This document provides information about an advanced surveying course. It outlines the course outcomes, which include applying geometric principles to solve surveying problems, using modern instruments to obtain and analyze geo-spatial data, and analyzing geodetic data to perform survey analysis. It also maps the course outcomes to various program outcomes related to engineering knowledge, problem analysis, design/development, investigations, tool usage, and more. Finally, it provides details about the course specification, textbook, assessment structure, units to be covered, and mapping of course to program outcomes.
Engineering surveying, 5...ition w. schofieldrnkhan
An important book for knowledge of all types of engineering surveys
Engineering Surveying. Sixth Edition. W. Schofield. Former Principal Lecturer, Kingston University. M. Breach. Principal Lecturer, Nottingham Trent University.
Engineering surveying, 5...ition w. schofieldrnkhan
An important book for knowledge of all types of engineering surveys
Engineering Surveying. Sixth Edition. W. Schofield. Former Principal Lecturer, Kingston University. M. Breach. Principal Lecturer, Nottingham Trent University.
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Introduction of surveying in Civil Engineering.MD Sakib Hasan
Did you know about surveying ? Surveying is an integral part of Civil Engineering discipline. you will able to know about ,what is surveying ? and learn about it can be use in many fields and for many purposes .
The Evolution of Traditional Urban Survey using Applicable Surveying TechniquesIJMER
This research deals with how to facilitate and manage surveying methods to accomplish
modernized and cost effective urban survey with best achievable accuracy. This is done by replacing
traditional surveying methods with modern methods from both theoretical and practical point of view. At
first, a theoretical assessment process on a tradition urban planning project in Saudi Arabia is
performed by replacing traditional urban planning techniques previously used with more applicable
surveying techniques as total stations regarding different matters such as applicability, cost and
accuracy. After approving the main idea of this modernization process, a practical urban planning case
study is performed using total station, geodetic GPS receivers and GPS navigators, on a private
settlement block consisting of 6 buildings in a crowded neighborhood of Cairo city. The applied
surveying techniques showed high efficiency regarding cost and effort, while saving observation time
reaching to 60%. Accordingly, the adopted practical application proved to be beneficial for all desired
aspects, as well as being promising for more extensive study areas in future.
Track 6 - Mobile Apps and computational systems as learning tools
Authors: Santiago E. Moll, José-A. Moraño, Luis M. Sánchez-Ruiz and Nuria Llobregat-Gómez
Distance Measurement & Chain Surveying
Contents
• Introduction About Surveying
.
• Primary Division Of Surveying • Classification Of Surveying • Distance Measurement And Chain Surveying • Principle Of Surveying • Types Of Tapes Based On The Materials Used • Erecting And Dropping A Perpendicular • Obstacle In Chain Survey • Types Of Errors • Corrections of Tape • Off –Sets • Ranging • Conclusion . • Homework And Next Lecture . • References.
-Definition of Surveying.
Types of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Survey
3. Cadastral surveying
4. Aerial Surveying
5. Hydro graphic Surveying (Hydro-Survey)
6. Topographical Survey
7. Engineering Survey.
Primary division of Surveying
Reconnaissance.
• This is preliminary survey of the land to be surveyed. It may be either
1-Ground reconnaissance 2- Aerial reconnaissance survey.
Objectives of Reconnaissance
1. To ascertain the possibility of building or constructing route or track through the area.
Classification of Surveying:
1- Classification based on the instruments used:
A. Chain Surveying.
B. Compass Surveying.
C. Theodolite Surveying.
D. Tachometric Surveying .
E. Trigonometric Surveying.
F. Total station and GPS.
G. Photogrammetric and Aerial Surveying.
H. Plan Table .
2- According to the method used:
i. Traversing .
ii. Triangulation .
iii. Tacheometric.
iv. Trigonometric.
3- According to the Purpose of surveying:
i. Engineering survey.
ii. Military survey.
iii. Geological survey .
iv. Topographical survey
Chain and Tape Survey
-Length& Distance Measurements.
-Distance Measurement and Chain Surveying.
• In general there are two methods:
1- Direct methods of measuring lengths
2- Indirect methods of measuring distances.
There are two kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.
*Linear measurements
*Angular measurements
-Instruments used in Chain Surveying.
Types of tapes based on the materials used.
.......
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Introduction of surveying in Civil Engineering.MD Sakib Hasan
Did you know about surveying ? Surveying is an integral part of Civil Engineering discipline. you will able to know about ,what is surveying ? and learn about it can be use in many fields and for many purposes .
The Evolution of Traditional Urban Survey using Applicable Surveying TechniquesIJMER
This research deals with how to facilitate and manage surveying methods to accomplish
modernized and cost effective urban survey with best achievable accuracy. This is done by replacing
traditional surveying methods with modern methods from both theoretical and practical point of view. At
first, a theoretical assessment process on a tradition urban planning project in Saudi Arabia is
performed by replacing traditional urban planning techniques previously used with more applicable
surveying techniques as total stations regarding different matters such as applicability, cost and
accuracy. After approving the main idea of this modernization process, a practical urban planning case
study is performed using total station, geodetic GPS receivers and GPS navigators, on a private
settlement block consisting of 6 buildings in a crowded neighborhood of Cairo city. The applied
surveying techniques showed high efficiency regarding cost and effort, while saving observation time
reaching to 60%. Accordingly, the adopted practical application proved to be beneficial for all desired
aspects, as well as being promising for more extensive study areas in future.
Track 6 - Mobile Apps and computational systems as learning tools
Authors: Santiago E. Moll, José-A. Moraño, Luis M. Sánchez-Ruiz and Nuria Llobregat-Gómez
Distance Measurement & Chain Surveying
Contents
• Introduction About Surveying
.
• Primary Division Of Surveying • Classification Of Surveying • Distance Measurement And Chain Surveying • Principle Of Surveying • Types Of Tapes Based On The Materials Used • Erecting And Dropping A Perpendicular • Obstacle In Chain Survey • Types Of Errors • Corrections of Tape • Off –Sets • Ranging • Conclusion . • Homework And Next Lecture . • References.
-Definition of Surveying.
Types of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Survey
3. Cadastral surveying
4. Aerial Surveying
5. Hydro graphic Surveying (Hydro-Survey)
6. Topographical Survey
7. Engineering Survey.
Primary division of Surveying
Reconnaissance.
• This is preliminary survey of the land to be surveyed. It may be either
1-Ground reconnaissance 2- Aerial reconnaissance survey.
Objectives of Reconnaissance
1. To ascertain the possibility of building or constructing route or track through the area.
Classification of Surveying:
1- Classification based on the instruments used:
A. Chain Surveying.
B. Compass Surveying.
C. Theodolite Surveying.
D. Tachometric Surveying .
E. Trigonometric Surveying.
F. Total station and GPS.
G. Photogrammetric and Aerial Surveying.
H. Plan Table .
2- According to the method used:
i. Traversing .
ii. Triangulation .
iii. Tacheometric.
iv. Trigonometric.
3- According to the Purpose of surveying:
i. Engineering survey.
ii. Military survey.
iii. Geological survey .
iv. Topographical survey
Chain and Tape Survey
-Length& Distance Measurements.
-Distance Measurement and Chain Surveying.
• In general there are two methods:
1- Direct methods of measuring lengths
2- Indirect methods of measuring distances.
There are two kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.
*Linear measurements
*Angular measurements
-Instruments used in Chain Surveying.
Types of tapes based on the materials used.
.......
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
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Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
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A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
3. at surveying
CourseOutcomes: Through the course students should be able to
Apply the knowledge of geometric principles to arrive
problems.
Use modern instruments to obtain geo-spatial data and analyze the same to
appropriate engineering problems.
Analyse geodetic data to process and perform analysis for survey problems
with the use of electronic instruments.
Understand and implement the different types of curves for deviating type
of alignments.
4. Program Outcomes (POs)
PO-1 Engineering knowledge::Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO-2 Problem analysis::Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO-3 Design/development of solutions::Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components
or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO-4 Conduct investigations of complex problems::Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO-5 Modern tool usage::Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations
PO-6 The engineer and society::Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal
and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO-7 Environment and sustainability::Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO-8 Ethics::Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering
practice.
PO-9 Individual and team work::Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
PO-10 Communication::Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO-11 Project management and finance::Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering, management
principles and apply the same to one’s own work, as a member or a leader in a team, manage projects efficiently in
respective disciplines and multidisciplinary environments after consideration of economic and financial factors.
PO-12 Life-long learning::Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
6. Course
Specification
LTP : 3:0:0 Credits : 3
Text Book : FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES by Dr.R.K
BANSAL
CA Structure :
3 Tests:
1 before MTE (3th week)
2 after MTE (9th and 10th week)
7. ▶ L:T:P– 3 : 0 : 0 Credits: 3
▶ Text Book
1. Kanetkar T P and S V Kulkarni, Surveying and Levelling Part 2, Pune Vidyarthi Griha
Prakashan
2. K.R. Arora, “SurveyingVol. 1” Standard Book House, New Delhi.
3. Sateesh Gopi, Global Positioning System, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New
Delhi.
1. S.K. Duggal, “SurveyingVol.I & II”, Tata McGraw Hi ll Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
2. R Subramanian, Surveying and Leveling, Second edition, Oxford University Press, New
Delhi.
3. DavidClerk, Plane and Geodetic SurveyingVol1 andVol2, CBS publishers.
4. B Bhatia, Remote Sensing and GIS , Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
5. T.M Lillesand,. R.W Kiefer,. and J.W Chipman, Remote sensing and Image
interpretation, 5th edition, John Wiley and Sons India
6. B.C. Punmia, “SurveyingVol.2”, Laxmi Publications pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
8. Unit 1
Tacheometric Surveying: Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, stadia constants, methods
of tacheometry, anallatic lens, subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors
and precisions.
Geodetic Surveying: Principle and Classification of triangulation system, Selection of base line
and stations, Orders of triangulation, Triangulation figures, Station marks and signals, marking
signals, Extension of base, Reduction of Centre, Selection and marking of stations.
Unit 2
Theory of Errors: Introduction, types of errors, definitions, laws of accidental errors, laws of
weights, theory of least squares, rules for giving weights and distribution of errors to the field
observations, determination of the most probable values of quantities.
9. Unit 3
Field Astronomy: Introduction, purposes, astronomical terms, determination of azimuth, latitude,
longitude and time corrections to the observations.
Aerial photogrammetry: Introduction, Principle, Uses, Aerial camera, Aerial photographs,
Definitions, Scale of vertical and tilted photograph, Ground Co-ordinates, Displacements and
errors, Ground control, Procedure of aerial survey, Photomaps and mosaics, Stereoscopes, Parallax
bar.
Unit 4
Modern Surveying Instruments: Introduction, Electromagnetic spectrum, Electromagnetic
distance measurement, Total station, Digital self-leveling levels, scanners for topographical survey.
10. Unit 5
Remote Sensing: Introduction, Principles of energy interaction in atmosphere and earth surface
features, Image interpretation techniques, visual interpretation, Digital image processing, Global
Positioning system.
Unit 6
Geographical Information System: Definition of GIS, Key Components of GIS, Functions of
GIS, Spatial data, spatial information system Geospatial analysis, Integration of Remote sensing
and GIS, Applications in Civil Engineering.
11. Surveying
•Surveying is the science and art of determining the
relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the
earth’s surface and locating the points in the field.
12. WhySurvey
Surveying allows us to get accurate and valid measurements of things that
are on the surface of the earth.
Phases of Survey
Field Work
* Data Procurement Phase
Office Work
* Analysed
* Reduced to useful form by mathematical calculations
* Adjusted
* Frequently converted to graphical mode of Expression
14. • The plain surveying is that type of surveying in which earth
surface is considered as a plane and the curvature of the earth is
ignored. In such surveying a line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight. The triangle formed by any three points
is considered as a plane triangle, and the angles of the triangle
are considered as plain angles.
• Surveying is carried out for a small area of less than 250 km2 . It is
carried out by local or state agencies like R & B department,
irrigation department, railway department.
PlainSurveying
16. GEODETICSURVEYING
• The geodetic surveying is that type of surveying in which the
curvature of the earth is takeninto account.
• It is generally extended over larger areas. the line joining any two
stations is considered as curved line.
• The triangle formed by any three points is considered to be spherical
and the angles of the triangle are considered tobe spherical angles.
• Geodetic surveying is conducted by the survey of India department
and is carried out for a larger area exceeding 250 km2
19. DifferenceBetweenPlainSurveying&GeodeticSurveying
No. PlainSurveying GeodeticSurveying
1 Theearthsurface isconsideredasplainSurface. Theearthsurface isconsideredasCurvedSurface.
2. TheCurvature of theearthis ignored Thecurvatureof earthistakeninto account.
3 Linejoining any twostationsisconsideredtobe
straight
Theline joining any twostationsisconsideredas spherical.
4. Thetriangle formed byany threepointsis
consideredas plain
TheTriangleformed byany threepointsisconsideredas
spherical.
5. Theanglesof triangle areconsideredasplain
angles.
Theanglesof thetriangle areconsideredasspherical
angles.
6. Carried outfor a small area< 250km2 Carried outfor a small area> 250km2
20. CLASSIFICATIONOF SURVEYING
Surveycan beclassifiedinto variouscategories dependingon
methodsused andnatureof thefield, basedon Purpose&Basedon
Instruments
• ClassificationbasedonNatureof field
LandSurvey
LandSurveyisdoneon land toprepareplan and mapsof a given area.
Topographical, city andcadastralsurveysaresomeof theexamplesof land
surveying
Land Survey Maps
22. AstronomicalSurvey
Thissurvey isconducted for thedeterminingof latitudes, longitudes,azimuths,
local time,etc. for variousplaces on earthbyobservingheavenlybodies(sun or
the stars).
23. AerialSurvey
An aerial survey is conducted from aircraft. Aerial cameras take photographs
of the surface of the earth in overlapping strips of land. This is also known as
photographic survey.
Aerial Survey Map
24. • ClassificationbasedonPurpose
GeologicalSurvey
In this both surface and subsurface surveying are conducted to locate
different mineralsand rocks.In addition, geological featuresof theterrain
such asfolds and faultsare located.
Geological Survey Map
25. MineSurvey
Mine Surveyincludes include bothsurface and underground surveys.Itisconducted for
the exploration of mineral deposits and to guide tunneling and other operations
associatedwith mining.
W A ST E D U M P
MN
A B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
I NDEX
PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE GROUND CONTROLPOINTS
CO- ORDINAT E S OF GROUNDCONTROL POINTS
N 10°50'52" E076°49' 53"
10°50' 45"E076°50' 30"
GCP-1 GCP-2 GCP-3
M.L.Boundary
7.5mSafetyZone
Workings
Contours
Nallah
Canal
WasteDump
RetainingWall
WaterGarland Drain
Core BoreHoles
Statutorybuildings
RopeWayLine
66 K.VPowerLine
ExistingPlantation
MineApproach
Roads
CHECKBUND
GPSCO- ORDINATESOFBOUNDARYPOINTS
B OU ND ARY LAT IT UDE LONGITU DE B OU ND ARY LAT IT UDE LONGITU DE P ILLARS P ILLARS
A N 10°51'34. 0 0" E076 °45'53. 00" H N 10°51'21. 0 0" E076 °46'47. 00"
B N 10°51'34. 0 0" E076 °46'06. 00" I N 10°51'09. 0 0" E076 °46'40. 00"
N 10°51'08 0 0" E07 6°46 00. 00"
C N 10°51'44. 0 0" E076 °46'06. 00" J
D N 10°51'47. 0 0" E076 °46'22. 00" K
N10°51'13. 00" E07 6°46'00. 00"
E N 10°51'47. 0 0" E076 °47'24. 00" L N10°51'13. 00" E07 6°45'48. 00"
F N 10°51'39. 00" E07 6°47'24. 00" M N 10°51'23. 0 0" E07 6°45'51. 00"
G N 10°51'21. 0 0" E076 °47'06. 00"
G CP-2
G CP-1
G CP-3
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Crushing &
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26. ArchaeologicalSurvey
Itisconducted tolocate relics of antiquity,civilization, kingdoms, forts,temples,
etc.
MilitarySurvey
It has a very important and critical applications in the military. Aerial surveys are
conducted for this purpose. It is conducted to locate strategic positions for the purpose
of army operations.
Military Survey Map
31. TheodoliteSurvey
In theodolite survey thehorizontalangles are measured with thetheodolite more
preciselythan compassand thelinearmeasurementsaremadewith a chain ortape
32. TachometrySurvey
A special typeof theodoliteknown astachometerisusedtodeterminehorizontaland
verticaldistances indirectly
33. LevelingSurvey
This type of survey is used to determine the vertical distances (elevations) and
relative heights of pointswiththehelp of an instrumentknown aslevel.
35. co-ordinates) aremade
EDM (ElectronicDistanceMeasurement)Survey
In this type of survey all measurements ( length, angles,
with thehelp of EDM instrument(i.e.. Total Station).
36. GPS(GlobalPositioningSystems)Survey
GPS was rapidly adapted for surveying, as it can give a position (Latitude,
Longitude and Height) directly, without the need to measure angles and
distances between intermediate points. Survey control could now be
established almost anywhere and it was only necessary to have a clear view
of the sky so the signal from the GPS satellites could be receivedclearly.
37. DGPS(DifferentialGlobalPositioningSystems)Survey
This Type of Surveys Which Are Carried Out Using The Differential GPS. It Achieves Higher
Positional Accuracy By Making Use Of The Differential Capabilities Of Two Or More GPS Antenna
Linked By A Radio Signal.
39. Traversing
A Traversing is circuit of survey lines. It may be open or closed. When the linear
measurements are done with a chain and a tape and the directions or horizontal
angles are measured with a compass or a theodolite respectively the survey is called
traversing.
Open Traversing Map Closed Traversing Map
40. Advanced surveying
equipments
• Electronic Theodolite
• EDM – Electronic distance measurement eqp.
• Auto Level.
• Digital Level.
• Laser Level.
• Laser Distance meter
• T
otal station.
• GPS – global positioning system.
41.
42. 1.Electronic Thoedolite
• For precise surveys the vernier theodolites are
replaced by modern theodolites such as optical
and electronic theodolites.
• The electronic theodolites have optical
system to scan both horizontal and vertical
circles and display them digitally on a screen
43. 2. EDM (Electronic Distance
meter)
1. EDM is Electronic Distance meter
2. Measurement of distance is done by a
modulated microwave or infrared
carrier signal
3. The distance is determined by emitting
and receiving multiple frequencies, and
determining the integer number of
wavelengths to the target for each
frequency.
44. 3. Auto Level
• Now most commonly used levelling instruments are - Auto level.
• Auto level, as name sounds it has a auto level compensator and
corrects automatically if instrument goes out of level within it’s
range.
• With auto level:-
1. Survey work can be done fast,
2. Less chances of error,
3. Magnification available is more,
4. Range is more,
5. Image is erect so less chances of error.
45. 4. Digital Level
• They are not popular instead auto levels are more
extensively used.
• The Trimble DiNi Digital Level : Determine accurate
height information 60% faster than with automatic
leveling
• Eliminate errors and reduce reworkwith digital
readings
• Transferdata to the office easily
• Measure to a field ofjust 30 cm
46. 5. Laser Level
• The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation and is the name
applied to an intense beam of highly monochromatic,
coherent light.
• Laser rangefinders use these relationships to
calculate Distance
• Distance = speed of light * (time/2)
• The time refers to time of pulse to go from the
instrument to the tree and back again
• Byusing this Laser distance meter wecan
calculate the distance, area and volume
accurately
• We can use this in night also
47. 6. GPS – Global Positioning
System.
What isGPS?
🠶 GPS, which stands forGlobal PositioningSystem, is
the only system today able to show you your exact
position on the Earth anytime, in any weather,
anywhere.
🠶 Global PositioningSystem –A network of satellites
(24 total – 21 in use, 3 spares) that continuously
transmit coded information which makes it
possible to precisely identify locations on earth by
measuring distance from the satellites.
48.
49.
50.
51. 7.EDM + Theodolite
• EDM is used to measure the horizontal
distances.
• Some EDM are attached with electronics
theodolite which has the adapter system.
• Some are advanced models which itself reads the
distance without theodolite
52. 8.T
otal Station
• A Totalstation integrates the functions of a
Electronic theodolite for measuring angles,
an EDM for measuring distances, digital data
and a data recorder
• Angles and distances, coordinates and height
differences and many other items
can be computed, displayed and stored into
internal memory.