Chain survey_Surveying, Civil Engineering

Prepared By
Prof. Ashish Makwana
Civil Engg. Dept.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 1

PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
• Introduction
• Methods for making linear measurement
• Types of Chain
• Types of Tapes
• Terms related with chain surveying
• Point for selection of survey station + Operation in
chain surveying
Prof. Ashish Makwana 2

LINEAR
MEASUREMENT
2.
INSTRUMENT
USED IN
CHAINING
3.
CHAIN SURVEYING
4.
OPERATION IN
CHAIN SURVEYING
1.Chaining
2.Ranging
3.offfsetting
5.
OBSTACLES
6.
ERROR IN CHAINING
7.
TAPE
CORRECTION
1. INTRODUCTION
3Prof. Ashish Makwana

INTRODUCTION :-
What is Linear
measurement?
Measurement of
horizontal distance
between two points
on the surface of the
earth.
A---------------------B

ranging
rod at -A
Distance between A & B ,m
ranging rod
at -B
5
GROUND

6
There are three methods for making
linear measurement :
Direct Methods
Optical Methods
E.D.M. Methods

Direct Methods without instruments
1) Judging the distance
2) Pacing
3) Time interval

2) Pacing

Direct Methods with instruments
1) Chain
2) Odometer
3) Passometer
4) Pedometer
5) Speedometer

Chain
11
Engineer’s Chain

Odometer
12
An Odometer is a simple device which can be attached to
the wheel of a bicycle or any such vehicle.

oThe odometer registers the number of revolution
made by the wheel.
oThe distance covered is equal to the product of
the number of revolutions and the perimeter of
the wheel.

Passometer

The Passometer counts your steps
It is a small instrument which counts the number of paces.

Pedometer

The Pedometer measures distances
Pedometer directly gives the distance by multiplying the number of
paces with the average pace length of the person .

Speedometer
19
This is used in automobiles for measuring distances.

• 1.Chain -
• 1.Metric
• 2.Gunter’s
• 3.Engineer’s
• 4.Revenue
• 5.Steel band or band chain
• 2.Tapes -
• 1.Cloth of linen tape
• 2.Fibre glass
• 3.Metallic tape
• 4.Steel
• 5.Invar tape
• 3.Arrow
• 4.Ranging rods and Offset rods
• 5.Pegs
• 6.Plumb bob
Instrument used

Types of Chain
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm
diameter known as link.
• It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100
links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of
0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
• This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links
each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
• This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
• This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for
smaller areas.

Steel Band chain : It is more preferable than chains because they
are more accurate, but the disadvantage is that they get broken
easily and are difficult to repair in the field.
• They are 20 or 30 m long, 12 to 16 mm wide and 0.3 to 0.6 mm
thick.
Types of Tapes
Cloth tape or Linen Tape : they are woven linen and varnished
to resist moisture.
• They are generally 10m, 20m, 30m long and 12 to 15 mm wide.
Fibre tape : These tapes are similar to linen and plastic coated
tapes but these are made of Glass Fibre.
• These tapes are don’t stretch and shrink due to temperature.
• It is available in 20m, 30m and 50 m length.

Metallic Tape : A linen tape reinforced with brass or copper
wires to prevent the stretching or twisting of fibres is called a
metallic tape.
• It is commonly used for taking offsets in chain surveying.
Steel tape : It is made up with steel material and commonly
available in 20 m, 30m or 50m length.
• It is graduated in mt and cm.
Invar Tape : It is made of an alloy of nickel 36 % and steel 64 %
having very low thermal expansion. These are 6mm wide and
generally available in 30m, 50m and 100m.

Arrows :
• Arrows are made of tempered steel wire of dia 4mm. One end
of the arrow is bent into ring of diameter 50mm and other end
is pointed.
• Its overall length is 400mm. Arrows are used for counting the
number of chains while measuring chain line. And it is also
used to established a intermediate station.
Ranging Rods or Offset rods :
• Ranging rods are used for ranging some intermediate points on
the survey line.
• It is generally 2 to 3 m in length and are painted with alternate
bands of black and white or red colors with length of each
equalizing 20 cm.
• The offset rod is similar to the ranging rod with the expectation
that instead of the hook, a flag is provided at the top.

Pegs :
• Pegs are made of timber or steel and they are used to mark the
position of the stations or terminal points of survey line.
• Wooden pegs are 15cm long and driven in to the ground with
the help of hammer.
Plumb-Bob :
• It is used to transfer points on the ground. It is also used for
fixing the instruments exactly over the station point marked on
the ground by checking the center of the instrument whether
coincides with the center of the peg.

Chain
surveying
• In chain surveying - only linear measurement is
taken in the field – no angular measurement are
taken.
• Done for small area and work .
• 1.Locate boundary of plot / land
• 2.Locate existing features
• Area is divided in to network of triangles and
sides of triangles are measured directly with -
chain or tape.
• Principle of chain surveying :-
• Triangulation is the principle of chain surveying.
• Triangulation means - To divide area in to
network of well conditional triangles ( angles >
30° and < 120°) of suitable sides.

Main
Station -A
Main Station -D Main
Station -
C
Main
Station -B
BASE LINE
CHECK LINE
TIE LINE
MAIN SURVEY LINE
building
pond
32
temple
T2
T1
S2
S1

ranging
rod at -A
ranging rod
at -B
33
A
S2
S1
T2
T1
D
C
B
BASE LINE
CHECK LINE
TIE LINE

ranging
rod at -A
ranging rod
at -B
34
A
S2
S1
T2
T1
D
C
B
Offset
BASE LINE
CHECK LINE
TIE LINE

Terms
related
with
chain
surveying
• (1) Survey station :- means points at the beginning and at the
end of a main survey line or chain line
• Types
• 1.Main station :-
• Taken along boundary of an area as control points
• Line joining main station – main survey line
• main survey line – should cover whole survey area
• Denoted by , with letter A,B, C,D, etc.
• 2.Subsidiary station :-
• Station on the – main survey line or any other survey lines
• Line joining subsidiary station – subsidiary survey line
• Taken to
• 1.divide area in to triangles.
• 2.Checking accuracy of triangles
• 3.Locating internal details
• Denoted by , with letter S1, S2, S3 etc.

Terms
related
with
chain
surveying
• 3.Tie station :-
• Taken on main survey line
• Line joining tie station tie line
• 1.Locating internal details
• Denoted by , with letter T1, T2, T3 etc.
• (2) Main survey line :-
• Line joining main station – called main survey line or chain
line.
• AB ,BC ,CD and DA -main survey line
• (3) Base line:-
• It creates frame work of survey is built
• Most imp line
• longest of main survey line is considered as base line
• Taken through level ground & measure accurately.

Terms
related
with
chain
surveying
• (4) Check line :-
• Line joining apex point of triangle to some fixed points on its
base.
• 1.Check accuracy of triangles
• 2.Locate internal details
• CS1 , AS2 etc.- check line
• (3) Tie line:-
• Line joining tie station
• 1.Avoid long offset
• 2.Locate internal details – which are far away form main line
• T1T2 – tie line

Point for
selection
of survey
station
+
Operation
in chain
surveying
• 1.Station – should be intervisible
• 2.Should be minimum
• 3.Should form well conditional triangle
• 4.Should be so located to form – base , check, and tie – line
• 5.Selected within the boundary of survey area
• 6.Taken through level ground.
• Operation in chain surveying
• 1.Chaining
• 2.Ranging
• 3.Offseting

THANK YOU

Chain survey_Surveying, Civil Engineering

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