Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. ... The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and NO angular measurements are taken.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. ... The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and NO angular measurements are taken.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
In some cases it will be watched that numerous checks like waterways, channels, lakes. thick wildernesses, trench, structures, and so on lie on the chain line. These obstructions can be kept away from in tying operation by applying some principal geometric principles.
In this ppt you will find about the Types of obstacles in chain surveying and the solutions to overcome this obstacles.
To see more about chain surveying visit here http://wikienvironment.org/chain-surveying
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
In some cases it will be watched that numerous checks like waterways, channels, lakes. thick wildernesses, trench, structures, and so on lie on the chain line. These obstructions can be kept away from in tying operation by applying some principal geometric principles.
In this ppt you will find about the Types of obstacles in chain surveying and the solutions to overcome this obstacles.
To see more about chain surveying visit here http://wikienvironment.org/chain-surveying
Surveying and scale_Surveying, Civil EngineeringA Makwana
It is defined as the process of measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances and included angles to determine the location of points on, above or below the earth surfaces.
The term surveying is the representation of surface features in a horizontal plane.
The process of determining the relative heights in the vertical plane is referred as levelling.
unit I
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of
surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying
accessories, phases of surveying.
Measurement of Distances and Directions
Linear distances- Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections.
Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip.
Transition curve and Super-elevation
Transition Curve
Objectives of Transition Curve
Properties Of Transition Curve
Types Of Transition Curve
Length Of Transition Curve
Superelevation
Objective of providing superelevation
Advantages of providing superelevation
Superelevation Formula
Numerical
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Chain Surveying
• Chain (Tape) surveying is the simplest form of detail
surveying. In this method the lengths of lines marked on
the field are measured, while the details are measured by
offsets from these line.
• Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only
linear measurements are taken in the field.
• This type of surveying is done for surveying of small extent
to describe the boundaries of plots of land and to locate the
existing feature on them.
• It is the method of surveying in which the area is divided
into network of triangles and the sides of the various
triangles are measured directly in the field with a chain or a
tape and no angular measurements are taken.
4. Principles of Chain Surveying
• The principle of chain surveying is to divide the
area into a number of triangles .
• As a triangle is the only simple plane geometrical
figure which can be plotted from the length of the
three sides even if the angles are not known. A
network of triangles is preferred to chain
surveying.
• Triangulation is the principle of chain surveying.
If the area to be surveyed is triangle in shape and
if the lengths and sequence of its three sides are
recorded, the plan of the area can be easily drawn.
10. • Suitability of chain surveying:
• Chain surveying is recommended when:
Ground surface is more or less level.
Area is small.
Small-scale map is required to prepare.
Formation of well conditioned triangle is easy.
• Chain surveying is not recommended when:
Area is crowded with many details.
Area consists of too many undulations.
Area is very large.
Formation of well conditioned triangle is not
easy.
11. Well conditioned triangle, ill
conditioned triangle and ideal
triangle.
• A triangle is said to be well conditioned
triangle when no angle in it is neither less
than 30 nor greater than 120.
• If in a triangle an angle is less than 30 or
greater than 120 is called ill conditioned
triangle.
• An equilateral triangle having each angle of 60
is an ideal triangle.
12. Terms related to Chain
Surveying
Survey Stations
• Survey stations are the points at the beginning
and at the end of a chain line they may also
occur at any convenient position on the chain
line. Such station may be
• Main Stations
• Subsidiary Stations
• Tie Stations
13. Terms related to Chain
Surveying
• Main Station Stations along the boundary of an
area as controlling points are known as ‘Main
Stations’ The lines joining the main station are
called ‘ Main Survey Lines’. The main survey
lines should cover the whole area to be
surveyed. The main stations are denoted by Δ.
14. Terms related to Chain
Surveying
• Subsidiary Stations: Stations which are on
the main survey lines or any other survey lines
are known as ‘ Subsidiary Stations’ these
stations are taken to run subsidiary lines for
dividing the area into triangles, for checking
the accuracy of triangles and for locating
interior details.
15. Terms related to Chain
Surveying
• Tie Stations:
• These stations are also subsidiary stations
taken on the main survey lines. Lines joining
the stations are known as ‘ Tie lines’ Tie lines
are taken to locate interior details.
16. Terms related to Chain
Surveying
Main Survey Lines:
• The line joining the main stations are called
main survey lines or chain lines.
17. Terms related to Chain
Surveying
• Base Line: The line on which the framework of the
survey is built is known as ‘ Base line’. It is the most
important line of the survey. Generally the longest of
the main survey lines is considered as the base line.
This lines should be taken through fairly level ground,
and should be measured very carefully and accurately.
18. Terms related to Chain
Surveying
• Check Line
• The line joining the apex point of a triangle to
some fixed points on its base is known as ‘
Check line’. It is taken to check the accuracy
of the triangle. Sometimes this line helps to
locate interior details.
19. Terms related to Chain
Surveying
• Tie Line
• A line joining tie stations is termed as a tie
line. It is run to take the interior details which
are far away from the main lines and also to
avoids long offsets. It can also serve as check
line.
20. Selection of Survey Station
• The following points should be considered while
selecting survey stations:
• It should be visible from at least two or more
stations.
• As far as possible main lines should run on level
ground.
• All triangles should be well conditioned (No
angle less than 30º).
• Main network should have as few lines as
possible.
21. Selection of Survey Station
• Each main triangle should have at least one
check line.
• Obstacles to ranging and chaining should be
avoided.
• Sides of the larger triangles should pass as
close to boundary lines as possible.
• Base line should be longest survey line.
• Survey line should be taken close to boundary
so that they can be located by short offset.
22. Operation in Chain Surveying
• The following operations are involved in chain
surveying.
• Chaining
• Ranging
• Offsetting
• These three operations are done
simultaneously during chain Surveying.
23. Offsets
• Lateral measurements to chain lines for
locating ground features are known as offsets.
For this purpose
• perpendicular or oblique offsets may be taken .
If the object to be located (say road) is curved
more number of offsets should be taken. For
measuring offsets tapes are commonly used.
• Offset which can be judged by naked eye or
offset less than 15m is called short offset and
offset greater than 15m is called long offset.
• Most commonly short offsets are perferred.
24. Offsets
• Offset may also be classified as Perpendicular
Offsets and oblique offset.
Perpendicular Offsets
• The offsets which are taken perpendicular to the
chain line are termed as perpendicular offsets.
These offsets are taken
• (a) By holding zero end of the tape at the object
and swinging the tape on the chain line. The
shortest distance measured from object to the
chain line is usually the perpendicular offset.
• (b) By setting right angle in 3:4:5
• (c) By cross-staff or optical square.
• Perpendicular offset usually preferred than
oblique.
26. Offsets
Oblique Offset
• Oblique distance is always greater than
perpendicular distance. All the offsets which
are not taken at the right angle to chain line are
known as oblique offsets.
29. Offsets
• For setting perpendicular offsets any one of the
following methods are used:
• (i) Swinging
• (ii) Using cross staffs
• (iii) Using optical or prism square.
30. Perpendicular Offset by
Swinging
• Chain is stretched along the survey line. An
assistant holds the end of tape on the object.
Surveyor swings the tape on chain line and
selects the point on chain where offset distance
is the least.
• and notes chain reading as well as offset
reading in a field book on a neat sketch of the
object
35. Perpendicular Offsets Using Cross
Staffs
• Three different types of cross staffs used for setting
perpendicular offsets. All cross staffs are having two
perpendicular lines of sights. The cross staffs are
mounted on stand. First line of sight is set along the
chain line and without disturbing setting right angle line
of sight is checked to locate the object.
• With open cross staff (Fig(a)) it is possible to set
perpendicular only, while with French cross staff
• (Fig(b)), even 45º angle can be set. Adjustable cross
staff can be used to set any angle also, since there are
graduations and upper drum can be rotated over lower
drum.
44. 3-4-5 Method
• AB is the chain line it is required to erect a
perpendicular at C of the chain line. Establish a pt
D at 3 m distance. 5m & 6m marks are brought to
gather to form a loop .The tape is stretched tight
by fastening the end D and C. The point D is
established such that DE = 5 m and CE= 4 m and
CD = 3 m and DE2 = CD2 + DE2
• i.e. 5 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 = 25 thus Angle DCE = 90 0
• i.e. CE is perpendicular to chain line at C
48. Procedure of field work
• Reconnaissance
• Index sketch
• Marking the stations on ground
• Reference sketches
• Taking measurement of survey lines and
noting them.
49. Reconnaissance survey
• The preliminary inspection of the area to be
surveyed is called reconnaissance. The
surveyor inspects the area to be surveyed,
survey or prepares index sketch or key plan.
Walk the whole area and thoroughly examine
the ground, note the position of boundaries,
road, and river etc., various difficulties to
chain lines, select stations, and prepare neat
sketches called index sketches or key plan
50. • 2. Marking stations
• Stations are marked with ranging rod, or wooden
peg, driving a nail or spikes if hard surface, or
embedding stone with a cross mark.
• 3. Reference sketches
• After marking the station should be referenced
i.e. located by measurement called ties taken
from 3 permanent points which are easily
identified such as corner of building.
• And in the final required measurements are taken
and located on field book.