This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
CSF:
Derived through ultrafilteration and secretion through choroid plexus, produced at the rate of 500 ml/day.
Provides physical support, collects wastes, circulates nutrients and lubricates the CNS.
Normal CSF volumes:
In Adults: 90 - 150 ml
In Neonates: 10 - 60 ml
Total CSF volume is replaced every 5-7 hours.
COLLECTION
Lumbar puncture, Cisternal puncture, Lateral cervical puncture, Shunts and cannulas
Opening pressure – 90-180 mm H2O
Approximately 15-20 cc fluid collected
LAB
REQUIRED
Opening CSF pressure
Total cell count
Differential cell count
Glucose
Total protein
OPTIONAL
Cultures, Gram stain, AFB, Fungal and bacterial
antigens, Enzymes, PCR, Cytology, Electrophoresis,
VDRL, D-Dimers
Urine analysis is an integral part of a clinical laboratory. automation techniques in urine biochemistry, their priniciplas and microscopy along with their advantages and disadvantages are outlined.
CSF:
Derived through ultrafilteration and secretion through choroid plexus, produced at the rate of 500 ml/day.
Provides physical support, collects wastes, circulates nutrients and lubricates the CNS.
Normal CSF volumes:
In Adults: 90 - 150 ml
In Neonates: 10 - 60 ml
Total CSF volume is replaced every 5-7 hours.
COLLECTION
Lumbar puncture, Cisternal puncture, Lateral cervical puncture, Shunts and cannulas
Opening pressure – 90-180 mm H2O
Approximately 15-20 cc fluid collected
LAB
REQUIRED
Opening CSF pressure
Total cell count
Differential cell count
Glucose
Total protein
OPTIONAL
Cultures, Gram stain, AFB, Fungal and bacterial
antigens, Enzymes, PCR, Cytology, Electrophoresis,
VDRL, D-Dimers
Urine analysis is an integral part of a clinical laboratory. automation techniques in urine biochemistry, their priniciplas and microscopy along with their advantages and disadvantages are outlined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Sickle cell Anemia: A worldwide popular blood disorder, basically a inheritable disease. This document provides you with basic introduction to blood, Anemia its general considerations, signs and symptoms and lastly about Sickle cell Anemia in detail.
anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. Having anemia, also referred to as low hemoglobin, can make you feel tired and weak. There are many forms of anemia, each with its
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
1. Peripheral blood smear examination
Dr Hemang Mendpara
DNB pediatrics
Choithram Hospital & Research Centre
Indore
www.dnbpediatrics.com
2. • Hemogram:
measured and
calculated
parameters
• Histograms:
size distribution of
WBC, RBC and Plt
• Cytogram: WBC
differential
CBC on automated analyzers
Flagging for abnormalities
necessitates a manual PBS
reviewwww.dnbpediatrics.com
3. A well made peripheral smear is thick at one end and progressively thinner
at the opposite end. The "zone of morphology" (area of optimal thickness
for light microscopic examination) should be at least 2 cm in length. The
smear should occupy the central area of the slide and be margin-free at
the edges www.dnbpediatrics.com
4. Slide fixation and staining
1. Romanowsky staining
Leishman's stain : a polychromatic stain
•Methanol : fixes cells to slide
•methylene blue stains RNA,DNA
blue-grey color
•Eosin stains hemoglobin, eosin granules
orange-red color
•pH value of phosphate buffer is very important
www.dnbpediatrics.com
5. PBS examination requires a systematic approach in
order to gather all possible information.
In addition, all specimens must be evaluated in the
same manner, to assure that consistent information is
obtained.
www.dnbpediatrics.com
6. • 1. Macroscopic view : quality of the smear
• 2.The microscopic analysis
• begins on lower power (10x),
• to assess cellular distribution, staining quality,
and to select an area where the RBCs are barely
touching each other.
•On hi-dry (40x), to obtain a WBC estimate. All of the
detailed analysis of the cellular elements using high power
or oil immersion.
PBS examination - preliminary
www.dnbpediatrics.com
7. (a) Ten microscopic fields are examined in a vertical direction
from bottom to top or top to bottom
(b) slide is horizontally moved to the next field
(c) Ten microscopic fields are counted vertically.
(d) procedure is repeated until 100 WBCS have been
counted (zig zag motion)
Scanning technique for WBC differential
count and morphologic evaluation
www.dnbpediatrics.com
8. 1. RBC
• Size
• Shape
• Color
• Arrangement
• Inclusions
• Young RBCs
2. WBC
• Total counts
• Differential counts
• I:T ratio
• Abnormal WBC
3. Platelets
• Counts
• Abnormality
4. Parasites
Evaluation of PBS
www.dnbpediatrics.com
9. •A fairly accurate estimate of the WBC count (cells/mL)
can be obtained by counting the total number of
leukocytes in ten 40X microscopic fields, dividing the
total by 10, and multiplying by 3000. These estimates
should approximate that obtained by the cell analyzer.
WBC estimation on peripheral smear
www.dnbpediatrics.com
10. Morphologic Evaluation of Red Blood Cells
Biconcave disc
Diameter : 7 ~ 8 μm
Central pallor occupy 1/3 rd of total
Size : approx. same as nucleus of
mature lymphocyte
www.dnbpediatrics.com
11. Microcytic hypochromic red cells
Decreased size and Hb
content (MCH) and conc
(MCHC). Expanded
central zone of pallor
Iron deficiency,
thalasemia trait
Anemia of chronic
disease
www.dnbpediatrics.com
16. seen when there is extramedullary erythropoiesis
Tear drop cells / dacrocytes
• Osteopetrosis
• Myelofibrosis
• Bone marrow infiltrated with
hematological or
non-hematological malignancies
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Pernicious anemia
www.dnbpediatrics.com
17. Polychromasia
Blue-gray coloration of RBCS.
Due RNA remnants
Increased - Increased erythropoietic
activity. Decreased - Hypoproliferative
states.
Hemolytic anemias
•Blood loss anemias
•Recovering anemia
www.dnbpediatrics.com
18. Sickle cell anemia
Irregular, curved cells
with pointed ends
Hb S hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anemia, Hb SC
disease, Hb S-beta-thalassemia, Hb SD disease, hb
Memphis /S disease)
* Don’t be confused with fragmented RBC
www.dnbpediatrics.com
20. Acanthocytes or spur cells, are spherical cells with blunt-tipped
or club-shaped spicules of different lengths projecting from their surface at
irregular intervals.
Acanthocytes
Acanthocytes are seen in
•Hereditary abetalipoproteinemia
•Hereditary acanthocytosis
•End stage liver disease
•Anorexia nervosa
•Malnutrition
•Post splenectomy
•Intravenous hyperalimentation
particularly with intralipid infusion
www.dnbpediatrics.com
21. Echinocytes
"Sea urchin cells,
crenated cells, burr cells"
Post-splenectomy,
uremia, hepatitis of the newborn, malabsorption
states, after administration of heparin, pyruvate
kinase def phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency,
uremia, HUS.
Crenated / Burr cells / Echinocytes
(Echinocytes, or burr cells or
crenated red cells, in contrast, have
shorter, sharp to blunt spicules of uniform
length which are more evenly spaced
around their periphery).
www.dnbpediatrics.com
22. Mechanical damage to RBCs from fibrin deposits
DIC
MicroAngiopathic HA
TTP/HUS
prosthetic heart valves
severe valvular stenosis
malignant hypertension
March hemoglobinuria
myelofibrosis
hypersplenism
Schistocyte – fragmented RBC
normal newborns
bleeding peptic ulcer
Aplastic Anemia
pyruvate kinase def
Vasculitis
Glomerulonephritis
renal graft rejection
severe burns
iron deficiency, thalassemia
www.dnbpediatrics.com
24. Uniconcave RBC,
slitlike area of central
pallor
Hereditary or acquired hemolysis.
Hereditary stomatocytosis, alcoholic
cirrhosis, acute alcoholism, obstructive liver
disease, malignancy, severe infection,
treated acute leukemia, artifact.
Stomatocyte – fish mouth cell
www.dnbpediatrics.com
25. HA due to red cell enzyme defects – bite or blister cells
• Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
(G-6-PD) deficiency
• Unstable hemoglobin variants
• Congenital Heinz body anemia
Suggest oxidative stress
www.dnbpediatrics.com
26. Target cell
Peripheral rim of pallor surrounding central hyperchromia
Target cells are commonly seen in
•Hemoglobin C
•Sickle cell disease
•Hemoglobin E
•Hemoglobin H disease
•Thalassemias
•Iron deficiency anemia
•Liver disease
•Target cells are seen with
most of the hemoglobinopathies
www.dnbpediatrics.com
28. Roulex formation
Seen in case of high level of fibrinogen, immunoglobulins,
intra venous administration of plasma volume expanders like dextran
www.dnbpediatrics.com
29. • multiple blue-purple inclusions attached to the inner surface of the red cell membrane.
visible in supravitally stained smears.
• are precipitated normal or unstable hemoglobin usually secondary to oxidant stress.
• G6PD deficiency
• Unstable
hemoglobinopathy
• Cong. Bite cell
anemia
Heinz body
www.dnbpediatrics.com
30. Small (1 mm), round,
dense, basophilic
bodies in RBCs.
Splenectomized patients,
Functional asplenia,
Anatomical absence of spleen
Howell Jolly bodies
Howell-Jolly bodies are small round bodies
composed of DNA, about 1 µm in diameter,
usually single and in the periphery of a red
cell. They are readily visible on the Wright-
Giemsa-stained smear. The spleen is
responsible for the removal of nuclear
material in the red cells, so in absence of a
functional spleen, nuclear material is
removed ineffectively. Howell-Jolly bodies
are seen in
•Post splenectomy •Functional asplenia
•Anatomical absence of spleen
www.dnbpediatrics.com
31. Basophillic strippling
• Lead poisoning
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Thalassemia
Are abnormal aggregrates of ribosome and polyribosomes
www.dnbpediatrics.com
32. • Smaller then Howell jolly body
• Stain with Prussian blue stain
• Suggest iron over load
www.dnbpediatrics.com
35. Manual differential counts
• These counts are done in the same area as
WBC and platelet estimates with the red cells
barely touching.
• This takes place under 100 (oil) using the
zigzag method.
• Count 100 WBCs including all cell lines from
immature to mature.
Reporting results
• Absolute number of cells/µl = % of cell type in
differential x white cell count
www.dnbpediatrics.com
36. •If 10 or more nucleated RBC's (NRBC) are seen,
correct the
• White Count using this formula:
•Corrected WBC Count =
WBC x 100/( NRBC + 100)
•Example : If WBC = 5000 and 10 NRBCs have
been counted
•Then 5,000 100/110 = 4545.50
•The corrected white count is 4545.50
www.dnbpediatrics.com
37. • Left-shift: non-segmented neutrophil > 5%
– Increased bands Means acute infection, usually
bacterial
www.dnbpediatrics.com
38. • Basophils are increased in the blood in
– Myeloproliferative disorders (e.g., chronic myelogenous leukemia)
– Hypersensitivity reactions
– Mastocytosis
– Xeroderma pigmentosa
– Hypothyroidism
www.dnbpediatrics.com
39. • Morphologically abnormal eosinophils are seen in
– Myelodysplastic syndrome
– Megaloblastic anemias
• Eosinophils are increased in the following conditions:
Allergies
Parasitic infestations
Infections
Acute leukemia
Myeloproliferative diseases
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Drug-associated
www.dnbpediatrics.com
44. Large, coarse, dark purple, azurophilic granules that occur in
the cytoplasm of most granulocytes. These are
characteristically found in the Alder-Reilly anomaly and in
patients with mucopolysaccharidoses
Alder-Reilly anomaly
www.dnbpediatrics.com
45. Chédiak-Higashi granules are very large red or blue
granules that appear in the cytoplasm of granulocytes,
lymphocytes, or monocytes in patients with the Chédiak-
Steinbrinck-Higashi syndrome. It is a rare autosomal
recessive disorder
Chédiak-Higashi
www.dnbpediatrics.com
46. Variably sized (0.1 to 2.0 um) and shaped, blue or grayish-
blue cytoplasmic inclusions usually found near the
periphery of the cell. Dohle bodies are lamellar aggregates
of rough endoplasmic reticulum, which appear in the
neutrophils, bands, and metamyelocytes of patients with
infection, burns, uncomplicated pregnancy, toxic states, or
during treatment with hematologic growth factors - G-CSF.
Döhle bodies
www.dnbpediatrics.com
47. May-Hegglin anomaly
Neutrophils contain small basophilic cytoplasmic granules
which represent aggregated ribosomes. Leukopenia and
large platelets are also found. An autosomal dominant trait,
the May-Hegglin anomaly is associated with a mild bleeding
tendency, but not by an increased susceptibility to infection
www.dnbpediatrics.com
48. Neutrophilic toxic granulation
Small dark blue to purple granules resembling primary
granules in the cytoplasm of metamyelocytes, bands, and
segmented neutrophils during inflammatory states, burns,
and trauma, and upon exposure to hematopoietic growth
factors. It is usually accompanied by a shift to the left and
vacuolations in the cytoplasm (toxic vacuolations) and
Dohle bodies.
www.dnbpediatrics.com
49. Platelets
Neubars chamber : count platelets in 64 small
squares
Counts * 250 = total platelets
Normal counts 4.5 to 5.5 lakh
Common Causes of Thrombocytopenia
•Decreased production
−Aplastic anemia
−Acute leukemia
−Viral infections *Parvovirus *CMV
−Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (AMT)
•Increased destruction
−Immune thrombocytopenia
*Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
*Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
(NAITP)
−Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
−Hypersplenism
Thrombocytosis
• Reactive thrombocytosis
Post infection
Inflammation
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Collagen vasvular disease
• Essential thrombocythemia
www.dnbpediatrics.com
54. Disadvantages of the Peripheral Blood Smear
Provides information that cannot be obtained from automated
cell counting. However, some limitations are:
• Experience is required to make technically adequate smears.
• There is a non-uniform distribution of white blood cells over
the smear, with larger leukocytes concentrated near the edges
and lymphocytes scattered throughout.
• There is a non-uniform distribution of RBCs over the smear,
with small crowded red blood cells at the thick edge and large
flat red blood cells without central pallor at the feathered edge
www.dnbpediatrics.com
56. Schizonts are commonly seen in P. vivax infection and appear as large
bodies containing 12 to 24 nuclei and a loose pigmented body. This
photograph shows an early schizont of P. vivax on the left and mature
schizonts
www.dnbpediatrics.com
64. OSMOTIC FRAGILITY
TEST
• Defination:
• it is a test that measures the resistance to
hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) by
osmotic stress created by hypotonic
solutions
• RBC are exposed to a series of saline
(NaCl) solutions with increasing dilution
• The sooner hemolysis occurs, the greater is
osmotic fragility of RBC
www.dnbpediatrics.com
65. • Isotonic (physiological) solution – 0.9 %
NaCl
• RBC burst in hypotonic (< 0.9 % NaCl),
and shrink (crenate) in hypertonic
solutions (> 0.9 % NaCl)
• Red cells are suspended in a series of
tubes containing hypotonic solutions from
0.9 to 0 % NaCl. Degree of hemolysis
measured for each NaCl concentration.
www.dnbpediatrics.com
73. Principle of test
• Deoxygenated Hb-S is insoluble in the presence of a
concentrated phosphate buffer solution and forms a turbid
suspension that can be easily visualized.
• Normal Hemoglobin A and other hemoglobins remain in
solution under these conditions. These different qualitative
outcomes allow for the detection of sickle cell disease and its
traits.
• SICKLEDEX® uses Saponin to lyse the red blood cells. Sodium
Hydrosulfite then reduces the released hemoglobin. Reduced
Hb-S is insoluble in the concentrated phosphate buffer and
forms a cloudy, turbid suspension. Thus give a positive result.
www.dnbpediatrics.com
74. Procedure
• 1. sodium diethanoid 200mg+10 ml distilled
water
• 2. sickling buffer solutions
• Take 2 part of 1st solution and 3 part of 2nd
solution
• Have one drop of blood on slide and put single
drop of mixed solution
• Wait for 30 mins
• Watch under microscopewww.dnbpediatrics.com