The document discusses the topic of surveying. It provides an overview of the history and evolution of surveying, from its beginnings in ancient Egypt to modern techniques using tools like total stations and GPS. Some key points covered include the various types and categories of surveying work, the traditional equipment used, and how modern digital instruments like total stations integrate distance measurement and angle measurement capabilities into one device.
in this section the study of the various classification of the surveying. which based the surveying is classified and how many types of the surveying? all this is presented in this slide.
and that slide how it work?
MODERN SURVEYING TECHNIQUES
WHAT IS SURVEYING?
•Surveyingisdefinedasthescienceofmakingmeasurementsespeciallyoftheearthsurface.Thisisbeingdonebyfindingoutthespatiallocation(relative/absolute)ofpointsonorneartheearthsurface.
•Differentmethodandinstrumentarebeingused
in this section the study of the various classification of the surveying. which based the surveying is classified and how many types of the surveying? all this is presented in this slide.
and that slide how it work?
MODERN SURVEYING TECHNIQUES
WHAT IS SURVEYING?
•Surveyingisdefinedasthescienceofmakingmeasurementsespeciallyoftheearthsurface.Thisisbeingdonebyfindingoutthespatiallocation(relative/absolute)ofpointsonorneartheearthsurface.
•Differentmethodandinstrumentarebeingused
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
The branch of Civil Engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the railway tracks for safe and efficient movements of trains is called Railway Engineering
BALLAST
RAILS
SLEEPERS
POINTS OF CROSSINGS
POINTS OF SWITCH
The rolled steel sections laid
end to end in two parallel lines
over sleepers to form a railway
track are known as RAILS The rails used in the construction of railway track can be divided into the following three types :
(1) Double Headed Rails (D.H. Rail)
(2) Flat Footed Rails (F.F. Rail)
(3) Bull Headed Rails (B.H. Rail)
It is a distinct pleasure for me to write in support of my student, Jackie Pang. He studied in my lab for about three years, during which time I witnessed his research achievement and outstanding leadership.
Jackie entered my lab when he was a junior student. At first He had difficulty accepting the strict attendance and assignments. But soon, he learned to manage his time, work in group situations and enjoyed the opportunity to learn from his older peers.
In the past two years, Jackie took a great deal of work in the projects. Even so, he spent most of the rest of time doing research and published several technical reports and papers including one journal paper in both scientific visualization and information visualization.
Jackie is an outstanding student of wide interests. He has won many awards on math, physics and informatics. He also received many honors from many cities, colleges and societies.
Jackie has a lively and enquiring mind. When he comes up with a new idea, he always writes it down and discusses its feasibility with his peers. He also has strong practice ability and done a lot of pioneering work in team building and infrastructure construction. Last year, he developed a website for us to review papers online and created a wiki site for his group to share their experience.
Jackie is also very kind and willing to help his classmates. He always collects materials from the web and sends them to others after putting these materials in order. He is also careful and responsible, and can express clearly.
Since Jackie has long since become the most valuable member of my lab, and a role model for his newer classmates, I recommend him to your fellowship program with absolute confidence.
Thank you for the opportunity of correspondence.
Study of Traffic Volume and Level of Service of Panjab University, ChandigarhIJERA Editor
A significant effort has been made in order to study the Traffic Volume of Panjab University Campus, Chandigarh. Established in 1882, Panjab University is one of the oldest universities in India. As one of the most renowned Universities in India, Panjab University itself attracts a lot of vehicular population. The Panjab University itself becomes a major traffic generator in a way. Campus is large and contains places to work, learn, socialize and live each with its own trip purpose. In recent years, usage of automobiles on campus has increased considerably. In addition to going to class, students also are likely to use vehicles for employment, recreation, shopping and social activities. The objective of the study is to analyze the prevailing traffic conditions on the University roads. Traffic Volume study is carried out in the campus and existing level of service is calculated.Due to mixed nature of traffic it gets difficult to accommodate all the kinds of traffic on these roads. The basic problem arises during the peak hours of the day when the traffic volume is highest on the road. The volume study were done at Gate no.1 and Gate no. 2 which are the major entry points in the University. The data was analyzed for the peak hour of traffic.
Man grows from womb to tomb. He is born endowed with various potentialities and assets. We need to actualize these in our lives. This actualization is incomplete without technical education. Keeping this in mind, Motherhood University, Roorkee, started various technical programmes to equip and inculcate various technical skills in students. Students as they begin to locate their interest/talent after their high school as well as intermediate choose their field and start growing progressively in their achievements. They then are comfortable in the so called changing, developing, competitive and computerized world. They find their place safe, successful and secured by exploring their talents, potentialities and positive assets and develop them further.
Surface Ventures: What Exponential Growth of Technology means for Tribolog...Tomasz Liskiewicz
Knowledge grows exponentially. The more we know, the greater our ability to learn and the faster we expand our knowledge base. The growth of knowledge fuels the growth of technology, with each new scientific discovery becoming a tool with which novel technologies are invented. It might be difficult to appreciate and accept the fact of exponential growth, as human perception is linear. Our brains have linear expectations, because that has always been the case. However, it has been postulated, that we are currently “on the knee” of the exponential growth of technology curve. As a result, technology progresses so fast, that the past no longer looks like the present, and the present is nowhere near how the future will look like. Materials science will play a key role in enabling future technologies, and we are in the midst of a materials science revolution that will impact every industry. Today, materials scientists are engineering smart, novel materials and functional surfaces with advanced properties well beyond state-of-the-art. Novel materials mean breakthrough opportunities in medicine, energy generation, transportation, consumer electronics, and high value manufacturing. This perspective talk discusses the current opportunities and future challenges for the protective and tribological coatings in the context of exponential growth of technology.
Predicting air quality is necessary step to be taken by government as it is becoming the major concern among the health of human beings. Air quality Index measure the quality of air. Various air pollutants causing air pollution are Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide etc that are released from burning of natural gas, coal and wood, industries, vehicles etc. Air Pollution can cause severe disease like lungs cancer, brain disease and even lead to death. Machine learning algorithms helps in determining the air quality index. Various research is being done in this field but still results are still not accurate. Dataset are available from Kaggle, air quality monitoring sites and divided into two Training and Testing. Machine Learning algorithms employed for this are Linear Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT THROUGH SATELLITE IMAGING -- Part 1NanubalaDhruvan
In part 1 it is discussed about the introduction of traffic management and various methods and literature reviews of various papers and their specifications and finally the research gap
OPTIMIZED SOLUTIONS FOR RESOLVING TRAFFIC CONGESTION AT UNIVERSITY CIRCLEIAEME Publication
In today’s world, due to globalization, transportation becomes one of the essential need of human being .In developing countries like India, where the population is going on increasing which leads to the serious traffic issues .In city, Pune which would be the metro-city in next some days, is facing a huge traffic problems Hence it is necessary to do a traffic study of the city to provide designed, planned and cost effective road transportation system. In this paper, traffic data is counted and analysis of data is done with the help of software PTV VISTRO for signal optimization. Also, the other improvements are suggested. The main factors influencing the traffic problem are type of traffic, seasons, population accumulated in the area, direction of flow, parking, foot path availability, the width of the road, connectivity to the different locations and value of area etc. The aim of this paper is to identify the problems creating the traffic and providing solutions for effective transportation through the city.
Civil Knowledge_Hub-MITS is a Blog_Page.
This is where I'll be sharing my thoughts on topics that matter to Civil Engineering Studies and Updates like News,e.t.c. Who knows... I might even share pictures, videos and links to other interesting stuff.
Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields. Civil engineering focuses on the infrastructure of the world which includeWater works, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers/Lines, Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc.Among the important subdivisions of the field areconstruction engineering, irrigation engineering, transportation engineering, soils and foundation engineering, geodetic engineering, hydraulic engineering, and coastal and ocean engineering.Civil engineersbuild the world’s infrastructure. In doing so, they quietly shape the history of nations around the world. Most people can not imagine life without the many contributions of civil engineers to the public’s health, safety and standard of living. Only by exploring civil engineering’s influence in shaping the world we know today, can we creatively envision the progress of our tomorrows.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
1. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
MODERN SURVEYING
2. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SURVEYING
Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface and locating the points in the field.
3. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGThe work of the surveyor consists of 5 phases
1.Decision Making–selecting method, equipment and final point locations.
2.Fieldwork & Data Collection–making measurements and recording data in the field.
3.Computing & Data Processing–preparing calculations based upon the recorded data to determine locations in a useable form.
4.Mapping or Data Representation–plotting data to produce a map, plat, or chart in the proper form.
5.Stakeout –locating and establishing monuments or stakes in the proper locations in the field.
4. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Categories of Surveying
1.Plane Surveying–surveying with the reference base for fieldwork and computations are assumed to be a flat horizontal surface.
2.Geodetic Surveying–surveying technique to determine relative positions of widely spaced points, lengths, and directions which require the consideration of the size and shape of the earth. (Takes the earth’s curvature into account.)
5. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Types of Surveys
1.Photogrammetry–mapping utilizing data obtained by camera or other sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.
2.Boundary Surveying–establishing property corners, boundaries, and areas of land parcels.
3.Engineering Surveying–providing points and elevations for the building Civil Engineering projects
4.Topographic Surveying–collecting data and preparing maps showing the locations of natural man-made features and elevations of points of the ground.
5.Route Surveys–topographic and other surveys for long –narrow projects associated with Civil Engineering projects (Highways, railroads, pipelines)
6.Hydrographic Surveying–mapping of shorelines and the bottom of bodies of water.
6. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Brief History of Surveying
1.Surveying had it’s beginning in Egypt about 1400 BC
2.Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and developed Geometry
3.Romans: developed surveying into a science to create the Roman roads, aqueducts, and land division systems.
4.Middle Ages: land division of Romans continued in Europe.
5.18th & 19th Century in the New World: the need for mapping and marking land claims caused extensive surveying, especially by the English.
6.20thCentury and Beyond: As technology advanced, population increased, and land value caused development of licensure for surveyors in all countries
7. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Old Equipments
•Chain.
•Ranging.
•Cross Staff.
•Steel band.
•Tape.
•Plane tables.
•Compass.
•Levelling.
•Theodolites. (Vernier & Micrometer)
•Tacheometer.
8. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Modern Surveying
•By the 1970’s, relatively small, lightweight and easy-to-use electronic distance measuring devices, called EDM’s were in use.
•The advance of technology and miniaturization of electronic components enabled the building of theodolites that measure angles electronically, called Electronic Theodolite
•Combination of an electronic theodolite and electronic distance meter, and software running on an external laptop computer known as a data collector, called Total Station
•The Global Positioning System (GPS)was designed for military applications. Its primary purpose was to allow soldiers to keep track of their position and to assist in guiding weapons to their targets
•A computerized data base management system for capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data, called GIS
9. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Modern Surveying
10. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Modern Surveying
11. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Modern equipments
•Electronic Theodolite
•EDM –Electronic distance measurement eqp.
•Auto Level.
•Digital Level.
•Laser Level.
•Laser Distance meter
•Total station.
•GPS –global positioning system.
12. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Modern equipments
13. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Modern equipments
14. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Modern equipments
15. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGModern equipments
16. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Electronic Thoedolite
•For precise surveys the vernier theodolites are replaced by modern theodolites such as optical and electronic theodolites.
•The electronic theodolites have optical system to scan both horizontal and vertical circles and display them digitally on a screen
17. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
EDM (Electronic Distance meter)
1.EDMis Electronic Distance meter
2.Measurement of distance is done by a modulated microwaveor infraredcarrier signal
3.The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengthsto the target for each frequency
18. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Auto Level
•Now most commonly used levelling instruments are -Auto level.
•Auto level, as name sounds it has a auto level compensator and corrects automatically if instrument goes out of level within it’s range.
•With auto level:-
1.Survey work can be done fast,
2.Less chances of error,
3.Magnification available is more,
4.Range is more,
5.Image is erect so less chances of error.
19. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Digital Level
•They are not popular instead auto levels are more extensively used.
•The Trimble DiNi Digital Level : Determine accurate height information 60% faster than with automatic leveling
•Eliminate errors and reduce rework with digital readings
•Transfer data to the office easily
•Measure to a field of just 30 cm
20. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGLaser Level
•The word laseris an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation and is the name applied to an intense beam of highly monochromatic, coherent light.
•Laser rangefinders use these relationships to calculate Distance
•Distance = speed of light * (time/2)
•The time refers to time of pulse to go from the instrument to the tree and back again
21. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Laser Distance meter
•By using this Laser distance meter we can calculate the distance, area and volume accurately
•We can use this in night also
22. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GPS –Global Positioning System.
What is GPS
•GPS, which stands for Global Positioning
System, is the only system today able to show you your exact position on the Earth anytime, in any weather, anywhere.
•Global Positioning System –A network
of satellites (24 total –21 in use, 3 spares)
that continuously transmit coded information,
which makes it possible to precisely identify
locations on earth by measuring distance from the satellites.
23. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGGPS –Global Positioning System.
24. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
25. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
26. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
31. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
EDM + Theodolite
•EDM is used to measure the horizontal distances.
•Some EDM are attached with electronics theodolite which has the adapter system.
•Some are advanced models which itself reads the distance without theodolite
32. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Total Station
•A Total stationintegrates the functions of a Electronic theodolitefor measuring angles, an EDMfor measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder
•Angles and distances, coordinates and height differences and many other items can be computed, displayed and stored into internal memory.
33. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGFeatures of Total Station
•Total solution for surveying work,
•Most accurate and user friendly,
•Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t.
known point (base point),
•Compatibility with computers,
•Measures distance and angles and displays coordinates,
•Auto level compensator is available,
•Can work in lesser visibility also,
•Can measure distances even without prismatic target for lesser distances,
•Is water proof,
•On board software are available,
•Can be used for curve layout after feeding data
34. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Features of Total Station
•New total stationshave atmospheric correction, and auto-focus.
•In addition, these series incorporates a quick distance measuring mode and a high data storage capacity for increased productivity.
•The new Total stationgives the unique opportunity for long range distance monitoring of up to 9000m to a single prism.
•Using the scan functionality of software allows fully automated monitoring of the prism in direction of the line of sight.
35. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGParts of Total Station
36. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGParts of Total Station
37. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
Parts of Total Station
39. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGAccessories of Total Station
40. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGAccessories of Total Station
41. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGAccessories of Total Station
42. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Total Station Companies
•Sokkia
•Leica
•Trimble
•Pentax
•Topcon
•Nikon
•Sanding
•Focus
•GeoMax Positioning
•Kolida
•CST
•South
•Ruide
43. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGNormal Accuracy and ranges of total stations
Angular accuracy up to 1”
Distance measured with laser up to 2 KM
Distance measured with infrared rays up to 4 KM.( with single prism)
Capable of storing up to 20,000 points.
44. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Basic Principle of Total Stations
1.These instruments are measuring the distances of prism poles mounted with prisms with the help of Laser beam or Infrared rays.
2.These signals are emitted by the instrument EDM and reflected back to instruments by the prism mounted on the prism poles.
3.The time interval between emission and reception helps to calculate the distance as the speed of these signals are precisely known. D = (t/2) x v
D-Distance, t-Total time taken, v-Velocity
45. The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education infinity-project.org
Engineering Education
for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Inside Total Station
46. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGInside Total Station
47. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSetting up of Total Station
Centering:
•Place the legs at equal intervals and the head is approximately level
•Fix the tripod shoes in the ground
•Place the instrument on the tripod stand
•Supporting the instrument with one hand, tighten the centering screw on the
bottom of the unit
•Looking through the optical plummet eye piece
•focus on the Surveying point
48. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSetting up of Total Station
Levelling:
•Adjust the foot screws to center the surveying
•point in the optical plummet reticule
•Center the bubble in the circular level by shortening or by lengthening the tripod leg
•Turn the leveling screws until the bubble is centered in the center circle
•Loosen the horizontal clamp to turn the upper part of the instrument until the plate level is parallel to a line between leveling foot screws A & B
•Center the air bubble using leveling foot screws A & Bsimultaneously
•Turn the upper part of the instrument through 900
•The plate level is now perpendicular to the foot screws A & B
•Center the air bubble using leveling foot screw C
49. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSetting up of Total Station
Levelling the Screen:
•Press [ON] to power on
•Press [TILT]in the second page of
Measmode to display the circular level on the screen
•Center the bubble in the circular level
•Set the tilt angle to 00 using foot screws
A & B
•for the Xdirection and leveling screw Cfor Y direction
50. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSetting up of Total Station
Focusing and Target Sighting
•Look through the telescope eyepiece at a
•bright background
•Turn the eyepiece clockwise, anticlockwise little by
•little until just before the reticle image becomes
•focused
•Loosen the vertical and horizontal clamps, then use
•the peep sight to bring the target in to the field of view.
•Tight both clamps
•Turn the telescope focusing ring to focus on the target
•Turn the vertical and horizontal and vertical fine motion screws to align the target with the reticle
•Readjust the focus with the focusing ring until there is no parallax between the target image and the reticle
51. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSetting up of Total Station
Eliminating parallax
•This is the relative displacement of the target image with respect to the reticle when the observer’s head is moved slightly before the eyepiece.
•Parallax can be removed by focusing the reticle
52. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGFormat of Storage in Total Station
1.Point Id
2.Easting (x –Coordinate)
3.Northing (y –Coordinate)
4.Elevation (z-Coordinate)
5.Point code [String like
TR for tree CW for
compound wall etc]
53. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGFormat of Storage in Total Station
The format of storage followed by the Instrument is as follows
Point ID (May be Number or String), Easting (X_Coordinate), Northing (Y_Coordinate), Elevation (Z_Coordinate), Point Code (‘TR’ for Tree, etc,.)
54. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSoft key Allocation of Total Station
55. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Soft key Allocation of Total Station
56. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSoft key Allocation of Total Station
57. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSoft key Allocation of Total Station
58. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSetting Horizontal Angle to a Required Value (Horizontal Angle Hold)
Procedure
1.Sight the first target
2.Select (H.Angle)from (Meas)Mode
3.Press (H.Angle) select Angle
4.Enter the required angle then
press OK
1.The input value is displayed
2.Sight the second target
3.The horizontal angle from the value
set to the second target is displayed
59. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGDistance and Angle Measurement
By using (DIST)function angle, distance can be measured
Procedure
1. Sight the target
2. In the first page of Measmode, press (DIST)
to start distance measurement
3. When measurement starts, EDM information
(distance mode, prism constant correction value,
atmospheric correction factor) is represented by
a flashing light.
4. A short beep sounds, and the measured
distance data (S), vertical angle (ZA) and horizontal
angle (HAR)are displayed
5. Press (STOP) to quit distance measurement.
6. Press (<SHV)S (slope dist.), H (horizontal dist.),
V (ht diff) are displayed
60. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGRemote Elevated Measurement (REM)
An REMis a function used to measure the height to a point where a target cannot be directly installed such as power lines, overhead cables etc.,
61. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGMissing Line Measurement (MLM) Missing line measurement is used to measure the slope distance, horizontal distance, and horizontal angle from the target whish is the reference (starting point) without moving the instrument. It is possible to change the last measured point to the next starting position. Measurement result can be displayed as the gradient between two points.
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The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGCo-ordinate Measurement (COORD)
By performing coordinate measurements it
is possible to find the 3-dimensional coordinates of
the target based on station point coordinates,
instrument height, target height, and azimuth angles of
the backsight which are entered in advance
63. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGResection Measurement
Resection is used to determine the coordinates of an instrument station by performing multiple measurements of points whose values are known.
Registered coordinate data can be recalled and set as known point data.
64. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSetting –Out Measurement
Setting out measurement is used to set out the required point
The horizontal angle difference and distance difference are calculated and displayed using the following formulae.
Horizontal angle difference
dHA = Horizontal angle of setting–out data–measured horizontal angle
Distance difference
Sdist : S-O S = measured slope distance–
slope distance of setting–out data
Hdist : S-O H = measured horizontal distance-
horizontal distance of S-O data
Vdist : S-O V = measured height difference-
height difference of S-O data
65. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSetting-Out Line
Setting out line is used for setting out a required point at a designated distance from the baseline and for finding the distance from the baseline to a measured point.
66. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSetting –Out Arc
This mode allows us to define an arc from various arc parameters, such as From Pt coordinates, and set out this arc as well as points (offsets) along
67. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGOffset Measurement
Offset measurements are performed in order to find a point where a target cannot be installed directly or to find the distance and angle to a point which cannot be sighted
68. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSurface Area Calculation
This function can calculate the area of land enclosed by
three or more known points on a line by inputting the coordinates
of the points. Surface area is calculated by measuring the points
on a line enclosing an area in order or reading in the previously
registered coordinates in order
69. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGHard wares
Total station with inbuilt programmes.
Tribrach with adopter to hold prism. [Optional]
Prism pole, prism and target.
Mini prism for setting out.
Down loading cable.
Plotter [A0]
70. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGDownloading Total station data by Sokkia Link Software to PC
It is possible to output data within a JOB to a host
Computer or Printer
71. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGPlotting Software's
Plotting software’s are capable of making
•Contour
•Layout
•LS & CS
•Road estimator
•Volume cutting
•Volume Embankment
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The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGPlotting Software's
•Autoplotter
•Pythagoras
•AutoCAD Civil 3D
•Foresight
•CDS
•Survey PRO
73. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGWhat way it is different from conventional methods?
These instruments have detachable bases, which help to setup quickly over station.
Stand leg heights to be adjusted while setting up.
Prism pole with prism in place of leveling staff or ranging rod.
No need for manual measurement except the measurement of height of instrument.
Battery operated (Lasts up to 7 hours)
Up to 4 Km measurement with single prism.
Latitude and longitudes are considered for any survey in the name of easting and northings.
74. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGWhat way it is different from conventional methods?
Each point will be named with its Id/Code.
No paper work, as calculations are performed automatically.
Combines the use of leveling instrument , Theodolite compass etc. and does boundless operations.
Surveying can be done during night hours also if the prism pole is illuminated for emergency.
More costly and self lubricated.
Needs one surveyor and other two persons to hold prism.
Person handling these instruments need not be conversant with survey theory but essentially a computer literate and must possess sufficient aptitude.
75. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGRefractorless Total StationFor those targets such as wire pole, wire, cliff, hill,earth,timber pile, etc which are not easy or even impossible to reach, reflectorless distance measurement can complete the measurement task easily
76. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Robotic Total Station
The SRX from Sokkia is a fully- robotic, fully-tracking and auto- pointing robotic total station, with on- demand target reacquisition
Sokkia’s SRX has Bluetooth wireless technology for cable-free use,
making this single-operator total station even more convenient.
77. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Robotic Total Station
Allow 1-person operation -follows prism automatically, controlled from the pole
78. The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education infinity-project.org
Engineering Education
for today’s classroom.
M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Smart Station
79. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/Civil
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSmart Station
Recent developments include a GPS unit with the total station
Fully integrated data storage and data processing, Bluetooth data transfer or GPRS
80. infinity-project.org
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
Engineering Education for today’s classroom. M.Shanmugaraj Lec/CivilVSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGARDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Smart Station
No need for control points, long traverses or resections. Just set up SmartStation and let GPS determine the position.Then measure and stake outwith the total station. SmartStation’s modular design gives you all the options. Undertake any type of job. Save time and money. Increase your productivityand profits.