In light microscopy, illuminating light is passed through the sample as uniformly as possible over the field of view. For thicker samples, where the objective lens does not have sufficient depth of focus, light from sample planes above and below the focal plane will also be detected. The out of focus light will add blur to the image reducing the resolution. In fluorescence microscopy, any dye molecules in the field of view will be stimulated, including those in out-of-focus planes. Confocal microscopy provides a means of rejecting the out-of-focus light from the detector such that it does not contribute blur to the images being collected. This technique allows for high-resolution imaging in thick tissues.
In a confocal microscope, the illumination and detection optics are focused on the same diffraction limited spot in the sample, which is the only spot imaged by the detector during a confocal scan. To generate a complete image, the spot must be moved over the sample and data collected point by point.
A significant advantage of the confocal microscope is the optical sectioning provided, which allows for 3D reconstruction of a sample from high-resolution stacks of images. The primary functions of a confocal microscope are to produce a point source of light and reject out-of-focus light, which provides the ability to image deep into tissues with high resolution, and optical sectioning for 3D reconstructions of imaged samples. The basic principle include illumination and detection optics are focused on the same diffraction-limited spot, which is moved over the sample to build the complete image on the detector. The entire field of view is illuminated during confocal imaging, anything outside the focal plane contributes little to the image, lessening the haze observed in standard light microscopy with thick and highly-scattering samples, and providing optical sectioning.
In light microscopy, illuminating light is passed through the sample as uniformly as possible over the field of view. For thicker samples, where the objective lens does not have sufficient depth of focus, light from sample planes above and below the focal plane will also be detected. The out of focus light will add blur to the image reducing the resolution. In fluorescence microscopy, any dye molecules in the field of view will be stimulated, including those in out-of-focus planes. Confocal microscopy provides a means of rejecting the out-of-focus light from the detector such that it does not contribute blur to the images being collected. This technique allows for high-resolution imaging in thick tissues.
In a confocal microscope, the illumination and detection optics are focused on the same diffraction limited spot in the sample, which is the only spot imaged by the detector during a confocal scan. To generate a complete image, the spot must be moved over the sample and data collected point by point.
A significant advantage of the confocal microscope is the optical sectioning provided, which allows for 3D reconstruction of a sample from high-resolution stacks of images. The primary functions of a confocal microscope are to produce a point source of light and reject out-of-focus light, which provides the ability to image deep into tissues with high resolution, and optical sectioning for 3D reconstructions of imaged samples. The basic principle include illumination and detection optics are focused on the same diffraction-limited spot, which is moved over the sample to build the complete image on the detector. The entire field of view is illuminated during confocal imaging, anything outside the focal plane contributes little to the image, lessening the haze observed in standard light microscopy with thick and highly-scattering samples, and providing optical sectioning.
Transparent unstained samples do not absorb light and are called phase objects. When light passes through a sample area with no phase object, there is no significant change in the refractive index or optical path length. Non-diffracted light is referred to as direct or zero-order light as it continues unchanged through the sample. On the other hand, when the light passes through an area of the sample with a phase object, small changes in the refractive index will diffract and scatter some light and cause changes to the optical path length, depending on the thickness and refractive index of each structure. Thicker the structure, the greater the diffraction of the light. The diffracted light represents only a small part of the total light that has passed through the sample. This diffracted light arrives at the detector out of phase with the direct light. The small phase shift created by this, is not enough to cause great interference between the direct and diffracted light. Which along with the low absorption of transparent structures means there is negligible amplitude difference between areas where such structures are present and where they are not. Phase-contrast microscopy is a method that manipulates this property of phase objects to introduce additional interference between the direct and diffracted light. This method transforms differences in phase into differences in brightness, increasing contrast in images of non-absorbing samples.
Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of adding a spatial pinhole placed at the confocal plane of the lens to eliminate out-of-focus light.
Bright-field microscopy is the simplest of all the optical microscopy illumination techniques. Sample illumination is transmitted (i.e., illuminated from below and observed from above) white light and contrast in the sample is caused by absorbance of some of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample.
this presentation deals with the introduction of some of the commonly used optical microscopes in forensic labs; compound microscope, stereoscopic microscope, comparison microscope, fluorescence microscope and polarized microscope.
Transparent unstained samples do not absorb light and are called phase objects. When light passes through a sample area with no phase object, there is no significant change in the refractive index or optical path length. Non-diffracted light is referred to as direct or zero-order light as it continues unchanged through the sample. On the other hand, when the light passes through an area of the sample with a phase object, small changes in the refractive index will diffract and scatter some light and cause changes to the optical path length, depending on the thickness and refractive index of each structure. Thicker the structure, the greater the diffraction of the light. The diffracted light represents only a small part of the total light that has passed through the sample. This diffracted light arrives at the detector out of phase with the direct light. The small phase shift created by this, is not enough to cause great interference between the direct and diffracted light. Which along with the low absorption of transparent structures means there is negligible amplitude difference between areas where such structures are present and where they are not. Phase-contrast microscopy is a method that manipulates this property of phase objects to introduce additional interference between the direct and diffracted light. This method transforms differences in phase into differences in brightness, increasing contrast in images of non-absorbing samples.
Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of adding a spatial pinhole placed at the confocal plane of the lens to eliminate out-of-focus light.
Bright-field microscopy is the simplest of all the optical microscopy illumination techniques. Sample illumination is transmitted (i.e., illuminated from below and observed from above) white light and contrast in the sample is caused by absorbance of some of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample.
this presentation deals with the introduction of some of the commonly used optical microscopes in forensic labs; compound microscope, stereoscopic microscope, comparison microscope, fluorescence microscope and polarized microscope.
A pdf file about the topic in science, technology and society that talks about nano world. This informative material is a helped to students in understanding the importance of nanotechnology and its effects to human life. Nano technology refers to the science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale. nanoscience and nano technology employs the study and application of small things in areas of science
Presentation by Bioptigen at OIS@ASRS 2016.
Participant:
Eric Buckland, CEO - Bioptigen
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BIOINSPIRATIONS FOR OPTICS, SENSORS AND PHOTONICSRanjana Bali
Bio-inspiration is the technology which is inspired by nature. Bio-inspired research is rooted in observations of nature as a source of inspiration (Whiteside,2015). This can be applied to many areas of innovation, including the development of any material, device, technology etc. It is a strategy that suggests new areas for research beyond its potential to nucleate new ideas. Bio-inspiration has been applied in seven different fields of science and technology i.e., i) optics ii) photonics iii) sensoric iv) robotics v) materials vi) adhesives and vii) surfaces (Gorb, 2011). The insect inspiring engineering in the three concerned fields of optics, photonics and sensorics has been astounding. Insects have evolved remarkable diversity of mechanism that allows them to detect light, sound and odours. These sensors have already inspired numerous innovations in sensor technologies. Biological structures are increasingly the source of inspiration to solve complex challenges in the field of optics and photonics as well. Natural structures have inspired for wide array of innovations in optic and photonic engineering like innovation of zoom and facet vision camera inspired from insect eye. Moth eye inspired for anti-reflective film, light capturing, material after blowfly eye and light emitting diodes inspired by fireflies and much more. Likewise, insects have kept themselves no way behind in being an inspiration for engineering in sensoric science. Morpho butterflies have paved a way for remarkable innovation in the field of sensorics- Multispectral sensor. In the similar way, humidity sensor, motion sensor, ocular sensor, biomimetic sensor and flow sensor have been innovated after taking inspiration from Hercules beetle, insect compound eyes, flies ocelli, Melanophila beetle receptor and crickets, respectively. Bio-inspiration is a solidly established strategy in recent science and technology, but is not yet a central theme. Bio inspired approaches in technology development to bloom in the upcoming years with increasing number of applications in the fields beyond optical sensing. Bio-inspiration and its applications that adapt the basic dynamic of the nature to technology is a promising area within open new end. We need to draw encouragement from nature and form designs by revolutionizing our inventions to create productive potential and sustainable materials.
Electron Microscope. This booklet is a primer on electron and ion beam microscopy and is intended for students and others interested in learning more about the history, technology, and instruments behind this fascinating field of
scientific inquiry.
Clase introductoria a la microscopía electrónica donde se describen sus principios físicos, los principales componentes de un microscopio electrónico, preparación de la muestra y las técnicas aplicadas para este tipo de microscopía.
Introducción a la técnica de Inmunofluorescencia en células y tejidos. Incluye conceptos de fluorescencia, uso de anticuerpos y descripción de los pasos fundamentales de esta técnica.
Tópicos fundamentales de microscopia óptica, desde la microscopía de luz transmitida a técnicas avanzadas en microscopía de fluorescencia y superresolución.
Based on the work of Kwanghun Chung and Karl Deisseroth, CLARITY technique allows to clarify thick tissues to make them suitable for diverse microscopy techniques.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
Principles of Confocal Microscopy
1. THE PRINCIPLES OF POINT SCANNING CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY
NICOLE SALGADO C.
University College Dublin Science School MSc Imaging and Microscopy
Paola Cognigni and Irene Miguel-Aliaga (2011)
2. WHAT IS ? POINT SCANNING CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY
•Optical imaging technique used to increase optical resolution of a micrograph
•Allows optical sectioning of a specimen
•Patented by Minsky in 1957
PHOTOMULTIPLIER DETECTOR
SCANNING HEAD
ACQUISITION SOFTWARE
NIKON Aퟣ CONFOCAL MICROSCOPE
LASER SYSTEM
Nikon Corporation (2014)
3. HOW DOES IT WORK? THE INSTRUMENT
Modified from Tony B. Gines and Michael W. Davidson (2014)
4. HOW DOES IT WORK? THE OPTICAL PRINCIPLE
Creative Commons, Rice University. (2014)
Nathan S. Claxton , Thomas J. Fellers , Michael W. Davidson
5. WHY DO WE USE IT?
ADVANTAGES OF CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY
•Increased resolution
•Optical sectioning
•3D reconstruction
Nathan S. Claxton , Thomas J. Fellers , Michael W. Davidson
Thomas J. Fellers and Michael W. Davidson. (2009)
6. WHAT ARE THE PRECAUTIONS?
•Scanning speed
•Photobleaching
•Settings of the Photomultiplier detector
Brian Herman, Matthew J. Parry-Hill, Ian D. Johnson, and Michael W. Davidson (2014)
7. REFERENCES
•Paola Cognigni and Irene Miguel-Aliaga (2011). Fly poo never looked so beautiful…. Available: http://blog.wellcome.ac.uk/2011/01/06/fly-poo/. Last accessed 30th Sept 2014
•Nikon Corporation (2014). Confocal Microscopes A1+/A1R+. Available: http://www.nikon.com/products/instruments/lineup/bioscience/confocal/singlephoton/a1/. Last accessed 30th Sept 2014.
•Tony B. Gines and Michael W. Davidson (2014). LSM 700 Light Pathways in Spectral Imaging. Available: http://zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu/tutorials/spectralimaging/lsm700/indexflash.html. Last accessed 1st Oct 2014.
•Kenneth R. Spring, Thomas J. Fellers and Michael W. Davidson (2009). Confocal Microscope Scanning Systems. Available: http://www.olympusconfocal.com/theory/confocalscanningsystems.html. Last accessed 1st Oct 2014.
•Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Research Facility (2014). Confocal Microscopy . Available: http://www.ammrf.org.au/myscope/confocal/confocal/. Last accessed 2nd Oct 2014.
•Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson (2012). Photomultiplier Tubes. Available: http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/flash/photomultiplier/. Last accessed 1st Oct 2014.
•Creative Commons, Rice University. (2014). *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light. Available: http://cnx.org/contents/0cc2b3c8-487e-49ea-925f-ff51cb2a0591@2. Last accessed Oct 1st 2014.
•Nathan S. Claxton , Thomas J. Fellers , Michael W. Davidson. (). LASER SCANNING CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY. Available: http://www.olympusfluoview.com/theory/lscmintro.pdf. Last accessed 30th Sept 2014.
•Thomas J. Fellers and Michael W. Davidson. (2009). Introduction to Confocal Microscopy. Available: http://www.olympusfluoview.com/theory/confocalintro.html. Last accessed 2nd Oct 2014.
•Brian Herman, Matthew J. Parry-Hill, Ian D. Johnson, and Michael W. Davidson (2014). Photobleaching. Available: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/fluorescence/photobleaching/. Last accessed 2nd October 2014.