground beam is a reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls, joists and
so on which located at or near ground level. It is either resting directly upon the ground or supported at both ends by piers.
1. After the process of the
construction of column
base, the concrete
beams are built.
2. After constructing the
foundation, column stumps
and the ground beam fill up
the excavated area with earth.
3. Reinforcing steel bars are
tied by ties. Formwork is
erected to the sides and
ready for concrete
pouring.
4. Vibrator is used to vibrate
the concrete so that it is
well bonded with steel.
5. The form are removed after
seven days when the
concrete is harden .
6. The ground beams are
done.
SAWHWEIYING0318093
Ground Beam Construction Process
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
21

Column is the vertical support which transfers the load to the building foundation. Columns support beams which in turn support walls
and slabs. Reinforced concrete columns are designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) Column Construction Process
1. The column steel bars
are tied to the foundation
rebar.
2. The vertical steel bars are
tied by ties according to
the design.
4. Wooden formwork is set
up around the vertical
bars and ready for
concrete pouring.
6. After seven to ten days, the
formwork is removed.
Accelerator is added to quicken
the curing process.
3. Before erecting formwork, the
concrete kicker is accurately
cast onto the concrete floor.
5. The concrete is vibrated
using vibrator so that it is
well bonded with steels.
Column formwork at
the site.
Column done at the
site.
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
22
SAWHWEIYING0318093

Beam is the horizontal member of a structure which carries transverse load. It carries the floor slab or the roof
slab. Beam transfers the load from slab to the columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to
act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) Beam Construction
1. Scaffoldings are erected
for beams and slab
shutter support.
2. The columns are braced
and provided shutter for
the remaining column
height up to beam level
3. Formwork is set up.
Cover blocks are
provided for slabs and
beams.
4. Beam reinforcements are
fixed and anchored into
the column.
*Corner intersection of beams and columns should not be congested to ensure aggregates may pass through during concrete pouring.
5. Concrete is poured
throughout the slab and
beam using mobile crane.
6. After curing process of 28
days, the formwork will be
removed.
Scaffoldings are used to
support beams and slab
shutter.
First floor beam formwork.
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
23
SAWHWEIYING0318093

2. The length of the column
reinforcement is extended
by adding vertical bars.
1. Extra column
reinforcement is for first
floor column construction.
First Floor Column Construction Process
3. Formwork is erected
around the vertical steel
bars.
4. Concrete is poured into
the wooden framework.
5. The concrete is vibrated to
increase its strength. Over
vibration should be
avoided as it will weaken
the mix.
6. Accelerators are added to
shorten curing process of
seven to ten days. When
the concrete is harden,
formwork can be removed.
*The thickness of the column steel bars may be thinner as it grows higher.
Extra steel bars used to
construct first floor column.
First floor column done.
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN
24
SAWHWEIYING0318093

Ground Floor Slab
1. Prepare the site
• Solid, well drained soil-concrete slab
will last longer with less cracking
• Sandy soil: scrape off the sod &
topsoil and gravel fill if needed.
• Clay or loam soil: remove the soil to
allow a 6-8inch layer of compacted
gravel under the new concrete
2. Assemble and erect formwork 3. Place damp proof membrane and
reinforcement
Damp proof membrane: prevents
any moisture being able to rise up
through the concrete slab
BRC wire mesh:
Increase tensile strength of
slab to prevent cracks occur.
4. Pour and vibrate concrete 5. Strike and remove formwork
after 10-14 days
6. Ground floor slab is finished
BRC wire mesh
Damp proof membrane
Compacted gravel
Concrete slab
Ground beam
Column RC bar
LAIYIKXIN0323388
5.2 SLAB (GROUND FLOOR)
Slab Installation
25

Suspended slabs are above-ground level slabs which are not directly in contact with the earth. They are commonly used
to create floors for the upper storeys of houses, but can also be sat on top of pre-constructed walls to form a ground floor.
Plywood floor joist
Second floor slab
First floor slab
Ground floor slab
• The diameter of the BRC wire
mesh increases when the floor
level going up.
• The increase of diameter of wire
mesh is to increase the tensile
strength (prevent cracks occur) of
the slab as the first and second
suspended floor slabs do not
have the support of ground.
Square BRC mesh
200mm x 200mm
Plywood subflooring
Suspended plywood formwork
LAIYIKXIN0323388
5.2 SLAB (FIRST & SECOND FLOOR)
26

Type of Brick Bonding
LAIYIKXIN0323388
Cement sand brick 1. Flemish Bond
• Double layer brick wall
• For partition wall and fire resistance
• Made of piled up modular blocks, usually made of clay, stone or concrete.
• They are various ways a masonry wall can be stacked and they create different patterns.
• Usually they are hold together with the help of mortar that is made of sand, cement and water.
Brick Walls
2. Running Bond
• Single layer brick wall
• For room
75mm
Exmet is placed at every 4th
course of brickwork.
Provide damp proof membrane
on all ground floor brickwork
RC bar is fixed
on every 4th
course of
brickwork.
column
Fibre mesh for brickwork
and column joint area
Cement mortar
5.3 WALL
Masonry Walls
27

1. Line are drawn as shown in the
architectural drawings using ink
to ensure the position and
straight alignment of the
brickwork.
LAIYIKXIN0323388
Construction of Cement Brick Walls
2. Damp proof membrane is placed
on the ground before constructing
brick wall.
3.Place the bricks and keep the
height of all bricks same by
using spirit level.
4.Hook a line at both end to ensure the straight alignment of every
bricks level.
5.Lay mortar down to connect the bricks. Push
down slightly, then use your level to check that
the brick even with the ground. Scrape any
excess mortar down the line for the next bricks
5.3 WALL
28

8. Plaster & skim coating
• Apply the plaster in a smooth layer over the
brick wall. The plaster will need to dry before
you can apply a second coating. Make the
second coating thinner than the first coating.
Once the second layer of plaster has dried, you
should add a finish and water trowel.
• Smooth over rough or damaged walls with a
skim coat of mud, applied with a special
squeegee knife.
Plump line is on a weight to ensure
the verticality of brickwork.
6.Continue with the next level
when the first row is done.
7. Repeat the same action until the
brick wall is done.
LAIYIKXIN0323388
5.3 WALL
Construction of Cement Brick Walls
29

A stair is a means of providing access from one floor level to another. A concrete stair requires careful analysis of
load, span and support conditions.
Concrete Staircase Construction Process
1. Protruding steel bars
(starter bar) from the slab
and column are to
construct the staircase.
2. The starter bars are bent at
the proper angle before the
staircase formwork
(planking) is set up.
3. The lower rebars are wired
to their proper position with
the distribution bar.
4. The stringers and risers
are placed.
5. Concrete can be poured into
the formwork. Float is used
to smooth out the concrete.
6. After the concrete is
harden, the formwork can
be removed.
Staircase is done.
Protruded steel bars
5.4 STAIRCASE
30
SAWHWEIYING0318093

Winder Stair
Winder stair is used in the visited site. It is a variation of an
L shaped stair but instead of having a flat landing, it has pie
shaped or triangular steps at the corner transition. It
requires less space than many other types of stairs.
Handrail
The handrail is mounted at the side of the staircase to
provide more space to the people when they are using
the staircase.
5.4 STAIRCASE
31
SAWHWEIYING0318093

6. DOORS AND WINDOWS
BY: LEONG YU SHI 0322586

LEONGYUSHI0322586
Different types of doors are found on our site.
The most common doors found are hinged
door and sliding door.
Hinged Door (Wood)
• suitable for entry, rare entry, interior and
wardrobe doors
• easy to install as comes in different sizes as
it can be fitted in corners
• doors are affixed to a door jamb with 2
hinges
• more hinges are needed to support taller
and heavier doors
Sliding Door (Aluminum)
• suitable for exterior and interior
• doorway is created within a small space
• only 50% of the doorway is accessible
• Door slide using the track on the floor
Exterior Door Interior Door
Door Terminology
Hinge is a type of
bearing that connects
2 solid objects.
Door Knob
Door Frame
Casing
Panel
Threshold
Jamb
Hinge
Hinge
Stile
PinKnuckle
Flap
Lock
Box
6.1 DOORS
33

LEONGYUSHI0322586
1. Door frame is delivered to the
construction site. The location of
the door is identified by using
the drawings and a plump is
used to check the alignment of
the door frame. Plywood is used
as the support of the door
frame.
2. After the position of the door is
confirmed, brickwork is proceeded.
Plywood is still connected to the door
frame as a support.
3. 2 or 3 notches per jamb will be
found at the door frame as the
brick can cast into the door
frame. This is to stabilize the
door frame and make sure the
position and alignment of the
door frame is accurate.
4. A lintel is cast on top of the door
frame at 150mm as it helps to
support the weight of the bricks.
5. When brickworks have finished,
screeding is being carried out to
smoothen the surface and fill in the
gap between threshold and slab. This
process is done by pouring cement
with water and aggregate and wait
until it’s dry and hard.
6. The door frame is ready for door
installation. Hardware is installed
onto the door frame such as
hinges, locksets, door panel and
closers. The finishing is spray
paint
.
Door Installation
6.1 DOORS
34

6.2 WINDOWS
LEONGYUSHI0322586
Window’s Basic Structure
Window’s height on Site
Window’s Lock Casement Window Safety Structure
Swing outward
Side hinged
Sashes are arranged
side by side
Allows maximum
light penetration
Allows maximum
ventilation
Different types of windows are found
on our site. The most common
window found is casement window.
Casement Window (Aluminum)
• operating sashes are side hinged
• swing outwards
• close on vertical mullion
• allows ventilation
• window hood breaks the rain and
prevents rain from sipping into the
house.
Head
Friction Break
Sash
Espagnolette
Glass
Sash Rebate
Rebate Edge
Side Bolts
Frame Rebate
Sill
Jamb
Closing Side
Hinged Side
Hinge
Casement
Frame
Cylinder
Lock
Zinc Alloy
Casement
Fastener
Plastic keep
Screw to
Frame
Open to
Limit of Stay
Safety
Stay
Open
Fully
35

6.2 WINDOWS
LEONGYUSHI0322586
Window Installation
2. Sub-frame is positioned using
aluminum shin plate
3. A plump is used to ensure the
verticality of sub-frame.
1. The exact dimension and position
of windows is determined.
Brickwork is used to shape out the
window.
4. Sub-frame is fixed and installed after the position of window is confirmed to ensure the
window is square, keep away from stretching of brick and fasten the fixing process of
window.
5. Bolt head and joints are sealed
using sealant for effective water
lightness. Sealant is applied if the
gap is between 7mm - 10mm
Main Frame
Joint
Bolt
Head
36

6.2 WINDOWS
LEONGYUSHI0322586
1. Protection tape is applied and remained
after sealing process. It is removed
during the installation of main frame.
2. Sub-frame is cleaned when major construction has finished. It is prepared for
installation of main frame. The measurement of the main frame is double confirmed.
3. After cleaning works, main frame is
installed. This also involves sealing,
grouting and waterproofing process.
4. Window glazing is installed after
main frame is installed in sub-
frame.
5. After fixing the accessories of window,
including handles, locking devices, etc.,
the window installation is completed.
The finishing is spray paint.
Protective Tape Cleaning
Equipment Sub-Frame
Measuring
Tape
Dust and
Debris
Window Installation
37

7. ROOF
BY: TAN WEI ZHEN 0318560

7.0 ROOF
TANWEIZHEN0318560
Flat roof
Shed roof
Gable roof
Hip roof
Examples of roof
Roofs can be constructed as warm roofs or
cold roofs depending on the requirement of
the owner and architect as they relate to the
building regulations regarding heat loss and
insulation. Put simply a warm flat roof has
insulation of some kind packed into every
available void and a cold flat roof allows air
to circulate between the joists. This air is
vented at either end of the roof to allow a
continuous air flow.
The design of the roof, either warm or cold,
must be precise. If a warm roof is not fully
packed with insulation, yet a constant air flow
is not a achieved, condensation will form in
any unvented void. Condensation forms as
warm air (in insulated voids) hits cooler
surfaces (underside of roof decking) and can
rot the roof from the inside out.
39

7.0 ROOF (ON SITE)
TANWEIZHEN0318560
Characteristics
A roof that may be constructed
as flat. Mainly used timber,
metal or concrete material as
platform which usually
horizontally or inclined at up to
5°to the horizontal.
Pros
The initial cost of installing a
flat roof is low because the
surface area of a flat roof is
less than the surface area of a
sloped roof. Flat roofs are
frequently used in arid
climates. Flat roofs are easier
to climb onto and inspect than
sloped roofs because they
offer more stability and have a
horizontal surface.
Cons
Flat roofs typically don’t last
as long as sloped roofs since
they are more vulnerable to
harsh weather. Flat roofs need
to be recoated and resealed
every few years to maintain
their integrity and prevent
leaks.
Roof Covering
Types of Flat Roof
Structure
Insulation
Vapour Control Layer
Timber Sub Deck
Joists
Ceiling
7’
2’
4’’ slope in roof
Warm Roof
Waterproof Root Covering
Insulation
Profiled Steel Roof Deck
The basic construction of a flat roof is made
up of roofing timbers, or joists as they are
more commonly known or steels that are
laid across two uprights. The joists are then
either laid on top of the steels or cut into
them. These joists are spaced at a specified
distance apart, usually 400mm depending
on the width or span they are covering and
the surface that is to be applied.
Flat Roof
40

TANWEIZHEN0318560
Exterior of Roof
Interior Structure of Roof
Roof Structure Details
Layering of Roof
Metal Cap
Coping Wedge
Sometimes town planners will
not allow the height required for
a pitched roof. This is because it
may obscure a neighbours view
or light. Sometimes a pitched
roof is not appropriate for an
extension because it would
mean obscuring light to the
home owners own windows.
Usually however, a flat roof is
used when an extension butts
up to an existing building.
Rigid Insulation
Air Barried Membrane
Metal
Lath
Gypsum Board
with semi-
permeable paint
Sealant
CarpetCarpet PadMass-loaded Vinyl
Dimple Subfloor
Existing Floor-ceiling
Structure
Joists Bottom
Resilient Metal Channels
Cut Wool Fibers
Closed Cell Foam
Gypsum Ceiling Board
7.0 ROOF (ON SITE)
Flat Roof
41

TANWEIZHEN0318560
Construction Details
Interior Structure of Flat Roof
Soundproof Layering Wall Attachment Detail Truss Connection
Bearing
Point Truss
Support
Bottom
Chord
Panel
Point
Top
Chord
Web
Truss
Plate
7.0 ROOF (ON SITE)
Flat Roof
42

TANWEIZHEN0318560
Construction Process Wall Installation
External
Metal Sheet
Mineral Wool
Insulation
Rail
Bracket
Thermal
Break Pad
Purlin
Metal Shoe
Anchor
Concrete
Footing
Cleat
Copper
Counterflashing
Lap Seam
Upper Copper
Copper
Flashing Strip
Copper Edge
Strip
Inner Liner Panel
7.0 ROOF (ON SITE)
Flat Roof
43

TANWEIZHEN0318560
Exterior view Interior view
Structure
The roof slopes around a triangular
extension of the end wall. This piece of
wall is the gable. Commonly used to
form extensions in Victorian times and
is still used in a similar fashion today. It
comprises a series of rafters fixed to
plates at the top of a wall and the rafter
feet are nailed to a wall plate, which
distributes the load evenly across the
supporting wall.
Simplest arrangement achieved in this type of roof with
gable end trusses at both ends and common trusses sits at
the end walls and carry roof load directly into the wall below
it.
7.0 ROOF (FROM REFERENCE)
Gable Roof
Wall
Plate
Ridge Post
Wall Post
Corner Post
Spandrel
Rafter
Diagonal
Brace
Upper Ridge Pole
Vidge
Roof
Sheeting
Under
Purlin Collar Tie
Hanging
Beam
Internal Wall
Construction Detail
44

SUMMARY
45
Throughout this project, we learnt about the basic principles
and procedures of construction process through experiential
learning during construction site visits other than book
references and online references. We were exposed to
different types of construction technology including the old
and advanced methods used. Besides, we are able to
demonstrate our understanding and analysis of the
construction processes and details through manual sketches,
diagrams and photos taken from site visit.
Construction detailing of buildings is one of the crucial part
during the design process in architecture. Through all of the
experiences and knowledge gained from this project, we
believe it is a good starting for all of us to be the future
contributors to the construction industry.

REFERENCES
46
PLANTS AND MACHINERIES
C.R. Asfahl,industrial Safety and Health Management, 5th ed. Upper Saddie River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004
EXTERNAL WORK
Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley.
Miller, R., & Miller, M. (2005). Preparing the Site. In Miller's Guide to Foundations & Sitework (p. 212). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Emmitt, S., & Gorse, C. (2006). Introduction. In Barry's Advanced Construction of Buildings (p. 625). Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing.
Preparation Of The Construction Site. (2015). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from
ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/cdrom/fao_training/FAO_Training/General/x6708e/x6708e05.htm
Parsons, M. (2005). Site Planning - Phase I. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from
http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMAT6680/Parsons/MVP6690/Essay3/cutfill.html

47
FOUNDATION
Emmitt, S., & A. Gorse, C. (2010). Foundation types. In Barry's advanced construction of buildings (2nd ed., pp. 101-128). Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing.
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Jia Hui, L. (2005, October 1). A Study of Building Foundations in Malaysia. Retrieved October 17, 2015, from
https://eprints.usq.edu.au/635/1/Leow_Jia_Hui-2005.pdf
Excavation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from
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CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2015, from
http://osp.mans.edu.eg/deepfoundation/ch1.htm
REFERENCES

48
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Slab
Ching. F.D.K (2008). Building Construction Illustrated 4th Edition. Wiley
Chudley, R. (2008). Building Construction Handbook 7th Edition. Taylor & Francis
Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab. (2013, May 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.familyhandyman.com/masonry/pouring-concrete/form-and-pour-a-concrete-slab/view-all
Functions of Slab and Design of Slab. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.aboutcivil.org/slab-definition-functions-design.html
Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab. (2013, May 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://civilengineersforum.com/difference-between-one-way-slab-two-way-slab/
(n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.goldenbay.co.nz/media/1821/ccanz_residential_concrete_slab-on-ground_floors.pdf
Wall
Ching. F.D.K (2008). Building Construction Illustrated 4th Edition. Wiley
Chudley, R. (2008). Building Construction Handbook 7th Edition. Taylor & Francis
Walls. (2012, May 4). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
https://technicalstudiescsm.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/walls/
Suspended slab subfloor. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.build.com.au/suspended-slab-subfloor
Plastering over Brick. (2006, August 30). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.onlinetips.org/plastering-over-brick/
REFERENCES

49
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Beam
Emmitt, S & Gorse, C. A. (2010). Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford. Blackwell.
Francis, C. D. K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. Blackwell.
Chundley, R. (1999). Construction Technology. London. Longman.
WordPress. (2011). Foundation Ground Beam. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
https://6dprojects.wordpress.com/2011/08/21/foundations-ground-beam/
Liza. (2015). Step to Construct the Bulding. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
http://www.scribd.com/doc/58803107/STEP-TO-CONSTRUCT-THE-BUILDING#scribd
Karundu, A. (2009). How to do ground beams. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
http://www.articlesbase.com/construction-articles/how-to-do-ground-beams-1131191.html
Burke, J. (2012). 3D Animation of the construction of a Multi Story Building [Video file]. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vc4_5M1rhFg
Megadethigorot. (2012). Suspended slab and beam [Video file]. . Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLa-EiPBxDU&list=PLz5Dp09BKN4nw8hRb6RrobF3FsRFJAdCW&index=2%00
REFERENCES

50
Stairs
Starter bars in staircases. . Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
http://debug.pi.gr/default.aspx?ch=70%00
Brennan, E. (2012). How to build concrete stairs the easy way [Video file]. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHmiMzlrwtQ
Formwork for Concrete stairs. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/uk/d/Jgtz006e/5.3.html
Keuka Studio. (2015). Types of Stairs. Retrieved 15, October 2015 from
https://www.keuka-studios.com/types-of-stairs/
Doors And Windows
Doors
Chudley, R. (2010). Building Construction Handbook. 8th Edition. Taylor & Francis.
Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley
Hinged doors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.build.com.au/hinged-doors
Center Hinged Doors - Neuma Doors - Manufacturer of fiberglass patio doors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.neumadoors.com/products_hinged_center.html
How To: Build a Door. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmwKtajnDuA
(n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015. from
http://www.houzz.com/door-frame
REFERENCES

Windows
Chudley, R. (2010). Building Construction Handbook. 8th Edition. Taylor & Francis.
Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley
Full Frame Window Replacement Installation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from
http://www.andersenwindows.com/planning/diy-library/full-frame-window-replacement-installation
(n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from
http://www.hometips.com/diy-how-to/window-installation.html
How House Construction Works. (2000, March 31). Retrieved October 21, 2015, from
http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/repair/house4.htm
REFERENCES
51

Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 4th Edition. Wiley.
Domestic Roofs. (2015). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Domestic_roofs
Flat Roof Construction. (2014). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from
http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/proj.../building_a_flat_roof.htm
Homes, R. (2015). Pros and Cons of Flat Roof. Retrieved October 13, 2015, from
http://www.rockfordhomes.net/pros-cons-flat-roof/
How to Build a Flat Roof. (2015). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from
http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/projects/building_a_flat_roof.htm
Introduction to Flat Roof. (2015). Retrieved October 14, 2015, from
http://www.buildingregs4plans.co.uk/guidance_flat_roof...
Sedlbauer, K, Schunck, E, Barthel, R, lartwig M. Kunzel. (2013). Flat Roof Construction. Retrieved October 18, 2015, from
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=4RLVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120&dq=construction+process+of+flat+roof&source=bl&ots=r0ZpXn
gKNR&sig=xLmxeLWcewegUYQT1L51l8r_8aY&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
ROOFING
REFERENCES
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