Dnb pediatrics osce 2 for PGS in Southern Railway HospitalNibedita Mitra
DNB pediatrics Osce for Post graduates in southern Railway Head Quarter Hospital. This includes a video Station. Click on the picture to play the video
Dnb pediatrics osce 2 for PGS in Southern Railway HospitalNibedita Mitra
DNB pediatrics Osce for Post graduates in southern Railway Head Quarter Hospital. This includes a video Station. Click on the picture to play the video
Diazepam Injection USP 10mg/2ml, 50mg/10ml Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Diazepam Dosage & Rx Info | Diazepam Uses, Side Effects Diazepam: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Diazepam -Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Diazepam dose Taj pharmaceuticals Diazepam interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Diazepam contraindications, Diazepam price, Diazepam Taj Pharma Diazepam SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Diazepam Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SmPC.
Albendazole 400 mg tablets smpc taj pharmaceuticalsTaj Pharma
Albendazole Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Albendazole Dosage & Rx Info | Albendazole Uses, Side Effects -: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Albendazole - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Albendazole dose Taj pharmaceuticals Albendazole interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Albendazole contraindications, Albendazole price, Albendazole Taj Pharma Albendazole Tablets 400 mg SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Albendazole Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Commonest: Case scenarios will be given...Drug
therapy will be part of the question.
Which drug is to be used?
Write the Prescription. (weight and age of the child
given)given)
eg: Write drug therapy for a 2yr old male child, 15 kg
with tuberculous meningitis according to IAP
guidelines.
Mention second line drugs if sensitivity results
shows e/o MDR TB.
http://indianpediatrics.net/dec1997/1093.pdfhttp://indianpediatrics.net/dec1997/1093.pdf
3. Drug therapy as a part of standard protocol can
be asked…
eg: Write flow chart for pulseless arrest in a three
year old child following accidental drowning…year old child following accidental drowning…
Tip: Know your PALS, NRP guidelines, IAP
guidelines and flow charts pit pat…. No room for
error.
4. Specific drug can be asked…
Classification, chemical structure, Indication,
dose, side effects, normal drug level…etc.
Tip: Newer drugs like Oseltamivir or drugs with
complicated dosing schedule like digoxin are most
likely.
5. Question on safety of drug in a specific situation
is a possibility..
Pregnancy categories, Breast feeding safety, Use
in G6PD deficient patients..etc.in G6PD deficient patients..etc.
Tip: Harriet Lane handbook gives a good chapter of
“special drug topics” in the end.
6. OSCE question on specific situations involving
use of drugs..
Post exposure prophylaxis for HIV
Malaria prophylaxis for travel Malaria prophylaxis for travel
Therapy for perinatal exposure to maternal
varicella or maternal syphilis…etc.
Pharmacologic prophylaxis for “H1N1 Novel
flu of Swine origin” contacts.
7. Specific antidote therapy for common drug overdosing with
doses and schedule can be asked…
Paracetamol
Opiates
OPP OPP
Calcium channel blockers
Beta blockers
Digoxin
Benzodizapines
Lead poisoning
Iron toxicity
Heparin
8.
9. A 3yr old male child involved in a fall from 4th
floor, injured his back, L4-5 #, with Paraparesis
and other root signs.
Mention Initial Mainstay medical therapy and
the drug dosage and schedule
Mention Initial Mainstay medical therapy and
the drug dosage and schedule
Mention 10 common side effects of the same
drug class
10. IV Methylprednisolone sodium succinate, has
been shown to improve neurologic outcome up
to one year post-injury if administered within
eight hours of injury and in a dose regimen of:
Bolus 30mg/kg over 15 minutes, withBolus 30mg/kg over 15 minutes, with
maintenance infusion of 5.4 mg/kg per hour
infused for 23 hours
12. A 4 yr. old girl from Mumbai, 12 kg. had fever
with chills since 3 days, Her reports show Hb.
Of 9 gm%, platelet count of 40,000 / cumm.
Peripheral smear shows shizonts of Pl.
Falcifarum, P.I. of 3 %. Her hemodynamic &Falcifarum, P.I. of 3 %. Her hemodynamic &
resp parameters are stable, Conscious
Mention type of malaria according to WHO
classification
Write 2 alternative therapies according to WHO
guidelines
16. The same child redevelops fever after 12 days
of stopping your prescribed therapy…. Smear
again shows Falcifarum.
How do we treat? Write the PrescriptionHow do we treat? Write the Prescription
What is the role of Primaquine in pure
Falcifarum malaria?
17.
18.
19. This 2-week-old infant, 4 kg, presented with irritability
and emesis.
The initial heart rate was in the 300-BPM range, and
the infant exhibited grunting and tachypnea.
DiagnoseDiagnose
Write prescription for First line pharmacological
therapy, if it fails, what next? Mention technique of
administration
Mention Contraindications and relative
contraindications for the use of first line therapy
Mention 2 alternative drugs
20. Adenosine 0.1 mg/kg (Max 6 mg) rapid bolus: Push
and Flush technique
If no response
Adenosine 0.2 mg/kg (Max 12 mg) rapid bolus
Contraindications include a deinnervated heart (eg, Contraindications include a deinnervated heart (eg,
transplant) and second- or third-degree heart block.
Additionally, adenosine can worsen bronchospasm in
asthmatics and increase heart block or precipitate
ventricular arrhythmias in those taking carbamazepine,
verapamil, or digoxin.
21. Alternates:
RightRight AnwsersAnwsers::
Procainamide (15 mg/kg, IV, over 30–60 min
or at 20–80 mg/kg/min)or at 20–80 mg/kg/min)
β blockers such as propranolol or esmolol may
be used but with caution because they may
induce hypotension
Digoxin: but may be proarrythmic in WPW
22. Alternates:
WrongWrong AnwsersAnwsers::
Amiodarone should not be used in newborns during
the first month of life because it contains the
preservative benzyl alcohol that has beenpreservative benzyl alcohol that has been
associated with a gasping syndrome.
Verapamil should be avoided in children less than 1
year of age because cardiovascular collapse and
death can occur
23. Antiarrhythmics: classification
Mnemonic: I to IV MBA College
Membrane Stabilisers (Na. channel blockers)
Beta Blockers Beta Blockers
Action Potential widening agents
Calcium channel blockers
24. IA: Disopyramide, Quinidine, Procainamide (VPC, VT,AF, PAT)
IB: Lidocaine, Mexilitine (VT, VF, VPC: Only Ventricular
arrythmias)
IC: Flecainide, Propafenone (Resistant ventricular arrythmias,
High incidence of Mortality in structural heart disease)
Memory joggerMemory jogger
To remember the main differences between what Class IA, Class IB,
and Class IC antiarrhythmics do, just think of their names:
Class IA: Alters the myocardial cell membrane
Class IB: Blocks the rapid influx of sodium ions
Class IC: slows Conduction
26. Slow repolarization, prolong the refractory period
and duration of the action potential.
Mnemonic: BIAS
Bretylium
Ibutilide
AmiodaroneAmiodarone
Sotalol
(Amiodarone is the first-line drug of choice for
ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.
All are used for only Ventricular arrhythmias)
27. Verapamil, Diltiazem (supraventricular
arrhythmias with a rapid ventricular response
(rapid heart rate in which the rhythm
originates above the ventricles)
Some calcium channel blockers (diltiazem and Some calcium channel blockers (diltiazem and
verapamil) reduce the heart rate by slowing
conduction through the SA and AV nodes.
28. Adenosine is an injectable antiarrhythmic
indicated for acute treatment of PSVT, esp. re-
enterant tachycardias involving AV node.
Adenosine depresses the pacemaker activity of the
SA node, reducing the heart rate and the ability ofSA node, reducing the heart rate and the ability of
the AV node to conduct impulses from the atria to
the ventricles.
Trivia: Neonates on caffeine and heavy coffee
drinkers require higher doses, as caffeine
antagonizes Adenosine.
29. This 7 year old girl, 20 kg, operated with
palliative Bidirectional Glenn shunt for a
DORV needs to undergo a Upper GI scopy for
persistent vomiting.
What advise will you give? She is not allergic to
penicillin, but cannot take orally
30.
31.
32. If she was to undergo Dental extraction instead
of GI scopy, would your advise change? What
would it be?
33.
34. If Hypothetically the said patient had an
unrepaired swiss cheese ventricular septal
defect instead of the DORV, and required
dental extraction, what would you advise?
37. Monoclonal antibodies: Rituximab,
Ofatumumab etc.
HIV therapy
Anti tubercular treatment guidelines-MDR-TB Anti tubercular treatment guidelines-MDR-TB
ALL / Lymphoma protocols
I.V. Immunoglobulin
38.
39. N-Acetylcystine
PO
Loading dose: 140 mg/kg PO once
Maintenance dosage (start 4 h after loading dose): 70 mg/kg PO q4h for 17 doses; total
18 doses administered equaling 1330 mg/kg over 72 h
IV (patients >40 kg)
Acute (8-10 h after ingestion)
Loading dose: 150 mg/kg IV infused over 1 h; dilute in 250 mL D5W
First maintenance dose: 50 mg/kg IV infused over 4 h; dilute in 500 mL D5W
Second maintenance dose: 100 mg/kg IV infused over 16 h; dilute in 1000 mL D5WSecond maintenance dose: 100 mg/kg IV infused over 16 h; dilute in 1000 mL D5W
Each infusion immediately follows the previous; total treatment time 21 h
Late presenting or chronic (>10 h after ingestion)
Loading dose: 140 mg/kg IV infused over 1 h; dilute in 500 mL D5W
Maintenance doses: 70 mg/kg IV q4h for at least 12 doses; dilute each dose in 250 mL of
D5W and infuse over minimum 1 h; total treatment time 48 h
Decrease total volume of D5W if fluid restriction required
40. Atropine (Isopto, Atropair)
Initiated in patients with OP toxicity who present with muscarinic
symptoms.
The endpoint for atropinization is dried pulmonary secretions and
adequate oxygenation. Tachycardia and mydriasis must not be used to
limit or to stop subsequent doses of atropine.
0.05 mg/kg IV, repeat q1-5min prn for control of airway secretions
Strongly consider doubling each subsequent dose to rapidly stabilizeStrongly consider doubling each subsequent dose to rapidly stabilize
patients with severe respiratory distress
PAM (Pralidoxime)
20-40 mg/kg in 100 mL isotonic sodium chloride soln/D5W IV over 15-30
min; repeat in 1-2 h if muscle weakness not relieved; repeat q10-12h prn
to relieve cholinergic symptoms
Other dosing regimens have been used, including continuous drip; start
with bolus of 25-50 mg/kg (up to 2 g); then 10-20 mg/kg/h (up to 500mg)