This document provides an overview of surveying. It defines surveying as determining relative positions of points on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal distances, angles, and details. The objectives are to prepare maps and plans showing positions of objects and engineering features. There are different types of surveying based on instruments used, methods, purposes, and areas surveyed. Primary divisions are plane and geodetic surveying. Fundamental principles include working from whole to part and locating new stations by two measurements from fixed references. Surveying has various applications like topographical, cadastral, and engineering mapping.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. ... The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and NO angular measurements are taken.
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. ... The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and NO angular measurements are taken.
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Techniques of Land Surveying
The structure of Presentation:
Introduction to Land Survey
History of Land Survey
Types of Land Survey
Measurements
Modern Technologies
Geographical Information System
Photogrammetry
LiDAR
Airborne LiDAR
3D laser scanners
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
A small description about the principle and operation of widely used instrument 'Total Station' in Civil Engineering and Global Positioning System through a technical view...!
Practical Surveying
Profile Cross-Section
1- Report number ,, 6,,,
2-Report name
Profile and cross –section leveling.
Procedure of profile:
1 - Specify the direction of the longitudinal section
(path section) by selecting the location of the station, which should be equal in distances (15, 20, 25, and 50) m according the nature of the earth's surface.
2 - Start leveling process by leveling the •stations from known Bench mark and this process is closed in order to confirm the accuracy of the survey process.
Cross-Sections
•Sections at right angles to the centerline of a proposed or
existing project such as a road
•Scale 1/50 or 1/100 for both horizontal and vertical axes.
APPARATUS
1-Level instrument
2-tripod
3-staff
4-tape
5-pin
6-range pole
OBJECT
Longitudinal leveling is an operation of doing a
leveling job to determine .
The profile of a ground surface along a given line
this is generally the center line of purposed
Alignment .such as
Highway , railway ,pipeline , and sewerage
CROSS- SECTION
Of the project station for calculation (cut and fill )
Area –volume of earth.
CALCULATION
1-Grade A = Ground A
2-Grade B= grade (A) + Slope × Distance(A & B)
3-Grade C=grade(A) + Slope × Distance (A & C)
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Techniques of Land Surveying
The structure of Presentation:
Introduction to Land Survey
History of Land Survey
Types of Land Survey
Measurements
Modern Technologies
Geographical Information System
Photogrammetry
LiDAR
Airborne LiDAR
3D laser scanners
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
A small description about the principle and operation of widely used instrument 'Total Station' in Civil Engineering and Global Positioning System through a technical view...!
Practical Surveying
Profile Cross-Section
1- Report number ,, 6,,,
2-Report name
Profile and cross –section leveling.
Procedure of profile:
1 - Specify the direction of the longitudinal section
(path section) by selecting the location of the station, which should be equal in distances (15, 20, 25, and 50) m according the nature of the earth's surface.
2 - Start leveling process by leveling the •stations from known Bench mark and this process is closed in order to confirm the accuracy of the survey process.
Cross-Sections
•Sections at right angles to the centerline of a proposed or
existing project such as a road
•Scale 1/50 or 1/100 for both horizontal and vertical axes.
APPARATUS
1-Level instrument
2-tripod
3-staff
4-tape
5-pin
6-range pole
OBJECT
Longitudinal leveling is an operation of doing a
leveling job to determine .
The profile of a ground surface along a given line
this is generally the center line of purposed
Alignment .such as
Highway , railway ,pipeline , and sewerage
CROSS- SECTION
Of the project station for calculation (cut and fill )
Area –volume of earth.
CALCULATION
1-Grade A = Ground A
2-Grade B= grade (A) + Slope × Distance(A & B)
3-Grade C=grade(A) + Slope × Distance (A & C)
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Content- Introduction to surveying and leveling
Object and Uses of Surveying, Fundamental Principles of Surveying, Introduction to conventional methods and equipment used for surveying and Leveling
Introduction to modern equipment’s used in surveying- EDM, Total Station, GIS,GPS, Remote sensing, planimeter.
Introduction to Topo sheets and use of maps.
Introduction of surveying in Civil Engineering.MD Sakib Hasan
Did you know about surveying ? Surveying is an integral part of Civil Engineering discipline. you will able to know about ,what is surveying ? and learn about it can be use in many fields and for many purposes .
Surveying is a very important part of Civil Engineering. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Introduction
Surveying : - Surveying is the art and science of determining the relative
position of various points on the surface of the earth by measuring the
horizontal distances, angles and taking the details of these points and by
preparing a map or plan to any suitable scale.
Levelling : - Levelling is a branch of surveying which deals with the
measurements of relative heights of different points on or below the surface
of the earth.
Objective of surveying –
To prepare map or plan to show the relative positions of objects.
Details of different engineering features such as building, roads,
railways, dams, canals etc.
3. The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to show
the relative positions of the objects on the surface of the earth.
The map or plan is drawn to some suitable scale.
It shows boundaries of districts, states and countries too.
It also includes details of different engineering features such
as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals etc.
Aims of Surveying
4. Applications of Surveying
Surveying may be used for following purposes:
1) To prepare a topographical map which shows hills,
valleys, rivers, forests, villages, towns etc.
2) To prepare a cadastral map which shows the boundaries of
field, plots, houses and other properties.
3) To prepare an engineering map which shows the positions
of engineering works such as buildings, roads, railways,
bridges, reservoirs, canals, etc.
4) To prepare a contour map to know the topography of the
area to find out the best possible site for roads, railways,
bridges, reservoirs, canals, etc.
5) Surveying is also used to prepare military map, geological
map, archeological map, etc.
6) For setting out of works and transferring details from the
map on the ground.
5.
6. Primary Divisions of Surveying
(1) Plane surveying
Earth surface is considered as plane.
Line joining two point straight line.
Use up to area less than 250 sq.km.
(2) Geodetic Surveying
Curvature or the earth taken into
account.
Line joining two point is curved line.
Use when area more the 250 sq.km.
7. Fundamental Principles of Surveying
1. Always work from the whole to
the part.
2. To locate a new station by at
least two measurements from
fixed references points.
8. Classification based on Instruments
Classifications of surveying
Classification
of Surveying
Chain
Survey
Compass
Survey
Chain &
Compass
Survey
Plane
Table
Survey
Theodolite
Survey
Tachometric
Survey
Levelling
Survey
Photogram
metric
Survey
EDM
Survey
9. 1. Land Survey
2. Hydrographic Survey
3. Astronomic survey
4. Aerial Survey
Classification based on Methods
Classification based on Purposes
Classification based on Nature & Field
1. Geological Survey
2. Mine Survey
3. Archaeological Survey
4. Military Survey
1. Triangulation
2. Traversing
10. Plans and Maps
1. The graphical representation is
called a plan if the scale is large.
2. A plan is drawn on a large
scale.
3.Scale 1 cm = 10 m or < 10 m
4.On a plan, generally horizontal
distances and directions are
shown.
5.A plan is drawn for small area.
e.g. – plan of house
– plan of bridge
1.The graphical representation is
called a map if the scale is small.
2.A map is drawn on a small scale.
3. Scale 1 cm = 100 m or > 100 m
4.On a topographic map, vertical
distances (Elevations) are also
shown by contour lines.
5.A map is drawn for large area.
e.g. – map of Gujarat
– map of India
10
11. Elements of Engineering By: Dr. R.B. Khasiya 2013-14, Mahajan
Publishing House.
Elements of Engineering By: Rajesh k. Jain & Pradeep P Lodha.,
Tata Mc Grow-Hill’s.
References