This presentation cover only chain surveying using chain and tape, and required instruments. it also covers methods of ranging.

1. BY: Rakesh Kumar Verma
A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r , ( P . I . E . T )
P a r u l U n i v e r s i t y , V a d o d a r a
SURVEYING: Linear
Measurements

2. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS
 measurement of distances between points on the
surface of the earth
 In Horizontal (Assumed) plane
p2p1

3. Methods of
LINEAR SURVEYING
 Direct measurement
Distances are actually measured on the surface of the earth
using Chain or Tape measurements 0r Ranging
 Indirect Measurements
Measurement by optical means
Observations are taken through a telescope and distances
are determined by calculation as in tachometer or triangulation
Electronic methods
Distances are measured with instruments that rely on
propagation, reflection and subsequent reception of either radio or light
waves

4. Direct
Measurements
Directly Measure
Distance on Ground
Using:
1. Chain or
2. Tape
3. Arrow
4. Ranging Rod
5. Cross Staff
CHAIN
ARROW
TAPE

5. Length:10cm to 60cm
Sides:15mm to 25mm
In general use
L=15cm or 20cm
20mm
50mm Dia.
4mm Dia.
400mm±5mm
1m to 3m
Red Band
White Band
@20cm

6. Types of Chain
 Metric chains
 20m and 30m
 Tallies @every five-meter length brass rings @ every meter length
 Gunter's chain or surveyors chain
 Length = 66 ft (22 yards), No of links = 100, Each link = .66’
 Used for measuring distances in miles or furlongs (220 yards), acres (Area).
 Engineers chain
 Length = 100 ft , No of links = 100, Each link = 1’
 Used in all Engineering Surveys.
 Revenue chain
 Length = 33ft, No of links = 16
 Commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral Survey

7. 5m
15m1o m
20cm
20cm
1st Link
2nd
Link
Tallies
13cm 13cm
D-13cmD-13cm
Brass Handle
Ring
Ring

8. Measuring Tapes
1. Cloth or linen tape
Used for subsidiary measurements
Very light, easy to handle
May effect by moisture
2. Metric steel tape
Made of steel
Outer end is provided with a ring for holding
3. Invar tape
Used for high precision work
Made of alloy steel
4. Synthetic tape
Made of glass fiber with PVC coating
These are used for short measurements

9. Chain Survey
 Simplest method of surveying.
 In chain survey only measurements are taken in the
field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation
etc. are done in the office.
 Only linear measurements
 No angular measurements
 Most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very
few details.
 If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results.

10. When we can use Chain?? What are Survey Station??
 For comparatively
small Areas
 Fairly level Ground
 For open areas and
 For simple detailing
and less information.
 Main Stations
 Subsidiary or tie
Chain Surveying

11. Main Stations Subsidiary or tie stations
 Main stations are the
end of the lines, which
command the
boundaries of the
survey, and the lines
joining the main
stations re called the
main survey line or the
chain lines.
 Subsidiary or the tie
stations are the point
selected on the main
survey lines, where it is
necessary to locate the
interior detail such as
fences, hedges,
building etc.
Stations

12. Lines
Base Lines
 It is main and longest line, which passes approximately
through the center of the field. Detailing work carryout
with respect of this line.
Check Line
 Or Proof line is a line joining the apex of a triangle to
some fixed points on any two sides of a triangle. To check
the accuracy of the framework.
 The length of a check line, as measured on the ground
should agree with its length on the plan.

13. A B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Tie Point
Check Line

14. Offsets
 Lateral measurements from the base line
 To fix the positions of the different objects
 May be taken by using a tape.
Types of offsets:
 Perpendicular offsets
 Oblique offsets.

15. Perpendicular Offset
 The measurements are taken at right angle to the
survey line called perpendicular or right angled
offsets. For setting perpendicular offsets any one of
the following methods are used:
 Swinging
 Using cross staffs
 Using optical or prism square

16. Oblique Offset
 Offset at some angle
 Well conditioned triangle must be maintained
A B
φ≠90ᵒ Φ=90ᵒ

17. FIELD BOOK
 For record all observations and measurements
 size 200 mm × 120 mm (Size of Pocket)
 There are two forms of the book
(i) single line and (ii) double line
Single book :red line along in middle of width represent
main survey line.
Space on either side of the line :used for sketching the
object and for noting offset distances.
Double line book: two blue lines with a space of 15 to 20
mm is the middle of each book.
Space between the two lines: used for noting the chain-
ages.

18. Procedure in chain survey
 Reconnaissance: preliminary inspection
 Marking Station: fixes up the required no stations at places
with maximum visibility
 Methods used for marking are:
1. Fixing ranging poles
2. Driving pegs
3. Marking a cross if ground is hard
4. Digging and fixing a stone.
 Selects main survey line
 Fix ranging roads on the stations
 Start chaining and Make ranging if required
 Field book Entry

19. A
B
Oblique Offset
Perpendicular Offset
D1
D2
Field Work

20. Earth
Water
Tank
Home
B
1
B
3
AB
1
2
35
68
9
10
11
12
13
47
d2d4d7
h8h10
d12d13
d1d6
d11
d9 d5
d3
wt1
wt2
B
2
B21
B11
B12
T
B31
Here;
1,2,3,………….,12,13 are the chain-edge( Where offset meets perpendicular to chain)
d1,d2,d3,……….,d12,d13 are the offset distances
wt1, wt2, B11, B12, B31 and B21 are the references/ oblique offset from permanent
structure i.e. Water Tank, Buildings, electric towers
T refers to offset taken at tree( shouldn’t consider reference, however it is oblique
offset)
B1, B2 & B3: Buildings, t1,t2…… used for tree, p1,p2,p3……..used for poles
h8 h11 offsets for home
t1
p1
t6
t5
t4 t3 t2
t9t8t7
p2
p3 p4
Field Work

21. A
B
1
2
35
68
9
10
11
12
13
47
d2d4d7
h8h10
d12d13
d1d6d11 d9 d5 d3
wt1
wt2
B21
B11
B12
T
B31
Legends or Coding
1,2,3,………….,12,13 are the chain-edge( Where offset meets perpendicular to chain)
d1,d2,d3,……….,d12,d13 are the offset distances
wt1, wt2, B11, B12, B31 and B21 are the references/ oblique offset from permanent
structure i.e. Water Tank, Buildings, electric towers
T refers to offset taken at tree( shouldn’t consider reference, however it is oblique
offset)
B1, B2 & B3: Buildings, t1,t2…… used for tree, p1,p2,p3……..used for poles
h8 h11 offsets for home
Office Work
Legends:
Pole
Tree
Building/Home
Water Tank

22. AB
1
2
35
68
9
10
11
12
13
47
d2d4d7
h8h10
d12d13
d1d6d11 d9 d5 d3
Area calculation: approximate estimation of surveyed land
B1, B2 & B3: Buildings, t1,t2…… used for tree, p1,p2,p3……..used for poles
h8 h11 offsets for home
Office Work

23. AB
Area calculation: approximate estimation of surveyed land
B1, B2 & B3: Buildings, t1,t2…… used for tree, p1,p2,p3……..used for poles
h8 h11 offsets for home
Office Work
Calculated Area in meter square

24. Ranging in Surveying
 To align intermediate points on chain line so that the
measurements are along the line
 Process of locating intermediate points on
survey line is known as ranging
Methods of ranging
1. Direct Ranging
2. Reciprocal Ranging

25. Direct Ranging
 Used when the stations are intervisible
 Done by eye-judgement
 Ranging rods are erected vertically beyond each end
of survey line
 The surveyor stands 2m beyond the ranging rod
while the assistant folds the ranging rod vertically in
the intermediate stations.
 The surveyor directs the assistant to move the rod to
the left or right until the three ranging rods appear to
be in a straight line.

26. Rangingat small Distance & station are visible
Station-A Station-B
Direction of Survey line
Distance to be measured
Ranging Rod-1 Ranging Rod-2

27. A
B
C
Rangingat Long Distance & station are visible

28. Station-A Station-B
Direction of Survey line
Distance to be measured
Chain Length -1 Chain Length -1Chain Length -1
Rod-1 Rod-4Rod-3 Rod-2
All Rods must be in the same line
Rangingat Long Distance & station are visible

29. Indirect Ranging/ Reciprocal Ranging
 when ends of a line are not inter-visible due hill
ground or stations are not clearly inter-visible
 needs two assistants one at point M and another at
point N, where from those points both station A and
station B are visible

30. A
B
M1N1
M3
M2
N2
N3
N4
M4
N
M
Reciprocal Ranging: stations are not visible directly

31. A BD E F G HC
Reciprocal Ranging: stations are not visible directly

32. A
B
Master Reset: Both survey lines readjusted to bring themselves in a straight line