This document provides an analysis report for a project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter with a maximum height of 600mm and base area of 400mm x 800mm. It includes sections on the design concept, massing, design development, drawings, material analysis, construction details, structural analysis, and conclusions. The goal was to demonstrate an understanding of skeletal construction and how structures react under loading. The design combined a triangular prism roof with a cuboid base to provide shelter for 5-6 users with an emphasis on practical construction and user needs.

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II
BLD 60703 / ARC 2513
PROJECT 1: SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION
(TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER) ANALYSIS REPORT
Tutor: Ar. Edwin Chan
Prepared by: Anderson Wong Chun Seng 0323836
Goh Tze June 0327511
Khoo Yung Keat 0324688
Lim Zhao Yin 0329356
Ooi Wenn Yeaw 0323836

2. Introduction
Design Concept
Massing
Design Development
Design Considerations
Orthogonal Drawings
Exploded AxonometricExploded Axonometric
Material Analysis
Construction Details
Construction Process
Loads & Forces
Final Outcome
Load Bearing Test
ConclusionConclusion
References
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10-11
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INDEX

3. INTRODUCTION
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The objectives of this project are to create an
understanding of skeletal structure and its relevant
structural components, and how it reacts under
loading. In a group of five, we were assigned to
construct a temporary bus shelter to accommodate
5-6 users in the scale of 1:5, where the maximum
height and base area are 600mm and 400mm x
800mm respectively.800mm respectively.
We are required to demonstrate a convincing
understanding of how a skeletal construction works,
while taking factors such as form, frames, joints and
materials into account.

4. DESIGN CONCEPT
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In relation with the ever-increasing urban
population in Malaysia, the design of our
temporary bus shelter is made to blend in
with the urban areas of our country, where
urbanites nowadays prioritize stability and
practicality in their buildings and structures.
Hence, our design tends to focus more on
construction and user needs.construction and user needs.

5. +
MASSING
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The massing of the bus shelter is to be a combination
of two forms, which we have chosen a triangular prism
and a cuboid for our design.
The triangular prism is placed on top of the cuboid to
shape the form of the roof. Slanted flat roofs are
practical – they can reduce the velocity of falling
raindrops and direct the waterflow.
Triangular forms are also made to distribute the forcesTriangular forms are also made to distribute the forces
applied from one point to the other two equally.
Cuboid forms are typically used and easy to be
calculated in dimensions. Their right-angled form
maximizes the usage of space, as well as providing
stability and consistency in nature.

6. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
The initial idea was to combine both
cuboid and triangular prism to
create a trapezoid form. The frame
at the back were slanted to create
a more interesting form of design.
However, difficult calculations were
needed to be made to determine
the degree of the slant. Hence, thethe degree of the slant. Hence, the
design was improvised.
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The structure were simplified and
the front columns were removed,
maximizing the availability of
space. The columns at the back
were straightened but not entirely
to retain some degree of slant.
This design, yet provides sufficient
stability for the structure to hold.stability for the structure to hold.
The slanted flat roof was in risk of
collapsing.
As the design progresses, the
columns at the back were
straightened vertically, shifted
forward to the near middle and
pierced through the roof. Ten-
sion strings were attached from
the top of the columns to the
middle front of the roof to holdmiddle front of the roof to hold
it in place. Structural supports
for the back of the roof and
joists were added as well.
1 2 3

9. SCALE 1:50
SCALE 1:50 SCALE 1:50
SCALE 1:50 SCALE 1:50
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ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

10. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS
SCALE 1:50 SCALE 1:50
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11. EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC
SILL PLATE
STEEL HOLLOW COLUMN
CONCRETE STUMP
PAD FOUNDATION
PURLINS
TIMBER SEATING
TIMBER TILING
FLOOR JOISTS
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KNEE BRACE
POLYCARBONATE ROOFING SHEET
KNUCKLE BOLT
BEAM
TENSILE STRING

14. All the floor beams and floor joists
are welded together.
The floor beam is welded with with
the sill plate.
The sill plate is screwed to the con-
crete stump.
FLOOR JOIST
FLOOR BEAM
CONCRETE STUMP
CONCRETE STUMP
PAD FOUNDATION
PAD FOUNDATION
ANCHOR ROD
TIMBER TILE
TIMBER TILE
SCREW
SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION
GROUND LEVEL
GROUND LEVEL
FINISH FLOOR LEVEL
FINISH FLOOR LEVEL
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
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15. Roof beam and rafter are
welded together using
knee brace and a tensile
string for support.
Metal plate is screwed with
the column to hold the
knuckle bolt. The knuckle
bolt is tightened with a ten-
sile string to hold the roof.
The seating steel plate
sits on the square
hollow section and is
welded to it.
A
B
C
A B C
SCREW
L-CHANNEL
TIMBER TILE
FINISH FLOOR
LEVEL
STEEL BAR
COLUMN
RAFTER
TENSILE STRING
KNUCKLE BOLT
KNEE BRACE
COLUMN
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
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16. FORCE AND LOAD
These are the components which bears the main
load of the structure. They also make up the general
framework of the bus shelter.
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The secondary components functions as load
distributors as they distribute load evenly to the
primary components. This prevents the primary
components from being unevenly stressed.
The roof is supported by bracing to deal with tensile
force as an additional support while retaining the
head room.
1 2
3 4 The main load is transferred from the roof, which
then the active load from the roof is distributed
to the connecting bracing following to the
column.

17. CONCLUSION
Upon completion of this project, we were able
to grasp a more thorough understanding on
skeletal constructions and how each joint is
connected.
We have also acknowledged the need toWe have also acknowledged the need to
manipulate the construction of the structure to
accommodate with the issues on the strength
and stability of our design, the ability to
construct it, and how it reacts under forces,
stress and strain.
Material-wise, by understanding each of theMaterial-wise, by understanding each of the
chemical and physical properties, we were
able to select the most suitable materials to be
used, thus improving the practicality of our
temporary bus shelter. In the context of real life
working situations, the cost benefit analysis of
the selected materials should also be
considered.considered.
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