1) The document discusses the objectives and principles of surveying and leveling. It aims to enable students to understand land surveying theory and practice, prepare maps, and use modern survey instruments.
2) Surveying involves measuring horizontal distances, vertical angles, and positions to represent land features on plans and maps. It is the first step for engineering projects.
3) Leveling specifically measures relative heights using measurements in the vertical plane.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
Introduction of surveying in Civil Engineering.MD Sakib Hasan
Did you know about surveying ? Surveying is an integral part of Civil Engineering discipline. you will able to know about ,what is surveying ? and learn about it can be use in many fields and for many purposes .
In some cases it will be watched that numerous checks like waterways, channels, lakes. thick wildernesses, trench, structures, and so on lie on the chain line. These obstructions can be kept away from in tying operation by applying some principal geometric principles.
In this ppt you will find about the Types of obstacles in chain surveying and the solutions to overcome this obstacles.
To see more about chain surveying visit here http://wikienvironment.org/chain-surveying
This ppt presentation covers compass surveying, which explains principal of compass surveying, Types of compass, Difference between compass, Bearing, Definitions related to compass surveying etc.
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
Introduction of surveying in Civil Engineering.MD Sakib Hasan
Did you know about surveying ? Surveying is an integral part of Civil Engineering discipline. you will able to know about ,what is surveying ? and learn about it can be use in many fields and for many purposes .
In some cases it will be watched that numerous checks like waterways, channels, lakes. thick wildernesses, trench, structures, and so on lie on the chain line. These obstructions can be kept away from in tying operation by applying some principal geometric principles.
In this ppt you will find about the Types of obstacles in chain surveying and the solutions to overcome this obstacles.
To see more about chain surveying visit here http://wikienvironment.org/chain-surveying
Content- Introduction to surveying and leveling
Object and Uses of Surveying, Fundamental Principles of Surveying, Introduction to conventional methods and equipment used for surveying and Leveling
Introduction to modern equipment’s used in surveying- EDM, Total Station, GIS,GPS, Remote sensing, planimeter.
Introduction to Topo sheets and use of maps.
Surveying is a very important part of Civil Engineering. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Transition curve and Super-elevation
Transition Curve
Objectives of Transition Curve
Properties Of Transition Curve
Types Of Transition Curve
Length Of Transition Curve
Superelevation
Objective of providing superelevation
Advantages of providing superelevation
Superelevation Formula
Numerical
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
3. – Specific Objectives of Course:
– To enable students to understand theory and practice of
land surveying.
– To enable students in reading and preparing surveying
maps.
– To develop skills to use modern survey instruments.
4. Surveying
– Surveying is the art of finding the relative positions of different features
above, on or beneath the surface of the earth by taking measurements of
Horizontal distances, vertical directions and angles, and finally
representing them as plans, maps and sections.
– Surveying is the first step for the execution of any project and the success
of any engineering project depends upon the accurate and complete
survey work.
– The application of surveying requires the knowledge of mathematics,
physics and. To some extent, astronomy
5. Leveling
– Branch of surveying which deals only with the measurement
of relative heights of different points on, above or below the
surface of the earth is called leveling. Thus in leveling, the
measurements are taken in the vertical plane only.
6. Objective of Surveying
– Basic objective of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to show
the relative positions of the objects on the surface of the earth,
also compute areas and volumes, lay out of engineering
works using survey data and checking accuracy of laid
out work
– The map or plan is drawn to some suitable scale. It also shows
boundaries of districts, states, and countries too. It also includes
details of different engineering features such as buildings, roads,
railways, dams, canals etc.
7. – Collect and record data of points on the surface of the
earth
– Compute areas and volumes
– Prepare plans and maps
– Lay out engineering works using survey data
– Check the accuracy of laid out works
9. Applications/uses of surveying
– To prepare the topographical map which shows hills, rivers, forests,
valleys, etc.
– To prepare the engineering map showing engineering details like
highways, railways, canals, dams, reservoirs, etc.
– To prepare archeological map showing the places where ancient relics
may have lied.
– To prepare cadastral map showing boundaries of properties like houses,
buildings, fields, colonies, etc.
– To prepare a military map showing different strategic points important
for the defense of a country. etc
10. Principles of Surveying
– The fundamental principle upon which the various
methods of plane surveying are based can be stated
under the following two aspects.
– (1)Working from whole to parts.
– (2)Location of a point by measurement from two points
of reference
11. Working from whole to part
– According to this principle, it is always desirable to
carryout survey work from whole to part. This
means, when an area is to be surveyed, first a
system of control points is to be established
covering the whole area with very high precision.
Then minor details are located by less precise
methods.
12. – The idea of working this way is to prevent the
accumulation of errors and to control and
localize minor errors which, otherwise, would
expand to greater magnitudes if the reverse
process is followed, thus making the work
uncontrolled at the end.
13. 2)Location of a point by measurement
from two points of reference
– According to this principle, the relative position of a
point to be surveyed should be located by measurement
from at least two points of reference, the positions of
which have already been fixed.
14. If P and Q are the two
reference points on the
ground, any other point,
such as R, can be located by
any of the direct methods
shown in the figures.
15. Classification of surveying
– Primary classification
– (a) plane surveying
– (b) Geodetic surveying
– Secondary classification
– (a) Based on Methods
– (b) Based on nature of field
– (c) Based on Purpose
– (d) Based on instruments
16. Primary classification
– (a) plane surveying
– Surveys in which the earth surface is assumed to be plane and the
curvature of the earth is ignored are known as plane surveys. Surveys
covering an area up to 250 𝑘𝑚2 may be treated as plane surveys.
– It is to be noted that the difference in length between the arc and, the
subtended chord on the earth surface for A distance of 18.2 km is only
0.1 m.
– Plane surveys are used for the layout of highways, railways, canals,
fixing boundary pillars, construction of bridges, factories, etc
18. (b) Geodetic surveying
– The surveys in which the curvature of the earth is taken
into account and higher degree of accuracy in linear and
angular observations is achieved, are k
– The geodetic surveys extend over large areas and lines
connecting any two points on the surface of the earth
are treated as arcs. It is also called trigonometric surveys.
– Geo survey is conducted for area larger than 250 km2.
20. Secondary classification
– (a) Based on Methods
– (i) Triangulation survey
– Triangulation is a surveying method in which area is divided in number of triangles
and measures the angles in a triangle formed by three survey control points. Using
trigonometry and the measured length of just one side, the other distances in the
triangle are calculated.
– (ii) Traverse Survey
– Survey in a network of connected straight lines whose length and angles are
measured by a chain or tape and by an angle measuring instrument is called traverse
survey.
21. Secondary classification
– (b) Based on nature of field
– (i) Land surveying
– (ii)Marine Surveying
– (iii)Astronomical Surveying
– Land surveying is further divided in
– Topographical surveys: The surveys which are carried out to determine the
natural features of a country such as hills, valleys, rivers, lakes, wooded areas,
etc. and the artificial features such as roads, railways, towns, villages, canals,
buildings, etc. are called topographical surveys.
22. – Cadastral surveys: The surveys which are generally plotted to a larger
scale than topographical surveys and are carried out to determine the
boundaries of fields, houses, estates and other properties are called
cadastral survey.
– City surveys: The surveys which arc carried out for the construction of
roads, parks, water supply system, sewer system and other
constructional works for any developing township arc called city surveys.
The city maps, which arc prepared for the tourists, are known as Guide
Maps.
– (ii) Marine or Navigation Surveys: The surveys which are carried- out to
determine the positions of harbors and the courses of ships are called
marine or navigation surveys.
23. Secondary classification
– (c) Based on Purpose
– Followings are Based on Purpose
– Hydrographic surveying: The surveys which deal with the measurement of water
bodies like seas, rivers, lakes. gulfs, etc. for the purpose of navigation, development
of port facilities, prediction of tides and determination of mean sea level arc called
hydrographic surveys.
– Engineering or Project Surveys: The surveys which are carried out to collect data
for planning, design and construction or an engineering project like highways,
railways, irrigation canals. water supply, sewage disposal. tunnels, dams, reservoirs,
etc. are called engineering or project surveys.
24. – Military or Defense Surveys: The surveys which are carried out for preparation of
maps of the areas of strategic or military importance are called military surveys..
– Mine or Exploratory Surveys: The surveys which are carried out for exploration or
hidden mineral wealth beneath the surface or the ground, i.e., coal, copper, gold
mines, etc. arc called mine surveys. .
– Geological Surveys: The surveys which arc carried out to ascertain the composition of
the earth crust, i.e. different strata or rocks or the earth crust, arc called geological
surveys.
– Archaeological Surveys: The surveys which are carried out to prepare maps of
ancient culture, i.e. antiquities, are called archaeological surveys.
– Reconnaissance Survey: A preliminary survey to inspect the area before the actual
detailed survey to ascertain how the survey works can be executed in the best
possible ways called reconnaissance survey.
25. Secondary classification
– (d) Based on instruments
– Chain/Tape Surveying
– Electronic Distance Machine(EDM) Surveying
– Theodolite surveying
– Tacheomatric Surveying
– Total Station Surveying