Haemolytic anaemias are a group of anemias caused by the premature breakdown of red blood cells in the bloodstream or spleen. There are two main types - intrinsic defects that cause red blood cell damage from within, such as hereditary spherocytosis, and extrinsic defects that cause damage from outside factors like immune mediated hemolysis. Symptoms include anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly and gallstones. Laboratory tests show signs of increased red blood cell breakdown like elevated bilirubin and LDH, as well as signs of the bone marrow attempting to compensate with reticulocytosis and nucleated red blood cells. Intravascular hemolysis specifically causes hemoglobinemia,
causes of macrocytic anemia pathopysiology, sign and symptoms and the difference between macrocytic anemia megaloblastIc anemia. causes of hypersegmented neutrophils and its association between them. investigation and medical management plus pictures illustration.
causes of macrocytic anemia pathopysiology, sign and symptoms and the difference between macrocytic anemia megaloblastIc anemia. causes of hypersegmented neutrophils and its association between them. investigation and medical management plus pictures illustration.
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of anaemia characterized by the formation of unusually large, abnormal and immature red blood cells called as megaloblasts by the bone marrow, which are released into the blood. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
This presentation is focused on diagnostic utility of Red blood cell indices which will be very useful for undergraduate and postgraduate of medical field.
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of anaemia characterized by the formation of unusually large, abnormal and immature red blood cells called as megaloblasts by the bone marrow, which are released into the blood. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
Haemolysis indicates that there is shortening of the normal red cell lifespan of 120 days. There are many causes.
To compensate, the bone marrow may increase its output of red cells six- to eightfold by increasing the proportion of red cells produced, expanding the volume of active marrow, and releasing reticulocytes prematurely. Anaemia occurs only if the rate of destruction exceeds this increased production rate.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
3. Normal red cell destruction
• A red blood cell survives for 120 days in
the circulation; about 1% of human red
blood cells break down each day.
• The spleen is the main organ which
removes old and damaged RBCs from
the circulation
6. Definitions
Hemolysis:
• is the destruction or removal of red
blood cells from the circulation before
their normal life span of 120 days.
Haemolytic anaemias:
• Are a group of anaemias in which red-
cell lifespan is shortened.
7. • As RBCs have no nucleus, enzymes are
degraded and not replaced, red cell
metabolism gradually deteriorates and
the cell become non-viable.
Normal red cell destruction
8. RBCs breakdown
• When the rate of breakdown increases, the
body compensates by producing more RBCs
• The normal adult marrow, after full expansion,
able to increase erythropoietic activity 6-8
times normal
• This may occur before the patient get anemic
(compensated hemolytic disease)
9. Mechanisms of hemolysis
• Extravascular
red cells destruction occurs in
reticuloendothelial system
• Intravascular
red cells destruction occurs in
vascular space .
22. Intravascular Haemolysis
• Hb binds to haptoglobin and the
complexes are rapidly taken up by
hepatocytes.
• Haptoglobin also play a role in
extravascular haemolysis due to the
escape of some Hb from macrophages
when they phagocytosed damaged red
cells.
23. • Haem is released from the Hb and rapidly
oxidized to ‘haematin’.
• Haematin binds to haemopexin and the
complexes are removed by hepatocytes.
• When haemopexin saturated, the
haematin bind to albumin to form
methaemalbumin.
Intravascular Haemolysis
24. • When haemoglobinaemia is present, some of the
free Hb dissociate to dimers and the dimers
pass through the glomerulus causing
haemoglobinuria.
• Some of the dimers are taken up by renal
tubular cells and converted to haemosiderin
which can be detected in urine
(haemosiderinuria).
Intravascular Haemolysis
25. Red cell destruction
Extravascular Intravascular
RES
Haem
Globin
Plasma
iron pool
Plasma
protein pool
Protoporphyrin
Expired CO Unconjugated
bilirubin
Liver
Conjugated bilirubin
GI tract
UrobilinogenFaeces
Urine
Free plasma Hb
Hb- Hpt complex
Liver
Hpt and Hpx
Haemopexin-methem
Excess Hb
methaemalbumin
Kidney
Hb Haemosiderin
Haem+globin
Hb
methem
metHb
26. Clinical Manifestations in Summary
• Symptoms and signs of anemia
• Jaundice
• Splenomegaly
• Cholelithiasis (gall stones)
• Leg ulcers (sickle cell)
• Skeletal abnormalities (thalassemia)
27.
28. Evidence of haemolysis
• The lab. Findings are divided into 2
groups:
1- Features of increased red cell
breakdown.
2- Features of increased red cell
production.
29. Features of increased red cell
destruction
• Serum bilirubin: high
• Serum LDH: high
• Urine urobilinogen: high
• Serum haptoglobins: absent
30. Features of increased red cell
production
• P.B: Reticulocytosis and Circulating
nucleated red cells
• B.M: Erythroid hyperplasia.
31. • Morphology: microsphercytes, fragments,…etc
• Shortened red cell survival.
• Special tests: osmotic fragility,
Damaged red cells
32.
33. Main features of Intravascular
Haemolysis
• Haemoglobinaemia
• Haemoglobinuria
• Haemosiderinuria
• Methaemalbuminaemia