The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
DARK FIELD MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
Dark-field microscopy is ideally used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against a dark background.
This type of microscope contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle
The use of the microtome and the science of microtomy remains key in histology and anatomical pathology. The microtomist ( A Biomedical Scientist) who cuts tissue at ultrathin microns) uses the microtome to aid diagnosis and improve research. This lecture note highlights different types of microtome and also discuses principles and troubleshooting
The microscope has evolved a lot from the time of Leeuwenhoek. This presentation gives a brief overview about the types of microscope their principle of function and application.
this presentation deals with the introduction of some of the commonly used optical microscopes in forensic labs; compound microscope, stereoscopic microscope, comparison microscope, fluorescence microscope and polarized microscope.
DARK FIELD MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
Dark-field microscopy is ideally used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against a dark background.
This type of microscope contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle
The use of the microtome and the science of microtomy remains key in histology and anatomical pathology. The microtomist ( A Biomedical Scientist) who cuts tissue at ultrathin microns) uses the microtome to aid diagnosis and improve research. This lecture note highlights different types of microtome and also discuses principles and troubleshooting
The microscope has evolved a lot from the time of Leeuwenhoek. This presentation gives a brief overview about the types of microscope their principle of function and application.
this presentation deals with the introduction of some of the commonly used optical microscopes in forensic labs; compound microscope, stereoscopic microscope, comparison microscope, fluorescence microscope and polarized microscope.
Polarization of Light and its Application (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
Download link ❤❤https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/29/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/ ❤❤❤
polarization of light & its application.
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Concept of Polarization
Types of Polarization
Methods of achieving Polarization
Applications of Polarization
POLARIZATION
Transforming unpolarized light into polarized light
Restriction of electric field vector E in a particular plane so that vibration occurs in a single plane
Characteristic of transverse wave
Longitudinal waves can’t be polarized; direction of their oscillation is along the direction of propagation.............
For Further Reading
•Optics by Tunnacliffe
•Optics and Refraction by A.K. Khurana
•Principle of Physics, Ayam Publication
•Internet
The Troy lectures: The advent of digital microscopy (IT/ComS edition)Yves Sucaet
This is an exciting time to do microscopy with the development of digital tools. Recently, digital microscopy has centered around whole slide imaging (WSI), a term that refers to devices that can digitize (scan) an entire glass slide.
For healthcare, digital microscopy manifests itself in the pathology department (digital pathology): it is important to get the right case, to the right pathologist, at the right time, to make the right diagnosis. Digitizing data eliminates the boundaries of time and distance.
Digital microscopy can enhance efficiency and improve quality for various use cases, including teaching, research, as well as clinical settings.
By: Marina Járboles, Cristina Alierta and Pilar Ballesteros.
CELL
Cell Theory
Cell scientists
1) Robert Hooke
2) Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
3) Robert Brown
4) Mattias Schleiden
5) Theodor Schwann
6) Rudolph Virchow
History of microscopes
Types of microscopes
Optical and electron microscopes.
The present is on Instrumentation of various microscopes such as compound microscope, stereo microscope, polarized microscope, comparison microscope, fluorescent microscope, dark field microscope, electron microscope and it also discusses about the forensic applications of each microscope briefly.
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
BIOINSPIRATIONS FOR OPTICS, SENSORS AND PHOTONICSRanjana Bali
Bio-inspiration is the technology which is inspired by nature. Bio-inspired research is rooted in observations of nature as a source of inspiration (Whiteside,2015). This can be applied to many areas of innovation, including the development of any material, device, technology etc. It is a strategy that suggests new areas for research beyond its potential to nucleate new ideas. Bio-inspiration has been applied in seven different fields of science and technology i.e., i) optics ii) photonics iii) sensoric iv) robotics v) materials vi) adhesives and vii) surfaces (Gorb, 2011). The insect inspiring engineering in the three concerned fields of optics, photonics and sensorics has been astounding. Insects have evolved remarkable diversity of mechanism that allows them to detect light, sound and odours. These sensors have already inspired numerous innovations in sensor technologies. Biological structures are increasingly the source of inspiration to solve complex challenges in the field of optics and photonics as well. Natural structures have inspired for wide array of innovations in optic and photonic engineering like innovation of zoom and facet vision camera inspired from insect eye. Moth eye inspired for anti-reflective film, light capturing, material after blowfly eye and light emitting diodes inspired by fireflies and much more. Likewise, insects have kept themselves no way behind in being an inspiration for engineering in sensoric science. Morpho butterflies have paved a way for remarkable innovation in the field of sensorics- Multispectral sensor. In the similar way, humidity sensor, motion sensor, ocular sensor, biomimetic sensor and flow sensor have been innovated after taking inspiration from Hercules beetle, insect compound eyes, flies ocelli, Melanophila beetle receptor and crickets, respectively. Bio-inspiration is a solidly established strategy in recent science and technology, but is not yet a central theme. Bio inspired approaches in technology development to bloom in the upcoming years with increasing number of applications in the fields beyond optical sensing. Bio-inspiration and its applications that adapt the basic dynamic of the nature to technology is a promising area within open new end. We need to draw encouragement from nature and form designs by revolutionizing our inventions to create productive potential and sustainable materials.
this presentation will hepl you in studying and reviewing to cope up with your lessons. Because mirrors reflect light, they create an illusion of open space by doubling whatever is in a room. Interior decorators use mirrors to make rooms feel larger and more inviting than they truly may be. Certain styles of mirrors may give a room a certain atmosphere based on their appearance. Additionally, decorators may use lenses to reflect light or add color. They may place candles on mirrors to magnify the shimmering effect or use a series of prisms to create rainbows in a white room.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. REFERENCES
• Theory and Practice of Histological
Techniques-Bancroft
• Cellular Pathology Technique-Culling
• Microscope-Basics & Beyond
• J.K. Soneja, Microscopy
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. CONTENTS
• History & Introduction of polarized
microscopy
• Polarized light
• Birefringence
• Constituents of polarized microscope
• Dichroism
• Applications of polarized microscope
• Advantages & disadvantages of polarized
microscope
• Conclusion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. ADVANCES IN MICROSCOPY
Over the last 150 years , there has been a
painstaking development of new techniques
for light and electron microscopy, which
facilitates the precise analysis of cell & tissue
structure and demonstrate more clearly the
changes , which pathological processes bring
about.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. ADVANCES IN MICROSCOPY
• Dark field microscopy
• Fluorescence microscopy
• Phase contrast microscopy
• Polarized microscopy
• Electron microscopy
• Stereomicroscopy
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. How to compare & contrast polarized
microscope and light microscope ??
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. LIGHT SOURCE
STAGE ANALYZER
How to compare & contrast polarized
microscope and light microscope ??
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. HISTORY
• Polarizing microscope was
developed in the late nineteenth
century.
• It was initially made for studying
rocks and minerals.
• It may also be used in the biology
and medical fields.
• Polarizing microscopes are also
known as petrographic
microscopes.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. INTRODUCTION
• A polarizing microscope is a microscope that uses polarized
light for looking at specimens.
• It is used for detailed examination of specimens.
• Numerous crystals , fibrous structures, pigments , lipids ,
proteins, bone and amyloid deposits exhibit birefringence.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. POLARIZED LIGHT
• Transverse wave light whose vibration possess direction is
called polarized light.
• Light from an ordinary light source (natural light) that
vibrates in random directions is called non-polarized light.
• Natural light vibrates in many planes or vibration directions
whereas polarized light vibrates in only one plane .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. POLARIZER
• Polarized light can be produced for
microscopy purpose by passing natural light
through a polarizer.
• Polarizer is an optical component made
from a substance that will allow vibrations of
only one vibration direction to pass.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Light passes through the polarizer
West
(left)
east
(right)
Plane polarized lightUnpolarized light
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. BIREFRINGENCE
• Birefringence or double refraction
is the phenomenon, which occurs
when light that is launched through a
crystal material is divided into two
linearly polarized light rays having
mutually crossing vibration
directions, and then refracted.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. • Their velocities and refractive
indices(RI) differ from one another.
• Higher the RI greater the retardation of
the ray.
• Substances or crystals capable of
producing plane polarized light are
called birefringent .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. mineral
grain
plane polarized
light
fast ray
(low RI )
slow ray
(high RI)
lower polarizer
D=retardation
d
Observation:
frequency of light remains
unchanged during splitting,
regardless of material
F= V/ l
if light speed changes, l must
also change
l is related to color; if l changes,
color also changes
Violet (400 nm) Red (700 nm)
BIREFRINGENCE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. NICOL PRISMS
• Named after the inventor .
• Polarizers made from calcite, were cemented together
with Canada balsam in such a way that slow ray was
reflected away from optical pathway , and into the
mount of prism , leaving only polarized fast ray to pass
through.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. POLAROID DISCS
• In 1935, polaroids- glass or celluloid covered discs with the
ability to polarize light were made available for use in place of
Nicol prisms.
• Polaroids are made by suspending ultramicroscopic crystals
of herapathite in nitrocellulose.
• Some substances and crystals which can produce plane
polarized light by differential absorption give rise to the
phenomenon called dichroism.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. • Such crystals suspended in thin plastic films in one
direction have now replaced the bulky and
expensive Nicol prisms.
• These thin films totally absorb the slow rays and are
pleochroic (absorbing all colors equally) .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. CONSTITUENTS OF POLARIZED
MICROSCOPE
Polarizing microscope uses two polarizers-
1. Polarizer & Analyzer
Polarizer
• Placed beneath the substage condenser
• Held in rotatable graduated mount
• Can be removed from light path when not required
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. ANALYZER
• It is the upper polarizer
• Placed between the objective and the eyepiece
• Also graduated for measurement to be taken .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. 2. Polarizing objective ( strain free objective)
• An objective lens for polarization is
designed and manufactured to have
low turbulence by refraction in the
polarizing state on the lens surface .
• Also, to have low lens strain .
• A polarizing objective can be
distinguished from the ordinary ones
by the label P, PO, Pol .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. 3. Polarizing condenser
A polarizing condenser has following 3
characteristics –
• Built-in rotatable polarizer
• Top lens-out construction when parallel
light illumination at low magnification is
required
• Strain-free optical system, like the
objectives
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. 4. Polarizing rotating stage
• Rotating an anisotropy between crossed nicols changes the
brightness.
• For this reason, in polarized light observation, the specimen
is often rotated to the diagonal position (the position where
the anisotropy is brightest).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. • In other words, rotatability of the polarizing stage
and centerability are fundamental .
• 360° angle gradations are indicated in the area
surrounding the rotating stage .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. 5. Bertrand lens
• A Bertrand lens projects an interference image of
the specimen, formed in the objective pupil, onto
the objective image position .
• It is located between the analyzer and eyepiece for
easy in and out of the light path.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. 6. Centerable revolving nosepiece
• Since the stage needs to be rotated for
polarizing observation, the objective and
the optical axis of the tube must coincide
exactly with one another.
• In order for the optical axis to completely
match even when the lens‘ magnification is
changed, a revolver with optical centering
mechanism is installed in each hole.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. 7. Eyepiece with crosshair
• The eyepiece has a built-in focusing plate containing a
crosshair.
• By inserting the point pin into the observation tube sleeve, the
vibration direction of the polarizer and analyzer can be made
to agree with the crosshair in the visual field.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. 8. Test plate with compensator
• These are phase plates used for verifying the double
refractivity of specimens,
• determining their vibration directions , and for retardation
measurement .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Polarizer and Analyzer are the essential
components of the polarizing microscope
When we look through 2 polarizers, there can be 3 conditions:-
1. When polarizer and analyzer are parallel
Rays vibrating in the parallel plane are able to pass.
-
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. 2. When polarizer and analyzer are crossed
Rays able to pass the polarizer are blocked by analyzer.
The condition when no light reaches the observer is known
as Extinction .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. Now insert a thin section of a rock
west
(left)
east
(right)
Unpolarized light
Light vibrating
in many planes
and with many
wavelengths
Light and
colors reach
eye!
Light
vibrating
E-W
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. 3. When a birefringent substance is rotated between
crossed polarizer
It is visible when it is in the diagonal position (i.e.,
when it is halfway (45º) between the vibration planes
of polarizer).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. • At 45 degree, however phase differences between 2 rays
which can develop are able to combine in the analyzer and
form a visible image.
• Image appears and disappears alternately at each 45
degree of rotation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. Two Phenomenon in polarizing microscope
that are important for Histopathologists are :-
a) Birefringence - Property of resolving a beam
of plane polarized light into 2 rays at different
velocities.
b) Dichroism
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. Dichroism
• Some birefringent substances are dichroic.
• When a dichroic substance is rotated in polarized light
(i.e. using polarizer only).
• Changes of color and intensity can be seen after
rotating 90 degrees.
• The original color returns after a further 90 degree
rotation.
• This is due to the differential absorption of light.www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. APPLICATIONS OF POLARIZING
MICROSCOPY IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
• Artifacts : Formalin pigment, sutures , starch
• Crystals : Talc , urate , pyrophosphate , silica ,
etc.
URIC ACID CRYSTALSwww.indiandentalacademy.com
47. • Protein : Collagen , amyloid , keratin
Glomerulus from renal biopsy stained with
congo red and examined by polarization
microscopy. The characteristic "apple-green"
birefringence of amyloid is apparent .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. APPLICATIONS OF POLARIZING
MICROSCOPY IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
• Lipids : Myelin
• Bone structure : Osteoid seams , woven bone
• Miscellaneous : Muscle striations , charcot- layden
crystals
• On routine light microscopy, the distinction between
dentin and cementum is often difficult, but the use of
polarized light clearly separates the two different layers.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. • Graphite implantation within oral mucosa appears
similar microscopically to amalgam but can be
differentiated by its pattern of birefringence after
treatment with ammonium sulfide and by the lack of
staining of the reticulin fibres.
• In OSMF, to analyze collagen distribution in different
stages using the picrosirius red stain under polarized
microscope.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. In Dentigerous cysts, thin fibres
showed greenish yellow color and
thick fibres showed orange- red color.
• To compare the pattern of collagen fibres in odontogenic cysts .
Section of OKC showing
orangish red birefringence pattern
of collagen fibres
www.indiandentalacademy.com
51. ADVANTAGES OF POLARIZING
MICROSCOPE
• They have a compact size, making them convenient for
transporting.
• A polarized microscope uses an optical device known as a
"polarizer “ which configures the movement of light and
forces its vibration in a single direction.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. • Polarizing microscopes are often customized, designed and
constructed to suit the application which will be viewed.
• Polarized light generates clearer images and higher
magnification of the specimen than a general compound light
microscope.
• Moreover, polarizing microscopes are equipped with a rotating
stage which helps in generating an intensified image of the
entire specimen.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53. Disadvantages of polarized microscope
• Even using phase-polar illumination, not all the fibers present
may be seen.
• The method requires a great degree of sophistication on the
part of the microscopist.
• The method uses only a tiny amount of material for analysis.
This may lead to sampling bias and false results.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. CONCLUSION
• Microscopes dedicated for use with polarized light are very
sophisticated instruments having components specifically
designed to minimize strain and provide sharp, crisp and clear
images of birefringent specimens.
• For simple qualitative work , a standard miroscope can be
converted for polarized light studies .
www.indiandentalacademy.com