Surveying is determining the relative positions of points on or beneath the Earth's surface. The summary includes: 1. Surveying techniques include plane, geodetic, photogrammetry, boundary, control, engineering, topographic, route, and hydrographic surveying. 2. Common surveying equipment are chains, levels, theodolites, total stations, GPS, which have replaced older equipment like dumpy levels and vernier theodolites. 3. A total station integrates a theodolite to measure angles, an EDM to measure distances, and can provide point coordinates and is useful for general measurements, mapping, construction, and monitoring.

1. Welcome to all
Rambir Singh Yadav
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2. Introduction to Surveying
• Definition:
Surveying is the science and art of
determining the relative positions of points
above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface and
locating the points in the field.

3. The work of the surveyor
• Decision Making – Selecting method, equipment and final
point locations.
• Fieldwork & Data Collection – Making measurements and
recording data in the field.
• Computing & Data Processing – Preparing calculations
based upon the recorded data to determine locations in a
useable form.
• Mapping or Data Representation – Plotting data to
produce a map.
• Stakeout – Stakes in the proper locations in the field.

4. Categories of Surveying:
• Plane Surveying – surveying with the reference base for
fieldwork and computations are assumed to be a flat
horizontal surface.
– Generally within a 12 mile radius the pull of gravity is very
nearly parallel to that at any other point within the radius and
thus horizontal lines can be considered straight.
• Geodetic Surveying – surveying technique to determine
relative positions of widely spaced points, lengths, and
directions which require the consideration of the size and
shape of the earth. (Takes the earth’s curvature into
account.)

5. Types of Surveys:
• Photogrammetry – Mapping utilizing data obtained by camera or
other sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.
• Boundary Surveying – establishing property corners, boundaries,
and areas of land parcels.
• Control Surveying – establish a network of horizontal and vertical
monuments that serve as a reference framework for other survey
projects.
• Engineering Surveying – providing points and elevations for the
building Civil Engineering projects.
• Topographic Surveying – collecting data and preparing maps
showing the locations of natural man-made features and elevations
of points o the ground for multiple uses.
• Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys for long – narrow
projects associated with Civil Engineering projects.
– Highways, railroads, pipelines, and transmission lines.
• Hydrographic Surveying – mapping of shorelines and the bottom of
bodies of water.
– Also known as bathymetric surveying.

6. Surveying Equipments
• Chain
• Auto Level.
• Theodolite.
• EDM – Electronic Distance Measurement
Equipments.
• Total station.
• GPS – Global Positioning System.

7. Chain Survey (Old Technology)
1. Instruments
2. Field Book
3. Mapping
Procedure

8. Chain Survey (Old Technology)

9. Chain Survey (Old Technology)

10. Early age levels
• Early age levels are
–Dumpy levels.
–Tilting levels.

11. AUTO LEVEL
• Now most commonly
used leveling instruments
are - Auto level.
– Auto level, as name
sounds it has a auto
level compensator and
corrects automatically
if instrument goes out
of level within it’s
range.

12. • With auto level:-
–Survey work can be done fast,
–Less chances of error,
–Magnification available is more,
–Range is more,
–Image is erect so less chances of
error.

13. Vernier Theodolite

14. Optical Theodolite

15. Digital Theodolite

16. EDM

17. EDM – Electronic Distance Measurement Equipments.
• Now separate EDM are not very popular , instead
Total Station which have in built EDM is being
used .
• Measurement of distance is accomplished with a
modulated microwave or infrared carrier signal,
generated by a small solid-state emitter within
the instrument's optical path, and bounced off of
the object to be measured. The modulation
pattern in the returning signal is read and
interpreted by the onboard EDM unit. The
distance is determined by emitting and receiving
multiple frequencies, and determining the integer
number of wavelengths to the target for each
frequency.

18. Most total stations use a purpose-built glass
prism as the reflector for the EDM signal, and
can measure distances out to 2 to 5
kilometers, but some instruments are
"reflectorless", and can measure distances to
any object that is 19% to 90% reflective
surface(i.e. concrete, wood, stone, tree, pole,
road, sand, green grass etc) out to a 300mtrs
to 1000mtrs approx. The typical Total Station
EDM can measure distances accurate to about
millimeters

19. TOTAL STATION
• Basic Principle
A total station integrates the functions of
a Theodolite for measuring angles,
an EDM for measuring distances,
show digital data (i.e. HA,VA & SD),
Calculate the (AZ,HD,VD,N,E&Z)
and a data recorder.

20. Features:-
• Total solution for surveying
work,
• Most accurate and user
friendly,
• Gives position of a point (N, E
and Z) with respect to known
point (base point),
• EDM is fitted inside the
telescope,
• Digital display,

21. • On board memory to store data,
• Compatibility with computers,
• Measures distance and angles and displays
coordinates,
• Auto level compensator is available,
• Can work in lesser visibility also,
• Can measure distances even without prism
target for lesser distances,
• Is water proof,
• On board software are available,
• Can be used for curve layout after feeding data.

22. • New total stations have atmospheric
correction. In addition, these series
incorporates a quick distance measuring mode
and a high data storage capacity for increased
productivity.
• The new Total station gives the unique
opportunity for long range distance
monitoring of up to 2000m to 5000m with a
single prism.
• Using the scan functionality of software allows
fully automated monitoring of the prism in
direction of the line of sight.

23. USES:-
Total Stations can be used for:
• General purpose angle measurement
• General purpose distance measurement
• Provision of control surveys
• Contour and detail mapping
• Setting out and construction work

24. Factors influencing the use of Total Stations:
• A clear line of sight between the instrument
and the measured points is essential.
• The precision of the instrument is dependent
on the raw repeatability's of the direction and
distance measurements.
• A well defined measurement point or
target/prism is required to obtain optimal
precision and accuracy.
• The accuracy of direction and distance
measurement is subject to a number of
instrumental errors and the correct field
procedures.

25. Auxiliary Equipment Required
• Targets or Prisms to accurately define the
target point of a direction & distance
measurement.
• A data recorder if one is not integrated into
the total station.
• A download cable and software on a PC to
capture and process the captured digital data
to produce contour and detail maps.

26. Standard Operating Procedure
Step 1.
 To fix the North Line
(a) True North by observing sun or pole star
Or
(b) Magnetic North by compass
Or
 True North calculation by GPS coordinate
Or
 Arbitrary North Line (assumed north line)

27. Standard Operating Procedure
• Step 2
• Traversing : to run a traverse line in the Survey
Area boundary and fix up the control point for
detail survey
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP

28. Traverse Adjustment

29. Traverse Adjustment

30. Detail survey
1. Set up the instrument any where in the
ground & respect two or three control point.
While doing so instrument will automatically
calculate the station point, coordinate &
height . Or Complete the station setup by
two Known points
2. Pick up the point with the code like Tree, EP,
Well, Road, Nala, House Boundary & Land
Boundary as per field feature etc.

31. Demarcation of Points
1. Set up the instrument and Complete the
station setup by two Known points.
2. Go to the stake function and give the point
number which you want to layout.
3. Instrument will guide you left or right and
back or forward direction.

32. THANKS