The document provides information about lectures on surveying topics including: - Classification of theodolites as transit, non-transit, vernier, and micrometer theodolites. - Uses of theodolites for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, locating points, and other surveying tasks. - Terms used in manipulating a transit vernier theodolite such as centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. - Bearings and the rules for converting whole circle bearings to quadrantal/reduced bearings. - Definitions of open and closed traverses and the formula to check the interior angles of a closed traverse. - An example problem on calculating

1. Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

2. Theory Max. Marks 100
Sessional Marks 20
– Attendance 10
– Test(s) 05
– Assignments 05
• Mid Semester Exam: 20
• Final Semester Exam: 60
• Practical Max. Marks 50
– Attendance 05
– Lab Evaluation Work 15
– Semester Lab Exam: 30 (Test + Viva)
Final Semester Examination will be of 3-hours duration for 3 CHs
course and each question paper will contain 5 questions without any
choice.
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

3.  Theodolite Traversing
 General, Types & Use of Theodolite.
 Adjustment of Transit Theodolite.
 Measurements of Bearings, Horizontal & Vertical.
 Traversing with Theodolite.
 Principles & Methods of Theodolite Traversing.
 Traverse computations, close error & its adjustments.
 Tachometric surveying
 System of tachometry, Principles & field procedures of tachometry.
 Use of tachometry for Traversing.
 Curves
 Field Astronomy
 Introduction of Geographical & Astronomical terms.
 Determination of True Meridian, Latitude & Longitude & Time for astronomical
observations.
 Hydrographic Surveying
 Photographic Surveying, Principles of Aerial & Terrestrial Photogrammetry, Arial
surveying.
 Trigonometric Surveying
 Tunnel Surveying
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

4. 1. Introduction to Surveying by: Jmes.M.Anderson
2. Surveying Vol (II + III) by: BC Punmia, 9th Edition
3. Surveying by: R.Agore, 4th Edition, Khanna publisher
India.
4. Surveying & Levelling by: T.P Kanetkar & S.V Kulkarni
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

5. So far we have been measuring horizontal angles
by using a Compass with respect to meridian, which is
less accurate and also it is not possible to measure
vertical angles with a Compass.
So when the objects are at a considerable distance
or situated at a considerable elevation or depression ,it
becomes necessary to measure horizontal and vertical
angles more precisely. So these measurements are taken
by an instrument known as a Theodolite.
Lecture No:01 Dt:7th Jan 2014

6. THEODOLITE SURVEYING
The system of surveying in which the angles are
measured with the help of a theodolite, is called
Theodolite surveying.
Lecture No:01 Dt:7th Jan 2014

7.  Theodolite is the most accurate instrument
used for measurement of horizontal and
vertical angles.
 It consist of a telescope by means of which
distant object can be sighted.
 Telescope has two different motions one in
the horizontal plane and the other in the
vertical plane.
 Theodolites are primarly classified as
 Transit and
 Non-Transit.
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

8. Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

9. THEODOLITE USED FOR:
The Theodolite is a most accurate surveying
instrument mainly used for :
 Measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
 Locating points on a line.
 Prolonging survey lines.
 Finding difference of level.
 Setting out grades
 Ranging curves
 Tacheometric Survey
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

10. Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

11. Theodolite Traversing Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

12. CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITES
Theodolites may be classified as ;
A.
i) Transit Theodolite.
ii) Non Transit Theodolite.
B.
i) Vernier Theodolites.
ii) Micrometer Theodolites.
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

13. A. Transit Theodolite: A theodolite is called a transit
theodolite when its telescope can be transited i.e
revolved through a complete revolution about its
horizontal axis in the vertical plane, whereas in a-
Non-Transit type, the telescope cannot be transited.
They are inferior in utility and have now become
obsolete.
CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITES
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

14. B. Vernier Theodolite: For reading the graduated circle if
verniers are used ,the theodolite is called as a Vernier
Theodolite.
Whereas, if a micrometer is provided to read the
graduated circle the same is called as a Micrometer
Theodolite.
Vernier type theodolites are commonly used.
CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITES
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

15. SIZE OF THEODOLITE
A theodolite is designated by diameter of the
graduated circle on the lower plate.
The common sizes are 8cm to 12 cm while 14 cm to
25 cm instrument are used for triangulation work.
Greater accuracy is achieved with larger theodolites as
they have bigger graduated circle with larger divisions
hence used where the survey works require high degree
of accuracy.
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

16. DESCRIPTION OF A
TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE
A Transit vernier theodolite essentially consist of the
following :
1. Levelling Head. 6. T- Frame.
2. Lower Circular Plate. 7. Plumb –bob.
3. Upper Plate. 8. Tripod Stand.
4. Telescope.
5. Vernier Scale.
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

17. TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
1.Centering: Centering means setting the
theodolite exactly over an instrument- station
so that its vertical axis lies immediately above
the station- mark. It can be done by means of
plumb bob suspended from a small hook
attached to the vertical axis of the theodolite.
The centre shifting arrangement if provided
with the instrument helps in easy and rapid
performance of the centering.
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

18. 2. Transiting :
Transiting is also known as plunging or reversing.
It is the process of turning the telescope about its
horizontal axis through 1800 in the vertical plane
thus bringing it upside down and making it point ,
exactly in opposite direction.
TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

19. 3. Swinging the telescope
It means turning the telescope about its vertical
axis in the horizontal plane.
A swing is called right or left according as the
telescope is rotated clockwise or counter
clockwise.
TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014

20. 4. Face Left
If the vertical circle of the instrument is on the
left side of the observer while taking a reading ,the
position is called the face left and
the observation taken on the horizontal or
vertical circle in this position, is known as the face
left observation
TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
Lecture No:02
Dt: 8th Jan 2014

21. 5. Face Right
If the vertical circle of the instrument is on the
right side of the observer while taking a reading
,the position is called the face right and
The observation taken on the horizontal or
vertical circle in this position, is known as the face
right observation.
TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

22. 6. Changing Face
It is the operation of bringing the vertical circle to
the right of the observer, if originally it is to the left ,
and vice – versa.
It is done in two steps; Firstly revolve the telescope
through 1800 in a vertical plane and then rotate it
through 1800 in the horizontal plane i.e first transit the
telescope and then swing it through 1800.
TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
Lecture No:01
Dt:7th Jan 2014

23. 7. Line of Collimation
LINE OF
COLLIMATION
DIAPHRAGM
TELESCOPE
It is also known as the line of sight .It is an
imaginary line joining the intersection of the cross-
hairs of the diaphragm to the optical centre of the
object- glass and its continuation.
TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014

24. 8. Axis of the telescope
AXIS OF THE TELESCOPE
TELESCOPE
It is also known an imaginary line joining the
optical centre of the object- glass to the centre of
eye piece.
OBJECT GLASS
.
TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014

25. 9. Axis of the Level Tube
It is also called the bubble line.
It is a straight line tangential to the longitudinal
curve of the level tube at the centre of the tube. It
is horizontal when the bubble is in the centre.
TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014

26. TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014

27. 10. Vertical Axis
It is the axis about which the telescope can be
rotated in the horizontal plane.
11. Horizontal Axis
It is the axis about which the telescope can be
rotated in the vertical plane.
It is also called the trunnion axis.
TERMS USED IN MANIPULATING
A TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE.
Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014

28. The horizontal angle which the line makes with some reference direction
or meridian is called bearing of a line. There are two types;
1. Whole Circle Bearing (WCB) 2. Quadrantal/Reduced Bearing
(RB)
1. WCB: In WCB, the angle measured clockwise from North to wards the
line.
2. RB: The angle measured clockwise or anticlockwise from North or
South towards the line.
Rule for conversion WCB into RB
In first quadrant RB = WCB
In 2nd quadrant RB = 180-WCB
In 3rd quadrant RB = WCB-180
In 4th quadrant RB = 360-WCB
Bearings Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014

29. Convert the following WCB to quadrant bearing by using rules of RB.
1. 680 32’
2. 1320 12’
3. 2360 37’
4. 3340 52’
Home work Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014

30. It is series of connected lines.
There are two types of traverse;
1. Open traverse 2. Close traverse
1. Open traverse: In open traverse
the last point does not meet
with the starting point.
2. Close traverse: In close traverse
the last point meet with the
starting point.
Traverse Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014

31. Sum of interior angles should be equal to
(2n-4) x90
Problem No:01:
The following are the interior angles of a closed traverse ABCDE
< A = 960 53’ 15”
< B = 750 03’ 17”
< C = 1590 05’ 15”
< D = 1280 33’ 43”
< E = 800 25’ 30”
Bearing of a line AB is 2870 54’ 10”, calculate the bearing of the
remaining sides of a traverse.
Check of Traverse Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014

32. Lecture No:02
Dt:8th Jan 2014