The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Denture base considerations/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Design consideration in acrylic partial denture/certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Tech. for immediate core build up in endo treated teeth/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Denture base considerations/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Design consideration in acrylic partial denture/certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Tech. for immediate core build up in endo treated teeth/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Resin bonded fpd /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Provisional restorations finalised /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Reisn bonded prosthesis / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bonding and banding in orthodontics / dental implant courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Resin retained fpd/ oral surgery courses / oral surgery courses Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Resin bonded fpd /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Provisional restorations finalised /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Reisn bonded prosthesis / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bonding and banding in orthodontics / dental implant courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Resin retained fpd/ oral surgery courses / oral surgery courses Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bonding in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Bonding in orthodontics 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Cements in orthodontics (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bonding in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Moisture control & soft tissue manipulation / fixed orthodontics coursesIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dental acrylic resins / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
FABRICATION OF AURICULAR & ORBITAL PROSTHESIS/orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Similar to Dental luting cements / oral surgery courses (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Denture base and teeth /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Denture base considerations (2)/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Dental luting cements / oral surgery courses
1. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMYINDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental EducationLeader in continuing Dental Education
The fear of detachment has beenThe fear of detachment has been
bothering mankind since ages and so withbothering mankind since ages and so with
the dentists but here the fear of debondingthe dentists but here the fear of debonding
or detachment of FPD’s, crowns andor detachment of FPD’s, crowns and
restorations.restorations.
So it is very essential that the bonding orSo it is very essential that the bonding or
the luting agent used is reliable andthe luting agent used is reliable and
retentive for long period of time.retentive for long period of time.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
THE PRACTICE OF FIXEDTHE PRACTICE OF FIXED
PROSTHODONTICS HAS CHANGEDPROSTHODONTICS HAS CHANGED
DRAMATICALLY WITH THE INTRODUCTIONDRAMATICALLY WITH THE INTRODUCTION
OF INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES ANDOF INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES AND
MATERIALS. TODAYS DENTIST HAS A WIDEMATERIALS. TODAYS DENTIST HAS A WIDE
RANGE OF OPTIONS OF WATER BASEDRANGE OF OPTIONS OF WATER BASED
LUTING AGENTS TO LATEST RESIN ADHESIVELUTING AGENTS TO LATEST RESIN ADHESIVE
SYSTEMS AND RESIN MODIFIED GLASS IONOMERS.SYSTEMS AND RESIN MODIFIED GLASS IONOMERS.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
6. HISTORY
Luting is derived from a
greek word LUTUM –
meaning mud. Primarily
cements were used to fill the
gap between restoration and
tooth structure. There was
no bonding.
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7. Ideal biologic propertiesIdeal biologic properties
Biocompatibility : should be leastBiocompatibility : should be least
interactive with body tissues, non toxic ,interactive with body tissues, non toxic ,
non pulp irritant .non pulp irritant .
Caries and plaque inhibition : desirablyCaries and plaque inhibition : desirably
they should possess antimicrobialthey should possess antimicrobial
properties, should prevent caries andproperties, should prevent caries and
plaque .plaque .
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8. Ideal mechanical properties
Compressive strength : according to
ADA specification water based luting
cements should have minimum strength
of 70 Mpa at 24 hrs.
Other properties like diametral tensile
strength flexural strength, fracture
toughness, hardness testing should be
as high as possible
Modulus of elasticity should be as much
as dentine ie 13.7 Gpa.
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9. Solubility : should be as low as possible
according to ANSI /ADA specification it
should be maximum of .2 % of weight in
water.
Adhesion to tooth structure and
restorative materials is desired.
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10. Ideal working propertiesIdeal working properties
Film thickness : according to ANSI /ADAFilm thickness : according to ANSI /ADA
specification it is should be maximum ofspecification it is should be maximum of
25 micron . More film thickness may lead25 micron . More film thickness may lead
to clinical problems in attaining completeto clinical problems in attaining complete
restoration seating ,tilting of castings,restoration seating ,tilting of castings,
decrease in retention.decrease in retention.
Working time : should be long to allowWorking time : should be long to allow
easy manipulation.easy manipulation.
Setting time : should be shortSetting time : should be short
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11. Esthetic propertiesEsthetic properties
Color stability : more color stable materialsColor stability : more color stable materials
are desired , to maintain esthetics.are desired , to maintain esthetics.
TranslucentTranslucent
Radiopacity : ideal cement should beRadiopacity : ideal cement should be
radioopaque to enable practitioner toradioopaque to enable practitioner to
distinguish between cement line anddistinguish between cement line and
recurrent caries as well as cementrecurrent caries as well as cement
overhangs .overhangs .
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13. ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENTZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT
THIS FIRSTTHIS FIRST
INTRODUCED IN 1878INTRODUCED IN 1878
AND IS STILL WIDELYAND IS STILL WIDELY
USED.DOESNTUSED.DOESNT
PROVIDE ADHESION ATPROVIDE ADHESION AT
MOLECULAR LEVELMOLECULAR LEVEL
BUT IT HOLDS THEBUT IT HOLDS THE
RESTORATION INRESTORATION IN
PLACE BY ENGAGINGPLACE BY ENGAGING
THE SMALLTHE SMALL
IRREGULARITIES ONIRREGULARITIES ON
TOOTH ANDTOOTH AND
RESTORATIONRESTORATION
SURFACE.SURFACE.
COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
POWDER-POWDER-
Zinc oxideZinc oxide
(Mg oxide, Al phosphate)(Mg oxide, Al phosphate)
LIQUID-LIQUID-
Orthophosphoric acidOrthophosphoric acid
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14. Biological propertiesBiological properties
Biocompatibility – due to phosphoric acidBiocompatibility – due to phosphoric acid
the ph of cement is low ,may cause pulpthe ph of cement is low ,may cause pulp
damage.damage.
Solubility - Zn po4 shows relatively lowSolubility - Zn po4 shows relatively low
solubility in water but in oral cavity it issolubility in water but in oral cavity it is
more and that in dilute organic acids it ismore and that in dilute organic acids it is
appreciably greater.appreciably greater.
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15. PropertiesProperties
MicroleakageMicroleakage is very high due to highis very high due to high
solubility of the cement in oral cavity.solubility of the cement in oral cavity.
Compressive strength-Compressive strength- this cement whenthis cement when
properly manipulated exhibit strength ofproperly manipulated exhibit strength of
104 mpa . This is quite good for a cement104 mpa . This is quite good for a cement
to withstand masticatory load.to withstand masticatory load.
Diametral Tensile bond strength - 5.5Diametral Tensile bond strength - 5.5
mpa provides moderate retention.mpa provides moderate retention.
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16. COMMENTSCOMMENTS
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
History of useHistory of use
EconomicEconomic
Easy manipulationEasy manipulation
Easy crown removalEasy crown removal
DIS ADVANTAGEDIS ADVANTAGE
Pulp irritationPulp irritation
High solubilityHigh solubility
Micro leakageMicro leakage
Caries susceptibilityCaries susceptibility
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17. Commercially availableCommercially available
Zinc phosphateZinc phosphate
FLECK’S : by MizzyFLECK’S : by Mizzy
HY-BOND – ZP : by ShofuHY-BOND – ZP : by Shofu
TENACIN : by DentsplyTENACIN : by Dentsply
DE TREY ZINC : byDe treyDE TREY ZINC : byDe trey
LEE SMITH ZINC :by TeledyneLEE SMITH ZINC :by Teledyne
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18. ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATEZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE
CEMENTCEMENT
This cement was theThis cement was the
first cement system tofirst cement system to
be developed as toothbe developed as tooth
structure bondingstructure bonding
adhesive luting agent.adhesive luting agent.
It is the mostIt is the most
biocompatible,withbiocompatible,with
least irritation to pulp.least irritation to pulp.
COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
POWDER-
Zinc oxide,Tin oxide,Zinc oxide,Tin oxide,
Al oxide,Mg oxide,Al oxide,Mg oxide,
Stanous flourideStanous flouride
LIQUID-
Polyacrylic acidPolyacrylic acid
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19. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
BIOCOMPATIBILITYBIOCOMPATIBILITY- ph of liquid is approximately 1.7- ph of liquid is approximately 1.7
but it gets quickly neutralized by powder. Polyacrylic acidbut it gets quickly neutralized by powder. Polyacrylic acid
has larger molecular size which are the reason for nonhas larger molecular size which are the reason for non
irritation of pulp.irritation of pulp.
SOLUBILITYSOLUBILITY- Highly soluble in oral fluids with ph < 4.5- Highly soluble in oral fluids with ph < 4.5
so leads to disintegration of material.so leads to disintegration of material.
MICROLEAKAGE-MICROLEAKAGE- very high due to high solubilityvery high due to high solubility
WORKING TIMEWORKING TIME – (1.75-2.5 min) shorter than Zn po4– (1.75-2.5 min) shorter than Zn po4
,lowering the reaction temperature can increase working,lowering the reaction temperature can increase working
timetime
SETTING TIME-SETTING TIME- (6-9 min)(6-9 min)
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20. Development of viscosity afterDevelopment of viscosity after
mixing of cementmixing of cement
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
min
2nd
min
3rd
min
4th
min
5 th
min
6 th
min
polycarb
Zn PO4
G I C
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21. COMMENTSCOMMENTS
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
More biocompatibleMore biocompatible
Chemical adhesion toChemical adhesion to
tooth structuretooth structure
Fluoride releaseFluoride release
EconomicalEconomical
DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
High solubilityHigh solubility
High microleakageHigh microleakage
Low strengthLow strength
Less working timeLess working time
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22. Commercially availableCommercially available
Polycarboxylate cementPolycarboxylate cement
DURELON : by ESPEDURELON : by ESPE
HY-BOND PC : by ShofuHY-BOND PC : by Shofu
TYLOC PLUS :by DentsplyTYLOC PLUS :by Dentsply
POLY CARB water set :by pulpdentPOLY CARB water set :by pulpdent
LIV CARBO : by G CLIV CARBO : by G C
CARBOXYLON : by 3MCARBOXYLON : by 3M
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23. ZINC OXIDE EUGENOLZINC OXIDE EUGENOL
This cement is beenThis cement is been
in extensive use sincein extensive use since
1890 in dentistry.They1890 in dentistry.They
have sedative effecthave sedative effect
on exposed dentin,soon exposed dentin,so
they were used asthey were used as
temporary restorativetemporary restorative
materials.materials.
Now there is eugenolNow there is eugenol
free reinforcedfree reinforced
cement.cement.
COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
POWDERPOWDER
Zinc oxide,whiteZinc oxide,white
rosin,zincrosin,zinc
stearate,zinc acetate.stearate,zinc acetate.
LIQUIDLIQUID
Eugenol,olive oilEugenol,olive oil
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24. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
Biocompatibility – dentine sedative action,Biocompatibility – dentine sedative action,
it has ph of 7 biocompatible with pulp.it has ph of 7 biocompatible with pulp.
Microleakage – seals the margins wellMicroleakage – seals the margins well
against the ingress of oral fluids at leastagainst the ingress of oral fluids at least
for a brief period hence irritation causedfor a brief period hence irritation caused
by micrleakage is minimised.by micrleakage is minimised.
Solubility - highly soluble in oral fluids.Solubility - highly soluble in oral fluids.
Working time – (2 – 6) minWorking time – (2 – 6) min
Setting time - (4 – 10) minSetting time - (4 – 10) min
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25. Advantage DisavdantageAdvantage Disavdantage
BiocompatibleBiocompatible
Easy manipulationEasy manipulation
Easy excess andEasy excess and
crown removalcrown removal
without any damagewithout any damage
to tooth structure.to tooth structure.
Ideal for temporaryIdeal for temporary
restorationrestoration
Low strengthLow strength
Poor retentionPoor retention
High solubility andHigh solubility and
microleakagemicroleakage
Some patients areSome patients are
eugenol sensitiveeugenol sensitive
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26. Commecially available ZnOECommecially available ZnOE
FYNAL :by DentsplyFYNAL :by Dentsply
TEMP BOND : by 3MTEMP BOND : by 3M
RELYX : ESPERELYX : ESPE
Zn Oxide Eugenol : by DentsplyZn Oxide Eugenol : by Dentsply
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27. GLASS IONOMER CEMENTGLASS IONOMER CEMENT
It was first introducedIt was first introduced
in 1977,has manyin 1977,has many
properties of an idealproperties of an ideal
cement,and is one ofcement,and is one of
the most widely usedthe most widely used
luting cements.luting cements.
COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
POWDERPOWDER
glassfillers,sodium,calciglassfillers,sodium,calci
um,aluminium,lanthanum,aluminium,lanthan
um,fluorosilicateum,fluorosilicate
LIQUIDLIQUID
Poly acrylic acid andPoly acrylic acid and
tartaric acidtartaric acid
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28. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
BIOCOMPATIBILITY-they have low PH but polyacids weaker acids .PreBIOCOMPATIBILITY-they have low PH but polyacids weaker acids .Pre
existing pulpitis, excessive tooth cutting reduced dentin thickness , diffusionexisting pulpitis, excessive tooth cutting reduced dentin thickness , diffusion
of irritants to pulp will cause sensitivity. However P:L ratio influences the phof irritants to pulp will cause sensitivity. However P:L ratio influences the ph
It is known to produce bacteriostatic action due to fluoride release .It is known to produce bacteriostatic action due to fluoride release .
MICROLEAKAGE- less due to closing of marginal seal by bonding betweenMICROLEAKAGE- less due to closing of marginal seal by bonding between
restoration and tooth structure.restoration and tooth structure.
SOLUBILITY- During first 24 hrs is high, so it is important to protect fluidSOLUBILITY- During first 24 hrs is high, so it is important to protect fluid
contamination during this time. Later the solubility reduces significantly.contamination during this time. Later the solubility reduces significantly.
WORKING TIME- 2- 3.5 MIN can be extended by mixing on a cold slab .WORKING TIME- 2- 3.5 MIN can be extended by mixing on a cold slab .
SETTING TIME- 6 – 9 MIN ,if done by frozen slab technique settingSETTING TIME- 6 – 9 MIN ,if done by frozen slab technique setting
reaction can be slowed . But this has an adverse effect on the strength.reaction can be slowed . But this has an adverse effect on the strength.
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29. MECHANICAL PROPERTIESMECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Compressive strength-Compressive strength- 122-162 Mpa122-162 Mpa
Tensile strength-Tensile strength- 12- 18 Mpa12- 18 Mpa
Film thickness-Film thickness- ( < 25 micron) proper P:L ratio has to be( < 25 micron) proper P:L ratio has to be
maintained , seating pressure should be adequate to getmaintained , seating pressure should be adequate to get
even film thickness.even film thickness.
RetentionRetention – very high retention ,bonds chemically to– very high retention ,bonds chemically to
tooth and restorationtooth and restoration
Removal of excess-Removal of excess- moderately easy.moderately easy.
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30. Advantage DisadvantageAdvantage Disadvantage
Adequate highAdequate high
strengthstrength
Adhesion to toothAdhesion to tooth
structure, bondingstructure, bonding
and retention goodand retention good
Sustained FluorideSustained Fluoride
release,anticariogenicrelease,anticariogenic
Less solubility,andLess solubility,and
microleakagemicroleakage
post cementationpost cementation
sensitivity is common.sensitivity is common.
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31. Commecially available GICCommecially available GIC
FUGI-I :by G CFUGI-I :by G C
KETAC –CEM : by ESPEKETAC –CEM : by ESPE
GLASS LUTE : byGLASS LUTE : by
pulpdentpulpdent
Viva glass cem : byViva glass cem : by
Ivoclar VivadentIvoclar Vivadent
Glass ionomer : by ShofuGlass ionomer : by Shofu
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32. Resin ionomerResin ionomer
(fibre reinforced GIC)(fibre reinforced GIC)
Moisture sensitivity and low early strengthMoisture sensitivity and low early strength
of GIC s are the result of slow acid baseof GIC s are the result of slow acid base
setting reactions. Some polymerisablesetting reactions. Some polymerisable
functional groups have been added tofunctional groups have been added to
impart additional curing processes thatimpart additional curing processes that
can overcome these 2 drawbacks andcan overcome these 2 drawbacks and
allow the bulk of the material to matureallow the bulk of the material to mature
through the acid base reactions.through the acid base reactions.
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33. Composition and chemistryComposition and chemistry
PowderPowder – ion leachable glass particles– ion leachable glass particles
and initiators for light or chemical cure.and initiators for light or chemical cure.
LiquidLiquid - water , polyacrylic acid ,with- water , polyacrylic acid ,with
some methacrylate and hydroxy ethylsome methacrylate and hydroxy ethyl
methacrylate monomersmethacrylate monomers
Variations of properties from ConventionalVariations of properties from Conventional
GIC can be atributed the presence ofGIC can be atributed the presence of
polymerisable resin and lesser amount ofpolymerisable resin and lesser amount of
water and carboxylic acid in the liquid.water and carboxylic acid in the liquid.
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34. Advantage DisadvantageAdvantage Disadvantage
High strengthHigh strength
Good retentionGood retention
Low solubilityLow solubility
Flouride releaseFlouride release
Post cementationPost cementation
sensitivitysensitivity
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35. Commercially available resinCommercially available resin
ionomersionomers
Fuji CEM – by GCFuji CEM – by GC
Advance – byAdvance – by
DentsplyDentsply
Vitremer – by 3MVitremer – by 3M
Fuji plus – by GCFuji plus – by GC
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36. RESIN LUTING CEMENTRESIN LUTING CEMENT
Synthetic resins are available since 1952 forSynthetic resins are available since 1952 for
cementation ,in1970 composite resin wascementation ,in1970 composite resin was
introduced as crown and bridge material,sinceintroduced as crown and bridge material,since
1986 resin cements have gained popularity by1986 resin cements have gained popularity by
usage in resin bonded bridges and aestheticusage in resin bonded bridges and aesthetic
restoration.restoration.
The term composite resins are defined as aThe term composite resins are defined as a
compound of two or more distinctly differentcompound of two or more distinctly different
materials with properties that are superior tomaterials with properties that are superior to
individual constituents.individual constituents.
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37. COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
Available as powder /liquid or two paste formAvailable as powder /liquid or two paste form
Resin matrix / binder – Bis GMA / urethaneResin matrix / binder – Bis GMA / urethane
dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylatedimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
Fillers – quartz ,colloidal silica /metal oxidesFillers – quartz ,colloidal silica /metal oxides
Coupling agents – organosilanesCoupling agents – organosilanes
Also contains – Hydroquinone:preventsAlso contains – Hydroquinone:prevents
premature polymerisation, u-v absorberpremature polymerisation, u-v absorber
improves colour stability, Opacifiers: Ti dioxide Alimproves colour stability, Opacifiers: Ti dioxide Al
oxide , colour pigments :to match the toothoxide , colour pigments :to match the tooth
colourcolour
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38. Metal composite bondingMetal composite bonding
(Maryland and Rochett FPD)(Maryland and Rochett FPD)
Earlier there was noEarlier there was no
metal and compositemetal and composite
bonding due to nonbonding due to non
reactivity of metallicreactivity of metallic
surface , neithersurface , neither
micromechanical normicromechanical nor
chemical bonding waschemical bonding was
realistically attainable.realistically attainable.
Now due to advent ofNow due to advent of
specific metal bondingspecific metal bonding
materials combined withmaterials combined with
microetching technique.microetching technique.
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39. Resin luting cementsResin luting cements
Ultra Bond – Dent MatUltra Bond – Dent Mat
Insure – CosmodentInsure – Cosmodent
Choice – BiscoChoice – Bisco
Dicor cement system – DentsplyDicor cement system – Dentsply
Optec – Jeneric / PentronOptec – Jeneric / Pentron
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40. All ceramic crown bondingAll ceramic crown bonding
Composite lutingComposite luting
cements are thecements are the
choice . Here thechoice . Here the
color shades playcolor shades play
important role,thinimportant role,thin
viscosity and haveviscosity and have
dual curingdual curing
mechanism are themechanism are the
requirements.requirements.
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41. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
Biocompatibility – pulp irritation due toBiocompatibility – pulp irritation due to
diffusion of uncured composites ordiffusion of uncured composites or
monomers into the dentinal tubules andmonomers into the dentinal tubules and
cause long term pulp inflamation.cause long term pulp inflamation.
Microleakage – microleakage due toMicroleakage – microleakage due to
polymerisation shrinkage occuring causingpolymerisation shrinkage occuring causing
marginal leakage ,so care should be takenmarginal leakage ,so care should be taken
to reduce shrinkage.to reduce shrinkage.
Solubility – very less soluble in oral fluidsSolubility – very less soluble in oral fluids
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42. MECHANICAL PROPERTIESMECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Compressive strength – 194 – 200 mpa veryCompressive strength – 194 – 200 mpa very
high and is attributed to composite technique.high and is attributed to composite technique.
Tensile strength – 15 mpaTensile strength – 15 mpa
Film thickness - ( > 25 microns ) this is theFilm thickness - ( > 25 microns ) this is the
mater of concern ,since it is high many attemptsmater of concern ,since it is high many attempts
have been made to decrease but strength has tohave been made to decrease but strength has to
be sacrificed.be sacrificed.
Removal of excess – moderately easyRemoval of excess – moderately easy
Retention – good,micromechanical bondingRetention – good,micromechanical bonding
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43. COMMENTSCOMMENTS
ADVANTAGES:ADVANTAGES:
Low solubilityLow solubility
Good retention andGood retention and
strengthstrength
Good aestheticsGood aesthetics
usefull in ceramicusefull in ceramic
veneers and inlayveneers and inlay
DISADVANTAGEDISADVANTAGE
More film thicknessMore film thickness
microleakage due tomicroleakage due to
polymerisationpolymerisation
shrinkageshrinkage
Pulp irritationPulp irritation
Cost moreCost more
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44. Adhesive (Bonding) ResinAdhesive (Bonding) Resin
These are new generations of adhesiveThese are new generations of adhesive
bonding agents which are been usedbonding agents which are been used
extensively in dentistry now. Sinceextensively in dentistry now. Since
composite resins were very viscous theycomposite resins were very viscous they
were not flowing well into the dentinalwere not flowing well into the dentinal
tubules of etched surface , these adhesivetubules of etched surface , these adhesive
resins flowed well into the irregularitiesresins flowed well into the irregularities
and bonded well to restoration and toothand bonded well to restoration and tooth
surface.surface.
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45. PropertiesProperties
Biocompatibility – pulp irritation is presentBiocompatibility – pulp irritation is present
Microleakage - very lowMicroleakage - very low
Solubility – very lowSolubility – very low
Working time - .5 – 5 minWorking time - .5 – 5 min
Setting time – 1 – 15 minSetting time – 1 – 15 min
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46. Mechanical propertiesMechanical properties
Compressive strength – 179 – 255 mpaCompressive strength – 179 – 255 mpa
Tensile strength – 30 – 45 mpaTensile strength – 30 – 45 mpa
Film thickness – >25 micronsFilm thickness – >25 microns
Removal of excess – difficultRemoval of excess – difficult
Retention – very highRetention – very high
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47. Advantage DisadvantageAdvantage Disadvantage
Adhesive to toothAdhesive to tooth
structure, very highstructure, very high
retentionretention
Low solubility in oralLow solubility in oral
fluidsfluids
AestheticAesthetic
High strengthHigh strength
Pulp irritation high,Pulp irritation high,
post insertionpost insertion
sensitivitysensitivity
Cost highCost high
Technique sensitiveTechnique sensitive
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48. Resin Metal bondingResin Metal bonding
materialsmaterials
C & B MetabondC & B Metabond
All bond 2,All bond 2,
Tenure ,Tenure ,
Geristore ,Geristore ,
InfinityInfinity
PanaviaPanavia
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49. Commercially available adhesiveCommercially available adhesive
resinsresins
Flexi flow : by essntial dental systemFlexi flow : by essntial dental system
Cement it : by Jenric/PentronCement it : by Jenric/Pentron
Metabond : by ParkellMetabond : by Parkell
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54. Cast ,metal ceramic ,F P DCast ,metal ceramic ,F P D
Almost all cementsAlmost all cements
can be used.can be used.
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55. Crown or F P D with poorCrown or F P D with poor
retentionretention
(Resin cements)(Resin cements)
Cases where inadequate retentionCases where inadequate retention
resistance form exists after preparationresistance form exists after preparation
(i.e., preparation is overtapered and(i.e., preparation is overtapered and
short).short).
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56. Casting on patient with historyCasting on patient with history
of post cementation sensitivityof post cementation sensitivity
Zn polycarboxylate is the choiceZn polycarboxylate is the choice
Zn oxide Eugenol also can be usedZn oxide Eugenol also can be used
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57. Pressed high leucite ,ceramicPressed high leucite ,ceramic
crowncrown
Adhesive resin orAdhesive resin or
composite resin arecomposite resin are
the choice of cementsthe choice of cements
since aesthetics andsince aesthetics and
retentions areretentions are
importantimportant
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58. Resin retained FPDResin retained FPD
(Maryland, Rochett)(Maryland, Rochett)
Adhesive resin andAdhesive resin and
composite resins arecomposite resins are
the choice ofthe choice of
cements.cements.
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59. Cast post and coreCast post and core
Almost all cementsAlmost all cements
can be used.can be used.
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60. Ceramic inlay,onlay, ceramicCeramic inlay,onlay, ceramic
veneerveneer
Adhesive resins are usedAdhesive resins are used
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61. RestorationRestoration DrDr
RosensteilRosensteil
Dr LandDr Land Dr CrispinDr Crispin
Cast metalCast metal
& ceramic& ceramic
FPD’s,FPD’s,
crownscrowns
Fleck’sFleck’s
Zn Po4Zn Po4
Fuji IFuji I
GlassGlass
ionomerionomer
Vitremer orVitremer or
Fuji PlusFuji Plus
ResinResin
ionomerionomer
FPD’s withFPD’s with
poorpoor
retentionretention
Panavia 21Panavia 21
AdhesiveAdhesive
resinresin
Panavia 21Panavia 21 C&BC&B
Metabond/Metabond/
Panavia 21Panavia 21
PostPost
insertioninsertion
sensitivitysensitivity
casecase
Fleck’sFleck’s
Zn PO4Zn PO4
DurelonDurelon
PolyPoly
carboxylatecarboxylate
Vitremer orVitremer or
Fuji plusFuji plus
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62. RosenstielRosenstiel Dr LandDr Land Dr CrispinDr Crispin
Pressed highPressed high
Leucite ceramicLeucite ceramic
crownscrowns
EnforceEnforce
(composite(composite
DualDual
cementcement
(Resin )(Resin )
Dual cureDual cure
compositecomposite
Ceramic veneerCeramic veneer NexusNexus
(light cure(light cure
resin)resin)
ChoiceChoice
dualdual
curecure
resinresin
Light cureLight cure
compositecomposite
Cast post &coreCast post &core Fleck’sFleck’s
Znpo4Znpo4
PanaviaPanavia
2121
PanaviaPanavia
2121
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63. ConclusionConclusion
Dental luting cements form a link between aDental luting cements form a link between a
fixed restoration and the supporting toothfixed restoration and the supporting tooth
structure.structure.
Although no available luting cement satisfies allAlthough no available luting cement satisfies all
the ideal requirements , the out standing clinicalthe ideal requirements , the out standing clinical
performance of traditional materials should beperformance of traditional materials should be
appreciated before practitioner is willing toappreciated before practitioner is willing to
abandon them for latest formulations.abandon them for latest formulations.
Also utilise the advanced adhesive technology toAlso utilise the advanced adhesive technology to
the maximum for better prognosis.the maximum for better prognosis.
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