The document presents a historical overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS), detailing its development from inception in 1973 to full operational capability in 1995, with significant milestones such as its availability for civilian use in 1983. It discusses the evolution of GPS technology using various models, including S-curves, to analyze performance, accuracy, and market dynamics, highlighting challenges in applying existing models to complex systems. The conclusion emphasizes the utility of these models for discussing technology strategy while acknowledging their limitations.

1. Technology Strategy and OrganisationGroup Presentation Global Positioning System (GPS) 11th March 2011R. Craig, S. G****, R. V****, C. A****, S. D****

2. OutlineBackgroundChronological GPS EvolutionTechnology S CurveMultiple S CurvesProduct Process CycleDominant Design ModelDiffusion Curve

3. BackgroundThe Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based Global navigation satellite system that provides location and time information.The project was started in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems. GPS was created by the US department of defence and was originally run with 24 satellites.It became fully operational in 1994 at the cost of twelve billion US taxpayer dollars.Freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.Navigation by radio as an aid has been practiced in Germany since 1907 (Telefunken)First used as radio directional finder (RDF) between radio towers.

4. GPS TimelineIn 1972, the US Air Force developmental flight tests of two prototype GPS receivers In 1978 the first experimental Block-I GPS satellite was launched. In 1983, civilian airliner strayed into restricted Soviet airspace due to navigational errors and shot , GPS made available for civilian use.February 14, 1989, the first modern Block-II satellite was launched. December 1993 the GPS achieved initial operational capability[51] January 17, 1994 a complete constellation of 24 satellites was in orbit. Full Operational Capability was declared by NAVSTAR in April 1995. In 1996, US declaring GPS to be a dual-use system (national asset). In 1998, two new civilian signals for enhanced user accuracy and reliability, particularly with respect to aviation safety. On May 2, 2000 "Selective Availability" was discontinued In 2004, US and European Community establishing cooperation related to Garmin GPSand Europe's planned Galileo system. November 2004, successful tests of Assisted-GPS for mobile phones.In 2005, the first modernized GPS satellite was launched and began transmitting a second civilian signal for enhanced user performance.

5. Technology S Curve GPS ‘System’Product PerformanceEstimated position of GPS systemTime or Engineering Effort

6. GPS Application S Curve GPSDependent Use – Children, pets, objectsProduct PerformancePersonal Use – Outdoors - phoneCivil Applications - Land, sea, airBIG BROTHERMilitary ApplicationsTime or Engineering Effort

7. GPS in the news

8. Multiple S Curves for AccuracyReliabilityCostS Curves could also be applied to other factors such as size, battery life, ease of use etc.............

9. Product-Process CycleDifficult to apply with our vision of the GPS system with product process cycle. A better application is with GPS mobile phones.Each product would have its own product process cycle.ProductEstimated position of GPS systemProcessFluidTransitionSpecificMature

10. Dominant Design Model

11. Dominant Design Model2000BC (Egypt)1859AD (Canada)312 BC (Rome)1940AD (Great Britain + Allies)290BC (Egypt)1990AD (US)247BC (China)1993AD (US)1730AD (Great Britain)1995AD (US)1761AD (Great Britain)1999AD (US)

12. Diffusion Curve GPS SystemsEuropeChina/IndiaTime

13. Implications of this analysis for technology strategy for these organisations and potential entrants.Works well for a physical product evolution, but has difficulty contextually complex systems. System was too big to handle within the set time scale, the team boundaries were too big to manage. Boundaries would need to be rationalized (reduced, simplified).Market evolution not product specificMore questions than answers, systems understanding expanded.In application of the dominant design model highlighted how complex the system is

14. Conclusions (Models)Presentation Critique for ease of use and their utility for decision making in technology strategyS-CurveHelps to indicate when to invest in new tech/productsDominant Systems ModelModels too basic for multi dimensional technology convergenceDiffusion ModelPromotes understanding of current technology trajectoryProduct-Process CycleProduct specific, different applicationsAbstract level, N-dimensions

15. Conclusions (Reflections) Presentation Critique for ease of use and their utility for decision making in technology strategyModels used for indication only (creates discussion)All models are wrong but some are usefulEnables visibility of technological paradigmsEpistemological evolutionNot a panacea Group had no tacit knowledge for successful application

16. ReferencesBauer, A. “Some historical and technical aspects of radio navigation, in Germany, over the period 1907 to 1945”, 2004 http://www.xs4all.nl/~aobauer/Navigati.pdf