Civil engineering

1. 1
ENGINEERING SURVEYING
(CE-202)
Construction Surveying, Horizontal & Vertical Controls
Lec. Engr. Muhammad Sarir
Civil Engineering Department
Abasyn University, Peshawar

2. Construction surveying
 It (otherwise known as "lay-out" or "setting-out") is to
stake out reference points and markers that will guide
the construction of new structures such as roads or
buildings.
 These markers are usually staked out according to a
suitable coordinate system selected for the project..

3. History
 The nearly perfect squareness and north-south
orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700
BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying.
 A recent reassessment of Stonehenge (c.2500 BC)
suggests that the monument was set out by prehistoric
surveyors using peg and rope geometry.
 In the sixth century BC geometric based techniques
were used to construct the tunnel of Eupalinos on the
island of Samos.

4. Great pyramid
of Giza
Stonehuge
Tunnel of eupalinos

5. ELEMENTS
 Survey existing conditions of the future work site,
including topography, existing buildings and
infrastructure, and underground infrastructure
whenever possible.
 (for example, measuring invert elevations and
diameters of sewers at manholes);
 Stake out reference points and markers that will guide
the construction of new structures;
 Verify the location of structures during construction;
 Conduct an As-Built survey: a survey conducted at the
end of the construction project to verify that the work
authorized was completed to the specifications set on
plans.

6. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
CONTROL
 Control surveys establish a common, consistent network
of physical points that are the basis for controlling the
horizontal and vertical positions of transportation
improvement projects and facilities.
 Horizontal and vertical control are developed to create
a framework around which other surveys can be
adjusted.
 These control surveys are used for accurate mapping
projects in the construction of underground utility
systems, roadways, power lines, tunnels, and many
other high precision projects.

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 Corridor control surveys ensure that adjacent projects
have compatible control.
 Project control surveys provide consistent and accurate
horizontal and vertical control for all subsequent
project surveys — photogrammetric, mapping, planning,
design, construction, and right of way.
 HORIZONTAL CONTROL SURVEYS:
 Horizontal control surveys coordinate horizontal
positional data.
 These positions can be referenced by parallels or plane
coordinate axes.

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 Because they are used as a framework for other
surveys, these surveys must be precise and accurate.
 These surveys provide a network of monuments or
points on the ground that can be used as the control for
any other surveying project, such as a boundary or
construction survey.
 The advantages of using a horizontal control survey is
that lost monuments can be replaced accurately,
surveys can be coordinated, more than one network
station can provide a check to the work, and a
reduction in the cost of the project can be achieved.
 Most horizontals should (and will) be connected to the
control network.

9. VERTICAL CONTROL SURVEYS:
 A vertical control survey determines elevation with
respect to sea level.
 These surveys are also used as a benchmark upon which
other surveys are based and high degree of accuracy is
required.
 These surveys are useful for tidal boundary surveys,
route surveys, construction surveys and topographic
surveys.
 In a vertical control system, at least two permanent
benchmarks should be used, but more may be required
depending upon the needs and complexity of the
project

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 These projects are needed for the construction of water
and sewer systems, highways, bridges, drains, and other
major town or city infrastructure. These surveys can be
done alone, but are often done in conjunction with a
horizontal control survey.

11. Buildings
 INTRODUCTION: Setting out: In setting out, we transfer
design measurements into the field.
 Normal techniques and instruments are used.
 A structure must be correct in all 3 dimensions.
 Setting out must not delay the works.
 Principles:
 We need Horizontal Control Points, and we need points
of known elevation - Vertical Control points.

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 Set out design points from these control points.
 The control points are established during the original
measurement phase using a theodolite traverse or
similar.
 CONSIDERATIONS
 Recording and filing large numbers of field books etc
requires some systematic procedures.
 Regular inspections and adjustment of instruments are
necessary.

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 Design points must be set out from control framework,
not from other design points. This avoids an
accumulation of errors.
 Do site inspections at regular intervals, and check for
moved pegs.
 Checks where possible - independent check of design
points from additional control points

14. STAGES
 First stage Establish horizontal and vertical control
points.
 Fix corners of buildings, road centerlines, etc.
 Establish site clearance markers (for earthworks
operator).
 Second stage Ensure horizontal and vertical control of
buildings.
 Peg batter slopes for cuttings and embankments etc.

15. PRELIMINARIES
 1. Check design. Look for obstacles to setting out.
 2. Reconnaissance Do an on-site check. Decide the
location of control points.
 3. Traverse points for initial survey can become
horizontal control points later.
 4. Choose Bench Marks which should be referred to
nearby marker or Arbitrary Datum established. A survey
for engineering design usually produces a contour plan.

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 Works are superimposed on this initial plan as part of
the working drawings, which form part of the contract.
 Modifications to the design usually require production of
"as-built" drawings from an "as-built" survey
 HORIZONTAL CONTROL Setting out is about working from
the whole to the part.
 Secondary points (established from the primary control
points) are used close to the site to enable fast location
of design points.

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 Primary control points should be far enough away from
building activity to avoid damage.
 Primary control points should be set in concrete
 A subsidiary baseline may be established from primary
control points
 REFERENCE GRIDS
 1. Survey grid - usually based on original traverse -
known as eastings and northings - Control points are
original traverse points.

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 2.Site grid - specified by designer - usually coincides
with survey grid.
 3. Structural grid may be used to ensure building
accuracy (particularly of the verticals) and used to
locate building.
 PRECAUTIONS
 1. Instruments must be adjusted
 2. Measure horizontal distances, not slopes distances. If
you need to set out along the slope, ADD slope
correction.
 3. Make checks from other control points

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 4. Drive peg into ground at location of design point, and
use nail driven into peg to mark the exact point, where
high accuracy is required.
 VERTICAL CONTROL
 Points of Horizontal control are often used for levels
(vertical control) as well.
 One of these is usually made the Master Bench Mark,
while others become Temporary Bench Marks (TBMs).
 TBMs can be established in existing structures, or could
be a steel bar set in concrete.
 Accuracy must be appropriate to the type of
construction. Bench marks should be checked regularly.

20. Rail roads
 Railroads rely heavily on documentation like land
surveys for new projects, such as track and signal
installations.
 Though the railroad may use its own employees for
major construction, they often hire outside land
surveyors to eliminate conflict of interest and to shop
around for the best deal.
 As a surveyor, it's your duty to accurately map the land
owned by the railroad and give suggestions to personnel
as to the best locations for new track and signal
stations.

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 Step 1 Use a total station (a device that marries a distance
meter and a theodolite, an angle scope) to determine the
boundaries of land owned by the railroad in that geographic
area, be it just the land along the tracks on a subdivision or
the entirety of the rail yard.
 Set it up on one side of the land to be surveyed.
 Step 2 Go to the farthest point of the railroad land or
terminal area with a prism.
 The total station sends infrared light toward a stand-alone
prism.
 The light reflects off the prism to return to the station,
which records the distance.
 The station reports to a data collector.

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 Step 3 Mark each corner or edge of land using a Global
Positioning System (GPS) receiver, which reports the
exact geographic point to the data collector for storage.
 Step 4 Walk the area, mapping hills, rivers, buildings
and landmarks.
 Include present railroad track in use and old tracks,
noting switch and road grade crossing location.
 Step 5 Download the data from the collector onto a
computer program, like surfer, to calculate the size of
land owned by the railroad in that area, outlining the
boundaries.

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 Step 6 Write a report, suggesting the best areas to
construct new track, including curves and straights,
road grade crossings and signal shacks.
 Weigh the cost- effectiveness of installing curves versus
straights as to land rights and tangent land available for
purchase.
 Step 7 Give the survey report to the railroad's division
engineer, manager of track maintenance or local road
master, who may consult with outside contractors
before installing new track or buildings.

24. Pipelines
 Pipeline condition surveys examine the condition and
remaining operational lifetime of pipelines in all types
of buildings.
 Carrying out a survey enables you to anticipate future
repair needs and avoid unexpected leaks, pipe
breakages and unnecessary usage interruptions.
 Construction of Pipelines When a pipeline is built, the
construction project not only covers the civil work to
lay the pipeline and build the pump compressor
stations, it also has to cover all the work related to the
installation of the field devices that will support remote
operation.

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 The pipeline is routed along what is known as a 'right of
way'.
 Pipelines are generally built using the following stages:
 1. Route (right of way) Selection
 2. Surveying the route
 3. Clearing the route
 4. Trenching - Main Route and Crossings (roads, rail, other
pipes, etc.)
 5. Installing the pipe
 6. Installing valves, intersections, etc.
 7. Covering the pipe and trench.

26. Underground minning
 Total stations are the primary survey instrument used in
mining surveying.
 A total station is used to record the absolute location of
the tunnel walls, ceilings (backs), and floors as the
drifts of an underground mine are driven.
 The recorded data is then downloaded into a CAD
program, and compared to the designed layout of the
tunnel.

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 The survey party installs control stations at regular
intervals.
 These are small steel plugs installed in pairs in holes
drilled into walls or the back.
 For wall stations, two plugs are installed in opposite
walls, forming a line perpendicular to the drift.
 For back stations, two plugs are installed in the back,
forming a line parallel to the drift.
 A set of plugs can be used to locate the total station set
up in a drift or tunnel by processing measurements to
the plugs by intersection and resection.

28. Reference
 Construction Surveying and Layout: A Step-By-Step Field
Engineering Methods Manual (3rd Edition)
 by Wesley G. Crawford