A group presentation for the Technology Strategy and Organisation module focusing on the Global Positioning System (GPS) .

1. Technology Strategy and OrganisationGroup Presentation Global Positioning System (GPS) 11th March 2011 R. Craig, S. G****, R. V****, C. A****, S. D****

2. Outline Background Chronological GPS Evolution Technology S Curve Multiple S Curves Product Process Cycle Dominant Design Model Diffusion Curve

3. Background The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based Global navigation satellite system that provides location and time information. The project was started in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems. GPS was created by the US department of defence and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994 at the cost of twelve billion US taxpayer dollars. Freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver. Navigation by radio as an aid has been practiced in Germany since 1907 (Telefunken) First used as radio directional finder (RDF) between radio towers.

4. GPS Timeline In 1972, the US Air Force developmental flight tests of two prototype GPS receivers In 1978 the first experimental Block-I GPS satellite was launched. In 1983, civilian airliner strayed into restricted Soviet airspace due to navigational errors and shot , GPS made available for civilian use.February 14, 1989, the first modern Block-II satellite was launched. December 1993 the GPS achieved initial operational capability[51] January 17, 1994 a complete constellation of 24 satellites was in orbit. Full Operational Capability was declared by NAVSTAR in April 1995. In 1996, US declaring GPS to be a dual-use system (national asset). In 1998, two new civilian signals for enhanced user accuracy and reliability, particularly with respect to aviation safety. On May 2, 2000 "Selective Availability" was discontinued In 2004, US and European Community establishing cooperation related to Garmin GPS and Europe's planned Galileo system. November 2004, successful tests of Assisted-GPS for mobile phones.In 2005, the first modernized GPS satellite was launched and began transmitting a second civilian signal for enhanced user performance.

5. Technology S Curve GPS ‘System’ Product Performance Estimated position of GPS system Time or Engineering Effort

6. GPS Application S Curve GPS Dependent Use – Children, pets, objects Product Performance Personal Use – Outdoors - phone Civil Applications - Land, sea, air BIG BROTHER Military Applications Time or Engineering Effort

7. GPS in the news

8. Multiple S Curves for Accuracy Reliability Cost S Curves could also be applied to other factors such as size, battery life, ease of use etc.............

9. Product-Process Cycle Difficult to apply with our vision of the GPS system with product process cycle. A better application is with GPS mobile phones. Each product would have its own product process cycle. Product Estimated position of GPS system Process Fluid Transition Specific Mature

10. Dominant Design Model

11. Dominant Design Model 2000BC (Egypt) 1859AD (Canada) 312 BC (Rome) 1940AD (Great Britain + Allies) 290BC (Egypt) 1990AD (US) 247BC (China) 1993AD (US) 1730AD (Great Britain) 1995AD (US) 1761AD (Great Britain) 1999AD (US)

12. Diffusion Curve GPS Systems Europe China/India Time

13. Implications of this analysis for technology strategy for these organisations and potential entrants. Works well for a physical product evolution, but has difficulty contextually complex systems. System was too big to handle within the set time scale, the team boundaries were too big to manage. Boundaries would need to be rationalized (reduced, simplified). Market evolution not product specific More questions than answers, systems understanding expanded. In application of the dominant design model highlighted how complex the system is

14. Conclusions (Models)Presentation Critique for ease of use and their utility for decision making in technology strategy S-Curve Helps to indicate when to invest in new tech/products Dominant Systems Model Models too basic for multi dimensional technology convergence Diffusion Model Promotes understanding of current technology trajectory Product-Process Cycle Product specific, different applications Abstract level, N-dimensions

15. Conclusions (Reflections) Presentation Critique for ease of use and their utility for decision making in technology strategy Models used for indication only (creates discussion) All models are wrong but some are useful Enables visibility of technological paradigms Epistemological evolution Not a panacea Group had no tacit knowledge for successful application

16. References Bauer, A. “Some historical and technical aspects of radio navigation, in Germany, over the period 1907 to 1945”, 2004 http://www.xs4all.nl/~aobauer/Navigati.pdf