Microscopy
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This document describes the key components and functions of different types of microscopes. It discusses the illumination system, magnification system, support system, and adjustment system of basic light microscopes. It also explains how darkfield microscopes use oblique illumination to view unstained specimens, how phase contrast microscopes convert differences in phase into optical intensity, and how fluorescence microscopes use ultraviolet light and fluorescent dyes to visualize structures. Finally, it provides details on how electron microscopes scan specimens with electron beams for very high resolution imaging of cellular and molecular structures.
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This document provides guidelines for the collection, transport, and storage of various clinical specimens. It discusses appropriate containers, collection methods, transportation times and conditions, and criteria for rejection of specimens for different sample types including respiratory, ear, eye, body fluids, and others. Proper collection and rapid transport of quality specimens is emphasized as critical for generating accurate laboratory results.
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The document discusses microscopy and the light microscope. It describes the basic components of a microscope, including a light source, specimen, and lens system to magnify the image. There are two main types: the simple microscope, which uses a single lens, and the compound microscope, which has multiple lenses for greater magnification and resolving power. The compound microscope typically has an objective lens, ocular lens, mechanical stage, light source, and focus knobs. It forms a real, inverted image with the objective and a further magnified virtual image with the ocular lens. Microscopes are widely used in biology and medicine to view specimens that are too small to see with the naked eye.
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To maximize sensitivity of diagnostic testing, specimens should be stored frozen at -70°C and shipped on dry ice, with some exceptions. Specimens that will be evaluated within 1-2 days can be refrigerated at 4°C. Fixed tissues can be stored and shipped at room temperature. Blood specimens should not be stored overnight. Proper storage temperatures help preserve specimens until testing.
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The document discusses different types of microscopes, their components, principles, and applications. It describes light microscopes like brightfield, darkfield, phase-contrast, and fluorescent microscopes. It also covers electron microscopes. Brightfield microscopes illuminate specimens with light against a bright background. Darkfield microscopes deflect light to view specimens brightly against a dark background. Phase-contrast and fluorescent microscopes use special optics and fluorescent dyes to view unstained or tagged specimens. Electron microscopes use electron beams instead of light for magnifications over 1 million times.
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This document discusses phase contrast microscopy. It begins by defining a microscope and microscopy. It then describes the main types of microscopes, including optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopes. It focuses on the light microscope, explaining that it uses visible light and is commonly used in biology to view structures like cells. It defines magnification and resolution. It describes the different modes of light microscopy - bright field, dark field, and phase contrast - and explains that phase contrast microscopy allows observation of living cells by enhancing contrast between structures with small refractive index differences. It notes that phase contrast microscopy was invented by Frits Zernike, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953.
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Immunoglobulins (Ig) are Y-shaped glycoprotein molecules composed of two heavy chains and two light chains that function as antibodies. They are produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. The variable regions of the light and heavy chains determine antigen binding specificity. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - which differ in their heavy chains, size, location, and roles in the immune response. IgG is the most common antibody found in serum, IgM is the first antibody produced during a primary response, and IgA is predominantly found in secretions.
Digestion of carbohydrates
This document summarizes the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. It begins by describing the major sources of carbohydrates and the types of carbohydrates. It then details the digestion process, which begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down starches. Digestion pauses in the stomach due to acidity but resumes in the small intestine where pancreatic amylase and intestinal enzymes break down carbohydrates into absorbable monosaccharides like glucose. These monosaccharides are absorbed via facilitated diffusion or active transport utilizing glucose transporters and sodium gradients. The document concludes by discussing lactase and sucrase deficiencies which can cause intolerance symptoms.
Glycosuria
Normally urine contains a small amount of sugar that can't be detected by Benedict's test. Glycosuria refers to detectable amounts of sugar in urine, caused when blood glucose rises above the kidney's threshold. There are three types of glycosuria: 1) Alimentary glycosuria occurs after meals when blood sugar temporarily rises above the threshold, 2) Renal glycosuria is benign and caused by impaired kidney reabsorption despite normal blood sugar, and 3) Diabetic glycosuria is pathological and caused by insulin deficiency in diabetes mellitus.
Alcohol metabolism
- Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. When too much alcohol is consumed, these enzymes can become saturated, leading to a buildup of the toxic acetaldehyde.
- Acetaldehyde can damage biomolecules and tissues like neurons. It is also responsible for many of alcohol's effects. A buildup can cause nausea and vomiting and Asian flush syndrome in some people.
- Consuming too much alcohol increases fatty acid biosynthesis and cholesterol synthesis, which can lead to fatty liver disease. It also increases NADH levels and decreases NAD+, altering metabolism and potentially causing issues like lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia, and fatty deposits in tissues.
Blood glucose level
The blood glucose level is tightly regulated between 70-110 mg/dl. After eating, levels may rise to 120-140 mg/dl before returning to normal. The liver plays a key role in regulating glucose through metabolic processes and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage after eating, while glucagon and other hormones like epinephrine release glucose into the blood during periods of low blood sugar. Together, these hormonal and organ responses help maintain blood glucose within a narrow range.
Chemistry of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates can be broadly classified into 3 types: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be further broken down, while polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. Carbohydrates serve important structural and energy storage functions in living organisms. They undergo various types of isomerism and chemical reactions important for their identification and analysis.
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Recently uploaded
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsBob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Recently uploaded (20)
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Microscopy
- 7. • When rays from a light source is reflected by the mirror into the sub-stage, condenser which brings focus on the object. • After illuminating (giving light) the object, the light rays pass through objectives and produce prime image in diaphragm, eye lens magnifies it and focus it on retina of eye as virtual image.
- 8. • Support system: o Foot o Arm o Stage o Body tube • Magnification System: o Objectives o Eye piece
- 9. 3. Illumination system: o Source of light o Mirror o Condenser o Iris diaphragm 4. Adjustment system: o Coarse adjustment screw o Fine adjustment screw o Condenser centring screw o Iris o Diaphragm
- 14. • Light coming from the light source is blocked by a stoper peripheral rays are directed against the microscopic objects from slide. • The light coming through the condenser around the stoper will miss objective lens. Therefore, background will be black. The object in the pathway reflect light which will enter lenses system and making the object visible.
- 15. • The dark field microscope is particularly valuable for the examination of microbes in an unstained conditions. • This technique is useful for the diagnosis of Treponema Pallidium (it causes syphilis).
- 19. • In this type of microscope, a special optical system is used to convert different in phases into different optical intensity. So, that some structure appears dark than other. • The light rays/ waves passing through transparent objects such as cells, will imerge out in different phases.
- 20. • Used for the examination of wet mount and hanging drop preparation. • It is used to observe cellular structure.
- 24. • The routine microscope can be converted into a fluoroscence microscope by placing light source having ultra-violet radiations and by placing dark field condenser with suitable filter system. • The ultra violet radiation which strikes fluoroscent substances and emitted visible light. Therefore, the specimen is stained with fluoroscence dye.
- 25. • The major use of this microscope is immuno fluoroscence. • It is very useful for Antigen-Antibody (Ag-Ab) testing.
- 29. • Object is scanned with the high speed beam of electrons obtained from an electron gun. The electrons beam is focused with electromagnetic lenses. • The instrument is having high resolving power due to electron beam which have small wavelength about 0.005nm or one lakh times shorter than the wavelength of visible light (white light).
- 30. • It gives three dimensional view of an object. • It gives high resolution and magnification. • Preparation of specimen is rapid and simple. • It is useful in topological studies.
- 31. • It can not be used to observe organism in wet (living) state. • For this specimen is exposed to vacuum.