Bombay blood group
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This document discusses the history and science of blood types, including the discovery of antigens and antibodies in blood and their role in determining blood compatibility. It specifically examines the rare Bombay blood type, which can receive blood from any type but can only donate to other Bombay individuals. The document stresses the importance of blood donation and registration to help those with rare blood types.
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Bombay blood group
- The Bombay blood group is an extremely rare blood type where red blood cells lack the H, A, and B antigens and plasma contains antibodies against these antigens.
- It was first discovered in Bombay, India in 1952 in about 1 in 10,000 people in Mumbai. Worldwide prevalence is about 1 in 1 million.
- People with this blood group can only receive blood from other Bombay blood group donors, as their blood will hemolyze if receiving blood from other blood groups.
- It is important for those with the Bombay blood group to register with blood banks so their rare blood can be available in emergencies.
Bombay blood group
The document summarizes key information about the rare Bombay blood group:
- The Bombay blood group lacks the H, A, and B antigens found on red blood cells, and those with this group have antibodies against these antigens in their plasma. It was first discovered in Bombay, India and is more common in some parts of India.
- Those with the Bombay blood group must receive blood from other Bombay donors, as their red blood cells will hemolyze if transfused with blood containing the H, A, or B antigens. Testing for this rare group involves reverse grouping or detection of H antibodies.
- It is important for those with the Bombay blood group to register with blood banks
Compatability testing
This document discusses compatibility testing, also known as pre-transfusion testing, which involves procedures to select blood and components that will be safely transfused and will not cause the recipient's red blood cells to be destroyed. The key steps in compatibility testing include properly identifying the recipient's blood sample, checking for antibodies, determining blood types, screening for irregular antibodies, selecting compatible blood, and performing a cross-match test between the donor's red blood cells and the recipient's serum to ensure no reactions occur. The cross-match is the final compatibility test to verify ABO compatibility and detect any antibodies present in the recipient's serum.
Abo blood groups
This document discusses the ABO blood group system. It notes that there are over 20 known blood group systems that are genetically determined. The ABO and Rh systems are most important for blood transfusions. The ABO system involves antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. People are categorized into one of the main blood groups - A, B, AB, or O - depending on which antigens are present on their red blood cells and which antibodies are present in their plasma. The exact genetic basis and inheritance of the ABO system is also described.
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Abo blood group system
The document discusses the ABO blood group system. Some key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900-1901. It identifies four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O.
- The presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells determines an individual's blood group. Those without A or B antigens are group O.
- Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are naturally present in people's blood, developing after exposure to environmental antigens. These antibodies can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions if incompatible blood is transfused.
- The ABO blood groups are determined genetically based on inheritance of A, B, or O alleles. The A
Rh Blood Group System
The document discusses the Rhesus blood group system, which was discovered in 1940 after testing human blood with rabbit antiserum against rhesus monkey red blood cells. It is one of the most polymorphic blood group systems, with over 45 antigens. The Rh system involves two closely linked genes, RHD and RHCE, which determine the presence of various antigens like D, C, c, E, and e. An Rh incompatibility during pregnancy can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn if a mother is Rh negative and carries an Rh positive baby.
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Bombay blood group
- The Bombay blood group is an extremely rare blood type where red blood cells lack the H, A, and B antigens and plasma contains antibodies against these antigens.
- It was first discovered in Bombay, India in 1952 in about 1 in 10,000 people in Mumbai. Worldwide prevalence is about 1 in 1 million.
- People with this blood group can only receive blood from other Bombay blood group donors, as their blood will hemolyze if receiving blood from other blood groups.
- It is important for those with the Bombay blood group to register with blood banks so their rare blood can be available in emergencies.
Bombay blood group
The document summarizes key information about the rare Bombay blood group:
- The Bombay blood group lacks the H, A, and B antigens found on red blood cells, and those with this group have antibodies against these antigens in their plasma. It was first discovered in Bombay, India and is more common in some parts of India.
- Those with the Bombay blood group must receive blood from other Bombay donors, as their red blood cells will hemolyze if transfused with blood containing the H, A, or B antigens. Testing for this rare group involves reverse grouping or detection of H antibodies.
- It is important for those with the Bombay blood group to register with blood banks
Compatability testing
This document discusses compatibility testing, also known as pre-transfusion testing, which involves procedures to select blood and components that will be safely transfused and will not cause the recipient's red blood cells to be destroyed. The key steps in compatibility testing include properly identifying the recipient's blood sample, checking for antibodies, determining blood types, screening for irregular antibodies, selecting compatible blood, and performing a cross-match test between the donor's red blood cells and the recipient's serum to ensure no reactions occur. The cross-match is the final compatibility test to verify ABO compatibility and detect any antibodies present in the recipient's serum.
Abo blood groups
This document discusses the ABO blood group system. It notes that there are over 20 known blood group systems that are genetically determined. The ABO and Rh systems are most important for blood transfusions. The ABO system involves antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. People are categorized into one of the main blood groups - A, B, AB, or O - depending on which antigens are present on their red blood cells and which antibodies are present in their plasma. The exact genetic basis and inheritance of the ABO system is also described.
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Abo blood group system
The document discusses the ABO blood group system. Some key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900-1901. It identifies four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O.
- The presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells determines an individual's blood group. Those without A or B antigens are group O.
- Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are naturally present in people's blood, developing after exposure to environmental antigens. These antibodies can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions if incompatible blood is transfused.
- The ABO blood groups are determined genetically based on inheritance of A, B, or O alleles. The A
Rh Blood Group System
The document discusses the Rhesus blood group system, which was discovered in 1940 after testing human blood with rabbit antiserum against rhesus monkey red blood cells. It is one of the most polymorphic blood group systems, with over 45 antigens. The Rh system involves two closely linked genes, RHD and RHCE, which determine the presence of various antigens like D, C, c, E, and e. An Rh incompatibility during pregnancy can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn if a mother is Rh negative and carries an Rh positive baby.
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This document discusses the importance of blood grouping and Landsteiner's law of blood grouping. It describes the ABO blood group system and the universal donor and recipient groups. The key blood grouping techniques of slide method and tube method are outlined. The slide method is a preliminary test while the tube method is the gold standard. The document explains the process of cell grouping (forward grouping) and serum grouping (reverse grouping) using the tube method. It also discusses grading of agglutination results and the importance of cross-matching blood prior to transfusion to avoid mismatched reactions.
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Bone marrow aspirate&biopsy preparation
This document discusses bone marrow aspiration and biopsy procedures. Key points:
- Bone marrow biopsy is important for diagnosing blood diseases and may be the only way to make a correct diagnosis. Marrow can be obtained repeatedly by needle aspiration.
- The iliac crests are the preferred sites for aspiration in adults and children. The sternum should not be used in children due to risk of injury.
- Proper needles, anticoagulants, and techniques are required to safely aspirate marrow and prepare diagnostic films and samples. Cell counts and differentials on aspirated marrow provide important diagnostic information.
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This document discusses the importance of blood grouping and Landsteiner's law of blood grouping. It describes the ABO blood group system and the universal donor and recipient groups. The key blood grouping techniques of slide method and tube method are outlined. The slide method is a preliminary test while the tube method is the gold standard. The document explains the process of cell grouping (forward grouping) and serum grouping (reverse grouping) using the tube method. It also discusses grading of agglutination results and the importance of cross-matching blood prior to transfusion to avoid mismatched reactions.
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Peripheral blood smear examination plays an important role in the evaluation of various blood disorders. A good peripheral smear should be prepared using the wedge or coverslip technique to obtain an even distribution of red blood cells. The smear is then stained using the Romanowsky method which involves fixing the cells using methanol followed by staining with Giemsa stain. During examination, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and any abnormal cells or inclusions are evaluated under the microscope. Changes in the size, shape, color and structural features of red blood cells can provide clues to underlying hematological conditions.
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The document discusses the history and development of anticoagulants and blood preservatives used for collecting, storing, and transfusing blood and blood components. It describes the early methods used and key discoveries that expanded the shelf life of red blood cells and platelets. The document also outlines the various anticoagulant solutions, additive solutions, and storage conditions used to maintain viability and prevent clotting during the collection, storage, and transportation of whole blood and its components prior to transfusion.
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This document provides information on various cytochemical staining techniques used in hematology, including myeloperoxidase, esterase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, Sudan black B, periodic acid Schiff, and Toluidine blue staining. It describes the principle, reagents, procedure, and interpretation for each stain. These stains are used to classify and diagnose different types of leukemia by identifying cellular enzymes and components in blood and bone marrow samples.
Romanowsky stains
Romanowsky stains are commonly used to stain blood films and identify blood components. Some key Romanowsky stains discussed in the document include Leishman, Giemsa, Wright's, Field, Jenner, and JSB stains. These stains involve using dyes like methylene blue and eosin in specific combinations and concentrations to differentially stain structures in blood films based on their chemical properties. Proper staining technique and protocols are outlined to clearly identify red blood cells, white blood cells, parasites, and other components when examining stained blood films under a microscope.
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This document provides information on hemoglobin electrophoresis, including its definition, purpose, principles, procedures, materials, risks, results, factors that can affect the test, and applications. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used to screen for and diagnose blood disorders by separating normal and abnormal hemoglobin types in blood based on their electrical charges. The procedure involves extracting hemoglobin from blood samples, running the samples through a gel or cellulose acetate strip using an electrical current, then staining and analyzing the strips to identify abnormal hemoglobin levels or variants that can indicate blood disorders.
Osmotic fragility test
The osmotic fragility test is used to diagnose different types of anemia by examining how red blood cells react in solutions of different tonicity. Red blood cells will swell and rupture in hypotonic solutions like distilled water due to excess water entering the cell. They will shrink and rupture in hypertonic solutions with high salt content due to water leaving the cell. In a normal saline solution that is isotonic, the red blood cells will remain intact. The test involves adding blood to solutions of varying tonicity, then centrifuging and observing if the fluid portion becomes colored, indicating red blood cell rupture.
coombs test
The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test, detects antibodies or complement proteins attached to red blood cells. There are two types of Coombs tests - the direct Coombs test detects antibodies bound to red blood cells in vivo, while the indirect Coombs test detects antibodies in a patient's serum that can bind to red blood cells in vitro. The Coombs test is used to diagnose conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic transfusion reactions. A positive Coombs test indicates red blood cell sensitization, while a negative test suggests the absence of sensitization.
Peripheral Blood Smear Examination
This document discusses the peripheral blood smear examination. It begins by outlining the role of peripheral blood examination, which includes evaluating anemia, thrombocytopenia/thrombocytosis, identifying abnormal cells, and detecting infections. It then describes the proper collection of blood in EDTA tubes and various color-coded tubes. The document proceeds to explain the different techniques for preparing blood smears, including the wedge, cover slip, and spun smear methods. Finally, it outlines the staining, microscopic examination, identification of white blood cells, red blood cell abnormalities, and other findings commonly seen on peripheral blood smears.
Blood banking
This document summarizes key aspects of blood banking. It discusses the purpose of blood banking as collecting, typing, separating, storing, and preparing blood for transfusion. It outlines the major blood group systems including ABO and Rh, which are the most immunogenic. The document compares ABO and Rh in terms of antigen location, distribution, development, and nature of antibodies. It also describes the types of blood donation and the donor selection process involving counseling, medical history, physical exam, and hemoglobin estimation. Finally, it briefly mentions types of blood bags, anticoagulants, component separation, and screening tests for diseases.
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Forward and reverse grouping by Negash Alamin
This document describes the forward and reverse blood grouping method used to determine a patient's blood type. The method involves separating a patient's blood into plasma and red blood cell components, mixing them in test tubes with known antibodies and blood cells, and observing for agglutination to identify reactions. If agglutination occurs, the corresponding antibody has detected the patient's blood type antigen. This method allows determining a patient's ABO blood group but not other minor blood types. It is routinely used in medical labs to identify a patient's blood type for transfusion compatibility testing.
Blood component preparation
Blood can be separated into components to meet most transfusion needs while minimizing risks. Effective separation requires centrifugation based on differences in specific gravity of components. Common components prepared include packed red blood cells, platelet concentrates, fresh frozen plasma, and granulocyte concentrates. Preparation of blood components allows for optimal use of donated blood by providing only the required constituent to the patient in need.
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Blood grouping
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 through experiments mixing red blood cells and serum between colleagues.
- The Rh blood group system was discovered in 1937 by Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener who believed it involved a similar antigen found in rhesus monkeys.
- Landsteiner's rule states that individuals develop antibodies to ABO blood group antigens that they do not possess, which is critical to understanding blood group compatibility.
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- 6. Blood Groups (Antigens and Antibodies)
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